sum in Latin

IPA: [ˈsũː] [Classical-Latin], [ˈsum] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō (“become”), and the verb-endings -bō (future) and -bam (past imperfect). Clipped conjugations with /s-/, such as sum itself, occurred alongside more conservative equivalents with /es-/ in early Latin, such as the archaic esum. The clipped forms likely arose as unstressed clitics. Etymology templates: {{root|la|ine-pro|*h₁es-|*bʰuH-}}, {{inh|la|itc-pro|*ezom|*som~*ezom}} Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, {{inh|la|ine-pro|*h₁ésti|t=be}} Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) Head templates: {{la-verb|irreg|sum}} sum (present infinitive esse, perfect active fuī, future active participle futūrus); irregular conjugation, suppletive, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle, no gerund Inflection templates: {{la-conj|irreg|sum}} Forms: sum [canonical], irregular conjugation [canonical], no passive [canonical], no supine stem except in the future active participle [canonical], no gerund [canonical], esse [infinitive, present], fuī [active, perfect], futūrus [active, future, participle], future irregular no-supine [table-tags], sum [active, first-person, indicative, present, singular], es [active, indicative, present, second-person, singular], est [active, indicative, present, singular, third-person], sumus [active, first-person, indicative, plural, present], estis [active, indicative, plural, present, second-person], sunt [active, indicative, plural, present, third-person], eram [active, first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], erās [active, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], erat [active, imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], erāmus [active, first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], erātis [active, imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], erant [active, imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], erō [active, first-person, future, indicative, singular], eris [active, future, indicative, second-person, singular], ere [active, future, indicative, second-person, singular], erit [active, future, indicative, singular, third-person], erimus [active, first-person, future, indicative, plural], eritis [active, future, indicative, plural, second-person], erunt [active, future, indicative, plural, third-person], fuī [active, first-person, indicative, perfect, singular], fuistī [active, indicative, perfect, second-person, singular], fuit [active, indicative, perfect, singular, third-person], fuimus [active, first-person, indicative, perfect, plural], fuistis [active, indicative, perfect, plural, second-person], fuērunt [active, indicative, perfect, plural, third-person], fuēre [active, indicative, perfect, plural, third-person], fueram [active, first-person, indicative, pluperfect, singular], fuerās [active, indicative, pluperfect, second-person, singular], fuerat [active, indicative, pluperfect, singular, third-person], fuerāmus [active, first-person, indicative, pluperfect, plural], fuerātis [active, indicative, pluperfect, plural, second-person], fuerant [active, indicative, pluperfect, plural, third-person], fuerō [active, first-person, future, indicative, perfect, singular], fueris [active, future, indicative, perfect, second-person, singular], fuerit [active, future, indicative, perfect, singular, third-person], fuerimus [active, first-person, future, indicative, perfect, plural], fueritis [active, future, indicative, perfect, plural, second-person], fuerint [active, future, indicative, perfect, plural, third-person], sim [active, first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], siem [active, first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], fuam [active, first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], sīs [active, present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], siēs [active, present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], fuās [active, present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], sit [active, present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], siet [active, present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], fuat [active, present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], sīmus [active, first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], siēmus [active, first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], fuāmus [active, first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], sītis [active, plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], siētis [active, plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], fuātis [active, plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], sint [active, plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], sient [active, plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], fuant [active, plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], essem [active, first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], forem [active, first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], essēs [active, imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], forēs [active, imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], esset [active, imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], foret [active, imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], essēmus [active, first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], forēmus [active, first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], essētis [active, imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], forētis [active, imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], essent [active, imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], forent [active, imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], fuerim [active, first-person, perfect, singular, subjunctive], fuerīs [active, perfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], fuerit [active, perfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], fuerīmus [active, first-person, perfect, plural, subjunctive], fuerītis [active, perfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], fuerint [active, perfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], fuissem [active, first-person, pluperfect, singular, subjunctive], fuissēs [active, pluperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], fuisset [active, pluperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], fuissēmus [active, first-person, pluperfect, plural, subjunctive], fuissētis [active, pluperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], fuissent [active, pluperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], - [active, first-person, imperative, present, singular], es [active, imperative, present, second-person, singular], - [active, imperative, present, singular, third-person], - [active, first-person, imperative, plural, present], este [active, imperative, plural, present, second-person], - [active, imperative, plural, present, third-person], - [active, first-person, future, imperative, singular], estō [active, future, imperative, second-person, singular], estō [active, future, imperative, singular, third-person], - [active, first-person, future, imperative, plural], estōte [active, future, imperative, plural, second-person], suntō [active, future, imperative, plural, third-person], esse [active, infinitive, present], - [infinitive, passive, present], - [active, participle, present], - [participle, passive, present], futūrum esse [active, future, infinitive], fore [active, future, infinitive], - [future, infinitive, passive], futūrus [active, future, participle], - [future, participle, passive], fuisse [active, infinitive, perfect], - [infinitive, passive, perfect], - [active, participle, perfect], - [participle, passive, perfect], futūrum fuisse [active, infinitive, perfect, potential], - [infinitive, passive, perfect, potential], - [active, participle, perfect, potential], - [participle, passive, perfect, potential], esom [alternative, Old-Latin], som [alternative, Old-Latin], esum [alternative], essere [alternative]

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

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{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "absum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "adsum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "coest"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "dēsum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ēns"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "essentia"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "id est"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "īnsum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "intersum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "mihi nōmen est"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "nōn semper Sāturnālia erunt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "obsum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "possum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "praesum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "prōsum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "quid est"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "quid est nōmen tibi"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "quid tibi est"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "sōns"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "subsum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "sum ubi"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "supersum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "unde es"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁es-",
        "4": "*bʰuH-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*ezom",
        "4": "*som~*ezom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *som~*ezom",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁ésti",
        "t": "be"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō (“become”), and the verb-endings -bō (future) and -bam (past imperfect). Clipped conjugations with /s-/, such as sum itself, occurred alongside more conservative equivalents with /es-/ in early Latin, such as the archaic esum. The clipped forms likely arose as unstressed clitics.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "sum",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "irregular conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no passive",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no supine stem except in the future active participle",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no gerund",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esse",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuī",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "futūrus",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future irregular no-supine",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "es",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "est",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sumus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "estis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sunt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eram",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erās",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erāmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erātis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eris",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ere",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erimus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eritis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erunt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuī",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuistī",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuimus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuistis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuērunt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuēre",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fueram",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerās",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerāmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerātis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fueris",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerimus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fueritis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerint",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sīs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siēs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuās",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sīmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siēmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuāmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sītis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siētis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuātis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sint",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essēs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forēs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esset",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "foret",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essēmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forēmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essētis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forētis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerīs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerīmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerītis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerint",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissēs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "pluperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuisset",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissēmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissētis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "es",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "este",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "estō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "estō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "estōte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "suntō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "infinitive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "futūrum esse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fore",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "infinitive",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "futūrus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "participle",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuisse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "infinitive",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "passive",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "futūrum fuisse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "infinitive",
        "perfect",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "passive",
        "perfect",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "perfect",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "perfect",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esom",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Old-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "som",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Old-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essere",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "irreg",
        "2": "sum"
      },
      "expansion": "sum (present infinitive esse, perfect active fuī, future active participle futūrus); irregular conjugation, suppletive, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle, no gerund",
      "name": "la-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "irreg",
        "2": "sum"
      },
      "name": "la-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              14,
              17
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              4
            ]
          ],
          "english": "I am a Roman citizen.",
          "text": "Cīvis rōmānus sum.",
          "translation": "I am a Roman citizen.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              3
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              4
            ]
          ],
          "english": "I am without a kingdom.",
          "text": "Sum sine rēgnō.",
          "translation": "I am without a kingdom.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              25,
              31
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              24,
              27
            ]
          ],
          "english": "He said that two things had abashed him.",
          "text": "Dīxit duās rēs eī rubōrī fuisse.",
          "translation": "He said that two things had abashed him.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me.",
          "ref": "163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 1.77",
          "text": "Homō sum, hūmānī nihil ā mē aliēnum putō.",
          "translation": "I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me."
        },
        {
          "english": "O ye immortal gods, where on earth are we?",
          "ref": "63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations 1.9",
          "text": "Ō dī immortālēs, ubinam gentium sumus?",
          "translation": "O ye immortal gods, where on earth are we?"
        },
        {
          "english": "That task will be mine. …",
          "ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.115",
          "text": "Mēcum erit iste labor. …",
          "translation": "That task will be mine. …"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              11,
              14
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              8,
              10
            ]
          ],
          "english": "The die is cast.",
          "ref": "121 CE, Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum, Iulius 33:",
          "text": "Alea iacta est.",
          "translation": "The die is cast.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "Honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be longlived upon the land which the Lord thy God will give thee.",
          "ref": "405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus 20:12",
          "text": "Honōrā patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sīs longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi.",
          "translation": "Honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be longlived upon the land which the Lord thy God will give thee."
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              13,
              16
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              19,
              23
            ]
          ],
          "english": "I think, therefore I am.",
          "ref": "1647, René Descartes, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur:",
          "text": "Cogito, ergo sum.",
          "translation": "I think, therefore I am.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be, exist"
      ],
      "id": "en-sum-la-verb-JebJC0XP",
      "links": [
        [
          "be",
          "be"
        ],
        [
          "exist",
          "exist"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(copulative) to be, exist"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "copulative",
        "suppletive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_literal_offsets": [
            [
              14,
              16
            ]
          ],
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              5,
              8
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              2,
              6
            ]
          ],
          "english": "I have a lot of time.",
          "literal_meaning": "A lot of time is to me.",
          "text": "Mihī est multum tempus.",
          "translation": "I have a lot of time.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be, exist",
        "to belong"
      ],
      "id": "en-sum-la-verb-8IV99C1g",
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "la",
            "2": "dat"
          },
          "expansion": "[with dative]",
          "extra_data": {
            "tags": [
              "dative"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "be",
          "be"
        ],
        [
          "exist",
          "exist"
        ],
        [
          "belong",
          "belong"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(copulative) to be, exist",
        "to belong [with dative]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "copulative",
        "suppletive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Is there still anything bad\nwith me in the world?",
          "ref": "c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Hercules Oetaeus 1399–1400",
          "roman": "in orbe mēcum?",
          "text": "Estne adhūc aliquid malī",
          "translation": "Is there still anything bad\nwith me in the world?"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "there be"
      ],
      "id": "en-sum-la-verb-H3~Yim6a",
      "links": [
        [
          "existential",
          "existential"
        ],
        [
          "there be",
          "there be"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "existential",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(existential) there be"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "suppletive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Medieval Latin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              33,
              40
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              9
            ]
          ],
          "english": "They went to conquer Pisanius' castle with fifty boats, engines, and siege weapons, […]",
          "ref": "1371, Michaël de Vico, “Breviarium Pisanæ Historiæ: Auctius & Emendatius Nunc Primùm Prodit ex MSto Lucensi”, in Ludovicus Antonius Muratorius, editor, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores […], Milan: Ex typographia Societatis Palatinæ in Regia Curia, published 1725, →OCLC, column 171:",
          "text": "Ad quod caſtrum vincendum Piſani fuerunt cum quinquaginta navibus, plattis, & ſchafis, […]",
          "translation": "They went to conquer Pisanius' castle with fifty boats, engines, and siege weapons, […]",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to go"
      ],
      "id": "en-sum-la-verb-gNM9bcDR",
      "links": [
        [
          "go",
          "go"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Medieval Latin, in the past tense) to go"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Medieval-Latin",
        "past",
        "suppletive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ecclesiastical Latin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Late Latin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 13 9 13 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 1 18 0 81",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 18 15 19 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin verbs with missing gerund",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 13 10 11 59",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin verbs with missing supine stem except in the future active participle",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 1 0 0 99",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Latin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Hear instruction and be wise, and refuse it not.",
          "ref": "405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs 8:33",
          "text": "Audīte disciplīnam et estōte sapientēs et nōlīte abicere eam.",
          "translation": "Hear instruction and be wise, and refuse it not."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "be"
      ],
      "id": "en-sum-la-verb-RlmcW7XD",
      "links": [
        [
          "be",
          "be"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Late Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin, imperative) be"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Ecclesiastical",
        "Late-Latin",
        "Latin",
        "imperative",
        "suppletive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈsũː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈsum]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "sum"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*so"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *so",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From the acc.sg.m. of Proto-Italic *so. Attested in Ennius, see also sam and sōs.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "pronoun"
      },
      "expansion": "sum",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "Old Latin"
      },
      "expansion": "(Old Latin)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "him"
      ],
      "id": "en-sum-la-pron-Wnz0rBOA",
      "links": [
        [
          "him",
          "him"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "eum"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Old-Latin"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈsũː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈsum]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "sum"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 1-syllable words",
    "Latin active-only verbs",
    "Latin defective verbs",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin irregular verbs",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin pronouns",
    "Latin suppletive verbs",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-",
    "Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-",
    "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latin verbs",
    "Latin verbs with missing gerund",
    "Latin verbs with missing supine stem except in the future active participle",
    "Old Latin",
    "Pages with 23 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "absum"
    },
    {
      "word": "adsum"
    },
    {
      "word": "coest"
    },
    {
      "word": "dēsum"
    },
    {
      "word": "ēns"
    },
    {
      "word": "essentia"
    },
    {
      "word": "id est"
    },
    {
      "word": "īnsum"
    },
    {
      "word": "intersum"
    },
    {
      "word": "mihi nōmen est"
    },
    {
      "word": "nōn semper Sāturnālia erunt"
    },
    {
      "word": "obsum"
    },
    {
      "word": "possum"
    },
    {
      "word": "praesum"
    },
    {
      "word": "prōsum"
    },
    {
      "word": "quid est"
    },
    {
      "word": "quid est nōmen tibi"
    },
    {
      "word": "quid tibi est"
    },
    {
      "word": "sōns"
    },
    {
      "word": "subsum"
    },
    {
      "word": "sum ubi"
    },
    {
      "word": "supersum"
    },
    {
      "word": "unde es"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁es-",
        "4": "*bʰuH-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*ezom",
        "4": "*som~*ezom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *som~*ezom",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁ésti",
        "t": "be"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō (“become”), and the verb-endings -bō (future) and -bam (past imperfect). Clipped conjugations with /s-/, such as sum itself, occurred alongside more conservative equivalents with /es-/ in early Latin, such as the archaic esum. The clipped forms likely arose as unstressed clitics.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "sum",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "irregular conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no passive",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no supine stem except in the future active participle",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no gerund",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esse",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuī",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "futūrus",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future irregular no-supine",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "es",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "est",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sumus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "estis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sunt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eram",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erās",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erāmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erātis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eris",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ere",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erimus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eritis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "erunt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuī",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuistī",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuimus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuistis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuērunt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuēre",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fueram",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerās",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerāmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerātis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fueris",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerimus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fueritis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerint",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sīs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siēs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuās",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sīmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siēmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuāmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sītis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siētis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuātis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sint",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essēs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forēs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esset",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "foret",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essēmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forēmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essētis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forētis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "forent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerīs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerīmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerītis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuerint",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissēs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "pluperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuisset",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissēmus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissētis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuissent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "es",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "este",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "estō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "estō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "estōte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "suntō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "infinitive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "futūrum esse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fore",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "infinitive",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "futūrus",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "future",
        "participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "participle",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fuisse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "infinitive",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "passive",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "futūrum fuisse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "infinitive",
        "perfect",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "passive",
        "perfect",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "perfect",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "perfect",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esom",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Old-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "som",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Old-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "essere",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "irreg",
        "2": "sum"
      },
      "expansion": "sum (present infinitive esse, perfect active fuī, future active participle futūrus); irregular conjugation, suppletive, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle, no gerund",
      "name": "la-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "irreg",
        "2": "sum"
      },
      "name": "la-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin copulative verbs",
        "Latin terms with quotations",
        "Latin terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              14,
              17
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              4
            ]
          ],
          "english": "I am a Roman citizen.",
          "text": "Cīvis rōmānus sum.",
          "translation": "I am a Roman citizen.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              3
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              4
            ]
          ],
          "english": "I am without a kingdom.",
          "text": "Sum sine rēgnō.",
          "translation": "I am without a kingdom.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              25,
              31
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              24,
              27
            ]
          ],
          "english": "He said that two things had abashed him.",
          "text": "Dīxit duās rēs eī rubōrī fuisse.",
          "translation": "He said that two things had abashed him.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me.",
          "ref": "163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 1.77",
          "text": "Homō sum, hūmānī nihil ā mē aliēnum putō.",
          "translation": "I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me."
        },
        {
          "english": "O ye immortal gods, where on earth are we?",
          "ref": "63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations 1.9",
          "text": "Ō dī immortālēs, ubinam gentium sumus?",
          "translation": "O ye immortal gods, where on earth are we?"
        },
        {
          "english": "That task will be mine. …",
          "ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.115",
          "text": "Mēcum erit iste labor. …",
          "translation": "That task will be mine. …"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              11,
              14
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              8,
              10
            ]
          ],
          "english": "The die is cast.",
          "ref": "121 CE, Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum, Iulius 33:",
          "text": "Alea iacta est.",
          "translation": "The die is cast.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "Honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be longlived upon the land which the Lord thy God will give thee.",
          "ref": "405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus 20:12",
          "text": "Honōrā patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sīs longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi.",
          "translation": "Honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be longlived upon the land which the Lord thy God will give thee."
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              13,
              16
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              19,
              23
            ]
          ],
          "english": "I think, therefore I am.",
          "ref": "1647, René Descartes, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur:",
          "text": "Cogito, ergo sum.",
          "translation": "I think, therefore I am.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be, exist"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "be",
          "be"
        ],
        [
          "exist",
          "exist"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(copulative) to be, exist"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "copulative",
        "suppletive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin copulative verbs",
        "Latin terms with quotations",
        "Latin terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_literal_offsets": [
            [
              14,
              16
            ]
          ],
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              5,
              8
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              2,
              6
            ]
          ],
          "english": "I have a lot of time.",
          "literal_meaning": "A lot of time is to me.",
          "text": "Mihī est multum tempus.",
          "translation": "I have a lot of time.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be, exist",
        "to belong"
      ],
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "la",
            "2": "dat"
          },
          "expansion": "[with dative]",
          "extra_data": {
            "tags": [
              "dative"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "be",
          "be"
        ],
        [
          "exist",
          "exist"
        ],
        [
          "belong",
          "belong"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(copulative) to be, exist",
        "to belong [with dative]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "copulative",
        "suppletive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Is there still anything bad\nwith me in the world?",
          "ref": "c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Hercules Oetaeus 1399–1400",
          "roman": "in orbe mēcum?",
          "text": "Estne adhūc aliquid malī",
          "translation": "Is there still anything bad\nwith me in the world?"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "there be"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "existential",
          "existential"
        ],
        [
          "there be",
          "there be"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "existential",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(existential) there be"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "suppletive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin terms with quotations",
        "Medieval Latin"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              33,
              40
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              9
            ]
          ],
          "english": "They went to conquer Pisanius' castle with fifty boats, engines, and siege weapons, […]",
          "ref": "1371, Michaël de Vico, “Breviarium Pisanæ Historiæ: Auctius & Emendatius Nunc Primùm Prodit ex MSto Lucensi”, in Ludovicus Antonius Muratorius, editor, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores […], Milan: Ex typographia Societatis Palatinæ in Regia Curia, published 1725, →OCLC, column 171:",
          "text": "Ad quod caſtrum vincendum Piſani fuerunt cum quinquaginta navibus, plattis, & ſchafis, […]",
          "translation": "They went to conquer Pisanius' castle with fifty boats, engines, and siege weapons, […]",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to go"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "go",
          "go"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Medieval Latin, in the past tense) to go"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Medieval-Latin",
        "past",
        "suppletive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Ecclesiastical Latin",
        "Late Latin",
        "Latin terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Hear instruction and be wise, and refuse it not.",
          "ref": "405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs 8:33",
          "text": "Audīte disciplīnam et estōte sapientēs et nōlīte abicere eam.",
          "translation": "Hear instruction and be wise, and refuse it not."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "be"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "be",
          "be"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Late Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin, imperative) be"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Ecclesiastical",
        "Late-Latin",
        "Latin",
        "imperative",
        "suppletive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈsũː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈsum]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "sum"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 1-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin pronouns",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old Latin",
    "Pages with 23 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*so"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *so",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From the acc.sg.m. of Proto-Italic *so. Attested in Ennius, see also sam and sōs.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "pronoun"
      },
      "expansion": "sum",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "Old Latin"
      },
      "expansion": "(Old Latin)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "him"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "him",
          "him"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "eum"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Old-Latin"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈsũː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈsum]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "sum"
}

"sum" meaning in Latin

Pronoun

Verb

Inflected forms

Alternative forms