See sum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for sum meaning in Latin (25.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "absum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "adsum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "coest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dēsum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "essentia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "id est"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "intersum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "mihi nōmen est"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "nōn semper Sāturnālia erunt"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "obsum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "possum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "praesum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "prōsum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "quid est"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "quid est nōmen tibi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "quid tibi est"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "subsum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "sum ubi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "supersum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "sōns"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "unde es"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ēns"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "īnsum"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fio",
"3": "fierī"
},
"expansion": "fierī",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "blended with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">fierī</i>"
},
"expansion": "(blended with fierī)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Balkan Romance: (blended with fierī)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruq",
"2": "săm"
},
"expansion": "Megleno-Romanian: săm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Megleno-Romanian: săm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "hiu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: hiu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: hiu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruo",
"2": "fi"
},
"expansion": "Istro-Romanian: fi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Istro-Romanian: fi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fi"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: fi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: fi"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "esse"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: esse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdn",
"2": "esse"
},
"expansion": "Gallurese: esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gallurese: esse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "essere"
},
"expansion": "Italian: essere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: essere"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "essere"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: essere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: essere"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdc",
"2": "assé"
},
"expansion": "Sassarese: assé",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sassarese: assé"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "èssiri"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: èssiri",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: èssiri"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "èssere"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: èssere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: èssere"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "egl",
"2": "èser"
},
"expansion": "Emilian: èser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Emilian: èser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ist",
"2": "ièsi"
},
"expansion": "Istriot: ièsi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Istriot: ièsi"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "êse"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: êse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: êse"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "vesser"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: vesser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: vesser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "esse"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: esse"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "es"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: es",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: es"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "jessi",
"3": "sei"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: jessi, sei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: jessi, sei"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "ester"
},
"expansion": "Ladin: ester",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ladin: ester"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "esser"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: esser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: esser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "èser"
},
"expansion": "Venetian: èser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetian: èser"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ésser"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: ésser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: ésser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "étre"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: étre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: étre"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "estre"
},
"expansion": "Old French: estre",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: estre (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "èsser"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: èsser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: èsser"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sedeo",
"3": "sedēre"
},
"expansion": "sedēre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "blended with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">sedēre</i>"
},
"expansion": "(blended with sedēre)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Ibero-Romance: (blended with sedēre)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mxi",
"2": "שיראד"
},
"expansion": "Mozarabic: שיראד (šyrʔd)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mozarabic: שיראד (šyrʔd)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fax",
"2": "sel"
},
"expansion": "Fala: sel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Fala: sel"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Galician: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: ser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole",
"2": "",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Leonese: [Term?]",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Leonese: [Term?]"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-leo",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Leonese: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Leonese: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Mirandese: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mirandese: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ext",
"2": "sel"
},
"expansion": "Extremaduran: sel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Extremaduran: sel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Spanish: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: ser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ser",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Catalan: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Catalan: ser"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "esse",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: esse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Esse",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Esse"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁es-",
"4": "*bʰuH-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*ezom",
"4": "*som~*ezom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *som~*ezom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁ésti",
"t": "be"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰúHt",
"t": "become"
},
"expansion": "*bʰúHt (“become”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "sum"
},
"expansion": "sum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fore"
},
"expansion": "fore",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fīō",
"t": "become"
},
"expansion": "fīō (“become”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-bō"
},
"expansion": "-bō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-bam"
},
"expansion": "-bam",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "sum"
},
"expansion": "sum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "esum"
},
"expansion": "esum",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō (“become”), and the verb-endings -bō (future) and -bam (past imperfect). Clipped conjugations with /s-/, such as sum itself, occurred alongside more conservative equivalents with /es-/ in early Latin, such as the archaic esum. The clipped forms likely arose as unstressed clitics.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sum",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular conjugation",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "no passive",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "no supine stem except in the future active participle",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "esse",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fuī",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "futūrus",
"tags": [
"future",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular no-supine",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "sum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "es",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "est",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sumus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "estis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sunt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "eram",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "erās",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "erat",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erāmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "erātis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "eris",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "erit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erimus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "eritis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erunt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuistī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuimus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fuistis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuērunt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuēre",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fueram",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerās",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerat",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerāmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerātis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fueris",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerimus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fueritis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerint",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sim",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sīs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sīmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sītis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sint",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "essem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "forem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "essēs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "forēs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "esset",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foret",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "essēmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "forēmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "essētis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "forētis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "essent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "forent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerim",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"perfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerīs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerīmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"perfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerītis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerint",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissēs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuisset",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissēmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissētis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "es",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "este",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "estō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "estō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "estōte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "suntō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "esse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"infinitive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fuisse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"infinitive",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "futūrum esse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"passive",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"infinitive",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "futūrus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"participle",
"passive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "irreg",
"2": "sum"
},
"expansion": "sum (present infinitive esse, perfect active fuī, future participle futūrus); irregular conjugation, irregular, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle",
"name": "la-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "irreg",
"2": "sum"
},
"name": "la-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I am a Roman citizen.",
"text": "Civis romanus sum.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I am without a kingdom.",
"text": "Sum sine regno.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Dixit duas res ei rubori fuisse.\nHe said that two things had abashed him.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "(literally, “A lot of time is to me.”)",
"roman": "I have a lot of time.",
"text": "Mihi est multum tempus.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me.",
"ref": "163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 1.77",
"text": "Homō sum, hūmānī nihil ā mē aliēnum putō."
},
{
"english": "O ye immortal gods, where on earth are we?",
"ref": "63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations 1.9",
"text": "Ō dī immortālēs, ubinam gentium sumus?"
},
{
"english": "The die is cast.",
"ref": "121 CE, Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum, Iulius 33",
"text": "Alea iacta est.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be longlived upon the land which the Lord thy God will give thee.",
"ref": "405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus 20:12",
"text": "Honōrā patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sīs longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi."
},
{
"english": "I think, therefore I am.",
"ref": "1647, René Descartes, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur",
"text": "Cogito, ergo sum.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be, exist, have [+dative]",
"to be, exist, have"
],
"id": "en-sum-la-verb-HdE4snqp",
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"have",
"have"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) to be, exist, have [+dative]"
],
"tags": [
"copulative",
"irregular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 43 22 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 36 19 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin verbs with missing supine stem except in the future active participle",
"parents": [
"Future active participles",
"Active participles",
"Participles",
"Verb forms",
"Non-lemma forms",
"Verbs",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Is there still anything bad\nwith me in the world?",
"ref": "c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Hercules Oetaeus 1399–1400",
"roman": "in orbe mēcum?",
"text": "Estne adhūc aliquid malī"
}
],
"glosses": [
"there be"
],
"id": "en-sum-la-verb-H3~Yim6a",
"links": [
[
"there be",
"there be"
]
],
"qualifier": "existential",
"raw_glosses": [
"(existential) there be"
],
"tags": [
"irregular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They went to conquer Pisanius' castle with fifty boats, engines, siege weapons, etc.",
"text": "Ad quod castrum vincendum Pisani fuerunt cum quinquaginta navibus, plattis et schafis, etc,",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to go"
],
"id": "en-sum-la-verb-gNM9bcDR",
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin, in the past tense) to go"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"irregular",
"past"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ecclesiastical Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Hear instruction and be wise, and refuse it not.",
"ref": "405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs 8:33",
"text": "Audīte disciplīnam et estōte sapientēs et nōlīte abicere eam."
}
],
"glosses": [
", imperative be",
"imperative be"
],
"id": "en-sum-la-verb-JBYyycxd",
"links": [
[
"be",
"be"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin), imperative be"
],
"tags": [
"Ecclesiastical",
"Latin",
"Medieval-Latin",
"irregular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sum/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[s̠ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[sum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "esom"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Latin",
"archaic"
],
"word": "som"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "obsolete hapax",
"word": "esum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "esam > eram"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "esat > erat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "esed > erit?"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "eso > ero"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "essis > es"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "forem in the sense of essem"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "fuam in the sense of sim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "fueit > fuit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "fuvimus > fuimus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "fuvisset > fuisset"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "siēd > sit"
}
],
"word": "sum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 1-syllable words",
"Latin active-only verbs",
"Latin defective verbs",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin irregular verbs",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin suppletive verbs",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin verbs",
"Latin verbs with missing supine stem except in the future active participle"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "absum"
},
{
"word": "adsum"
},
{
"word": "coest"
},
{
"word": "dēsum"
},
{
"word": "essentia"
},
{
"word": "id est"
},
{
"word": "intersum"
},
{
"word": "mihi nōmen est"
},
{
"word": "nōn semper Sāturnālia erunt"
},
{
"word": "obsum"
},
{
"word": "possum"
},
{
"word": "praesum"
},
{
"word": "prōsum"
},
{
"word": "quid est"
},
{
"word": "quid est nōmen tibi"
},
{
"word": "quid tibi est"
},
{
"word": "subsum"
},
{
"word": "sum ubi"
},
{
"word": "supersum"
},
{
"word": "sōns"
},
{
"word": "unde es"
},
{
"word": "ēns"
},
{
"word": "īnsum"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fio",
"3": "fierī"
},
"expansion": "fierī",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "blended with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">fierī</i>"
},
"expansion": "(blended with fierī)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Balkan Romance: (blended with fierī)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruq",
"2": "săm"
},
"expansion": "Megleno-Romanian: săm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Megleno-Romanian: săm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "hiu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: hiu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: hiu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruo",
"2": "fi"
},
"expansion": "Istro-Romanian: fi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Istro-Romanian: fi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fi"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: fi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: fi"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "esse"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: esse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdn",
"2": "esse"
},
"expansion": "Gallurese: esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gallurese: esse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "essere"
},
"expansion": "Italian: essere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: essere"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "essere"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: essere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: essere"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdc",
"2": "assé"
},
"expansion": "Sassarese: assé",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sassarese: assé"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "èssiri"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: èssiri",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: èssiri"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "èssere"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: èssere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: èssere"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "egl",
"2": "èser"
},
"expansion": "Emilian: èser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Emilian: èser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ist",
"2": "ièsi"
},
"expansion": "Istriot: ièsi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Istriot: ièsi"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "êse"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: êse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: êse"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "vesser"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: vesser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: vesser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "esse"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: esse"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "es"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: es",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: es"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "jessi",
"3": "sei"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: jessi, sei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: jessi, sei"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "ester"
},
"expansion": "Ladin: ester",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ladin: ester"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "esser"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: esser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: esser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "èser"
},
"expansion": "Venetian: èser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetian: èser"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ésser"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: ésser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: ésser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "étre"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: étre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: étre"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "estre"
},
"expansion": "Old French: estre",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: estre (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "èsser"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: èsser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: èsser"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sedeo",
"3": "sedēre"
},
"expansion": "sedēre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "blended with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">sedēre</i>"
},
"expansion": "(blended with sedēre)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Ibero-Romance: (blended with sedēre)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mxi",
"2": "שיראד"
},
"expansion": "Mozarabic: שיראד (šyrʔd)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mozarabic: שיראד (šyrʔd)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fax",
"2": "sel"
},
"expansion": "Fala: sel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Fala: sel"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Galician: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: ser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole",
"2": "",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Leonese: [Term?]",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Leonese: [Term?]"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-leo",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Leonese: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Leonese: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Mirandese: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mirandese: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ext",
"2": "sel"
},
"expansion": "Extremaduran: sel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Extremaduran: sel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Spanish: ser"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "ser"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: ser"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ser",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Catalan: ser",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Catalan: ser"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "esse",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: esse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Esse",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Esse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Esse"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁es-",
"4": "*bʰuH-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*ezom",
"4": "*som~*ezom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *som~*ezom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁ésti",
"t": "be"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰúHt",
"t": "become"
},
"expansion": "*bʰúHt (“become”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "sum"
},
"expansion": "sum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fore"
},
"expansion": "fore",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fīō",
"t": "become"
},
"expansion": "fīō (“become”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-bō"
},
"expansion": "-bō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-bam"
},
"expansion": "-bam",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "sum"
},
"expansion": "sum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "esum"
},
"expansion": "esum",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō (“become”), and the verb-endings -bō (future) and -bam (past imperfect). Clipped conjugations with /s-/, such as sum itself, occurred alongside more conservative equivalents with /es-/ in early Latin, such as the archaic esum. The clipped forms likely arose as unstressed clitics.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sum",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular conjugation",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "no passive",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "no supine stem except in the future active participle",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "esse",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fuī",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "futūrus",
"tags": [
"future",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular no-supine",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "sum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "es",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "est",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sumus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "estis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sunt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "eram",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "erās",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "erat",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erāmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "erātis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "eris",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "erit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erimus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "eritis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "erunt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuistī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuimus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fuistis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuērunt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuēre",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fueram",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerās",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerat",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerāmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerātis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fueris",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerimus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fueritis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerint",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sim",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sīs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sīmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sītis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sint",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "essem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "forem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "essēs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "forēs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "esset",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foret",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "essēmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "forēmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "essētis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "forētis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "essent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "forent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerim",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"perfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerīs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerīmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"perfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerītis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuerint",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"perfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissēs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuisset",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissēmus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissētis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fuissent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "es",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "este",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "estō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "estō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "estōte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "suntō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "esse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"infinitive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fuisse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"infinitive",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "futūrum esse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"passive",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"infinitive",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "futūrus",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"participle",
"passive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "irreg",
"2": "sum"
},
"expansion": "sum (present infinitive esse, perfect active fuī, future participle futūrus); irregular conjugation, irregular, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle",
"name": "la-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "irreg",
"2": "sum"
},
"name": "la-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin copulative verbs",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I am a Roman citizen.",
"text": "Civis romanus sum.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I am without a kingdom.",
"text": "Sum sine regno.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Dixit duas res ei rubori fuisse.\nHe said that two things had abashed him.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "(literally, “A lot of time is to me.”)",
"roman": "I have a lot of time.",
"text": "Mihi est multum tempus.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me.",
"ref": "163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 1.77",
"text": "Homō sum, hūmānī nihil ā mē aliēnum putō."
},
{
"english": "O ye immortal gods, where on earth are we?",
"ref": "63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations 1.9",
"text": "Ō dī immortālēs, ubinam gentium sumus?"
},
{
"english": "The die is cast.",
"ref": "121 CE, Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum, Iulius 33",
"text": "Alea iacta est.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be longlived upon the land which the Lord thy God will give thee.",
"ref": "405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus 20:12",
"text": "Honōrā patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sīs longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi."
},
{
"english": "I think, therefore I am.",
"ref": "1647, René Descartes, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur",
"text": "Cogito, ergo sum.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be, exist, have [+dative]",
"to be, exist, have"
],
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"have",
"have"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) to be, exist, have [+dative]"
],
"tags": [
"copulative",
"irregular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Is there still anything bad\nwith me in the world?",
"ref": "c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Hercules Oetaeus 1399–1400",
"roman": "in orbe mēcum?",
"text": "Estne adhūc aliquid malī"
}
],
"glosses": [
"there be"
],
"links": [
[
"there be",
"there be"
]
],
"qualifier": "existential",
"raw_glosses": [
"(existential) there be"
],
"tags": [
"irregular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples",
"Medieval Latin"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They went to conquer Pisanius' castle with fifty boats, engines, siege weapons, etc.",
"text": "Ad quod castrum vincendum Pisani fuerunt cum quinquaginta navibus, plattis et schafis, etc,",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to go"
],
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin, in the past tense) to go"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"irregular",
"past"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ecclesiastical Latin",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Medieval Latin"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Hear instruction and be wise, and refuse it not.",
"ref": "405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs 8:33",
"text": "Audīte disciplīnam et estōte sapientēs et nōlīte abicere eam."
}
],
"glosses": [
", imperative be",
"imperative be"
],
"links": [
[
"be",
"be"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin), imperative be"
],
"tags": [
"Ecclesiastical",
"Latin",
"Medieval-Latin",
"irregular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sum/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[s̠ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[sum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "esom"
},
{
"tags": [
"Latin",
"archaic"
],
"word": "som"
},
{
"english": "obsolete hapax",
"word": "esum"
},
{
"word": "esam > eram"
},
{
"word": "esat > erat"
},
{
"word": "esed > erit?"
},
{
"word": "eso > ero"
},
{
"word": "essis > es"
},
{
"word": "forem in the sense of essem"
},
{
"word": "fuam in the sense of sim"
},
{
"word": "fueit > fuit"
},
{
"word": "fuvimus > fuimus"
},
{
"word": "fuvisset > fuisset"
},
{
"word": "siēd > sit"
}
],
"word": "sum"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.