See callow in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "callowly"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "callowness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
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"poetic"
],
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
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"4": "*kl̥H-"
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"2": "enm",
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{
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kalwaz",
"t": "bald; bare, naked"
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{
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"3": "",
"4": "*gol(H)-wo-",
"t": "bald; bare, naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gol(H)-wo- (“bald; bare, naked”)",
"name": "der"
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{
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"2": "la",
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"t": "bald"
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kl̥H-",
"t": "bald; naked"
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{
"args": {
"1": "false cognate"
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"expansion": "false cognate",
"name": "lg"
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{
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"1": "fa",
"2": "کل",
"tr": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Persian کل (kal)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
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"1": "sa",
"2": "कुल्व",
"tr": "kulvá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कुल्व (kulvá)",
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{
"args": {
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"name": "col-top"
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{
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"2": "kaal",
"t": "bald"
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"expansion": "Dutch kaal (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kahl",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "German kahl (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "kahl",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "German Low German kahl (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "го́лый",
"t": "bare, naked, nude"
},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "kal"
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"expansion": "Swedish kal",
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"t": "bald"
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"etymology_text": "From Middle English calwe (“(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person”), from Old English calu, caluw (“without hair, bald, callow”), from Proto-West Germanic *kalu, from Proto-Germanic *kalwaz (“bald; bare, naked”), and then either:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *gol(H)-wo- (“bald; bare, naked”), from *gelH- (“head; naked”); or\n* from Latin calvus (“bald”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald; naked”).\nIf not borrowed from Latin, Grimm’s law indicates that the Latin word is likely a false cognate, along with Persian کل (kal) and Sanskrit कुल्व (kulvá).\ncognates\n* Dutch kaal (“bald”)\n* German kahl (“bald”)\n* German Low German kahl (“bald”)\n* Russian го́лый (gólyj, “bare, naked, nude”)\n* Swedish kal, kalka (“bald”)\n* West Frisian keal (“bald”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "callower",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "more callow",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "callowest",
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"parts": [
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"low"
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"pos": "adj",
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{
"_dis": "24 12 20 21 3 3 0 3 2 2 1 2 2 0 4",
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"ref": "1878, A[lfred] Egmont Hake, “Professeurs de Langues”, in Paris Originals, London: C[harles] Egan Paul & Co., […], →OCLC, page 25:",
"text": "Then there was a little Chinese in full azure costume, with long gesticulating arms, and large callow head, who pertinaciously threw in his squeaky plea for Confucius in the most unsyntactical French.",
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"ref": "1916 July 1, S. Macnaughton, “Some Elderly People and Their Young Friends. Chapter V.”, in The Living Age, volume III (8th Series; volume CCXC overall), number 3756, Boston, Mass.: The Living Age Company […], →OCLC, page 24, column 2:",
"text": "There was a sense abroad as he spoke that the world was rocking together to great music, and this callow-headed professor by the table had caught a note of it.",
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"text": "This time it held a callow-headed baby in a pink frock.",
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"ref": "2011, Altea [pseudonym], chapter 3, in Happiness Was a Red Cadillac, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 17:",
"text": "These hands were marked of hard work and yet soft enough to tenderly hold the baby's little callow head.",
"type": "quotation"
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"glosses": [
"Of a person: having no hair; bald, bare, hairless."
],
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"Of a brick: unburnt."
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"ref": "1567, Ovid, “The Sixt Booke”, in Arthur Golding, transl., The XV. Bookes of P. Ouidius Naso, Entytuled Metamorphosis, […], London: […] Willyam Seres […], →OCLC, folio 79, verso:",
"text": "[…] Calais and Zetes had no beard upon their chin, / They both were callow. But aſſone as haire did once begin / In likeneſſe of a yellow Downe upon their cheekes to ſprout, / Then (euen as comes to paſſe in Birdes) the feathers budded out / Togither on their pinyons too, and ſpreaded round about / On both their ſides.",
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"ref": "1603, Plutarch, “Of Hearing”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Philosophie, Commonlie Called, The Morals […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield, →OCLC, page 63:",
"text": "[T]hey [who] be ſomevvhat ſlovv of apprehenſion and idle vvithall, are verie troubleſome unto their teachers, and importune them overmuch: […] reſembling herein young callovv birds vvhich are not yet fethered and fledg'd, but alvvaies gaping tovvard the bill of the damme, and ſo by their good vvils vvould have nothing given them, but that vvhich hath beene chevved and prepared already.",
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"ref": "1717, John Dryden, “Book XII. [The Trojan War.]”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 408:",
"text": "A Snake of Size immenſe aſcends a Tree, / And in the leafie Summit, ſpy'd a Neſt, / VVhich o'er her Callovv Young, a Sparrovv preſs'd.",
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"ref": "1728, [James] Thomson, Spring. A Poem, […] A[ndrew] Millar, […]; and G[eorge] Strahan, […], →OCLC, page 34:",
"text": "Th' appointed Time / VVith pious Toil fulfill'd, the callovv Young / VVarm'd, and expanded into perfect Life, / Their brittle Bondage break, and come to Light, / A helpleſs Family, demanding Food / VVith conſtant Clamour.",
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"ref": "1801, Robert Southey, “The Fifth Book”, in Thalaba the Destroyer, volume I, London: […] [F]or T[homas] N[orton] Longman and O[wen] Rees, […], by Biggs and Cottle, […], →OCLC, pages 258–259:",
"text": "Her [the desert pelican's] young in the refreshing bath / Sported all wantonness; / Dipt down their callow heads, / Filled the swoln membrane from their plumeless throat / Pendant, […]",
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"ref": "1822, William Hazlitt, “Essay XIV. On Patronage and Puffing.”, in Table-Talk; or, Original Essays, volume II, London: […] [Thomas Davison] for Henry Colburn and Co., →OCLC, page 329:",
"text": "[T]he instant the callow brood are fledged, they are driven from the nest, and forced to shift for themselves in the wide world.",
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"ref": "1883, Arthur Nicols, chapter III, in Zoological Notes on the Structure, Affinities, Habits, and Mental Faculties of Wild and Domestic Animals; […], London: L. Upcott Gill, […], →OCLC, pages 104–105:",
"text": "When first born it [a kangaroo] is indeed more feeble and incapable of voluntary action of any kind than a callow bird, blind and hairless, covered with a delicate pink skin, through which many of the blood vessels can be distinctly seen, about an inch in length, and no more like the future kangaroo than a mouse—a transparent little gelatinous creature so fragile that it cannot be handled however carefully without danger to its life.",
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"ref": "1883 January 13, W. T., “The Game Fishes of America. … First Paper.— … The Mascalonge (Esox Nobilior.)”, in William C[harles] Harris, editor, The American Angler, a Weekly Journal of Angling—Brook, River, Lake and Sea-fish Culture, volume III, number 2, New York, N.Y.: The Angler’s Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 20, column 2:",
"text": "In fact many of our fresh water fish are somewhat Chinese in their tastes, for I have frequently used, with great success, the callow and hairless young of field-mice as bait for mascalonge, pike, pickerel, bass and sheep'shead; and I have no doubt that the brook trout would readily take the same delicacy.",
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"ref": "a. 1884 (date written), [Thomas] Mayne Reid, “Introductory. A Naturalist’s Paradise.”, in The Naturalist in Siluria, London: [William] Swan Sonnenschein & Co., […], published 1889, →OCLC, page 5:",
"text": "[I]ts [the water-vole's] congener of the land (A[gricola] agrestis) breeds in myriads over the adjoining meadows, hollowing out its nest just enough under the sward for its hairless callow young to be clear of the dangerous scythe-blade.",
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],
"glosses": [
"Of a young bird, or (part of) its body: having not developed feathers yet; featherless, unfledged; hence, of other animals or their bodies: having no fur or hair; furless, hairless, unfurred."
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[
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[
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[
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"develop"
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[
"feathers",
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[
"featherless",
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[
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[
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"(ornithology) Of a young bird, or (part of) its body: having not developed feathers yet; featherless, unfledged; hence, of other animals or their bodies: having no fur or hair; furless, hairless, unfurred."
],
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{
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"word": "experienced"
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{
"source": "Thesaurus:mature",
"word": "adultish"
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{
"source": "Thesaurus:mature",
"word": "grown up"
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{
"source": "Thesaurus:mature",
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"text": "Those three young men are particularly callow youths.",
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"ref": "1960, “Try to Remember”, in Tom Jones (lyrics), Harvey Schmidt (music), The Fantasticks: The Original Cast Album of the Award-winning International Musical, performed by Jerry Orbach (as El Gallo), New York, N.Y.: MGM Records, →OCLC:",
"text": "Try to remember the kind of September / When you were a tender and callow fellow / Try to remember and if you remember / Then follow",
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"ref": "1980 March 10, Antony Jay, Jonathan Lynn, “The Economy Drive”, in Yes, Minister, season 1, episode 3, spoken by Humphrey Appleby (Nigel Hawthorne), London: British Broadcasting Corporation and BBC Worldwide, →OCLC:",
"text": "Bernard, there are only 630 MPs, if one party has just over 300 MPs it forms a government—of that 300, 100 are too old and too silly, 100 are too young and too callow, which leaves just about a hundred MPs to fill 100 government posts.",
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283,
289
]
],
"ref": "2018 May 30, Zoe Williams, “Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now by Jaron Lanier – review”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 30 Jun 2025:",
"text": "The restless scrolling, the clammy self-reproach afterwards … we could recognise that as addiction quite easily, but the mathematical mechanism for having created it makes horrible sense ([Jaron] Lanier isn't that interested in culprits, though he finds all of Silicon Valley pretty callow).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
265,
271
]
],
"ref": "2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 27 Sep 2024:",
"text": "Barça [FC Barcelona] had frozen. [Trent] Alexander-Arnold saw it, caught Divock Origi's eyes and pinged the perfect cross for a double-take of a winning goal. This was a 20-year-old local lad, product of down the road, out-thinking Barcelona, making them look like callow, pigeon-chested schoolboys.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a young bird, or (part of) its body: having not developed feathers yet; featherless, unfledged; hence, of other animals or their bodies: having no fur or hair; furless, hairless, unfurred.",
"Lacking life experience; immature, inexperienced, naive; also, of or relating to something immature or inexperienced."
],
"id": "en-callow-en-adj-VVl5rBMJ",
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"ornithology",
"ornithology"
],
[
"young",
"young#Adjective"
],
[
"bird",
"bird#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"body",
"body#Noun"
],
[
"develop",
"develop"
],
[
"feathers",
"feather#Noun"
],
[
"featherless",
"featherless"
],
[
"unfledged",
"unfledged"
],
[
"animals",
"animal#Noun"
],
[
"fur",
"fur#Noun"
],
[
"furless",
"furless"
],
[
"unfurred",
"unfurred#Adjective"
],
[
"Lacking",
"lack#Verb"
],
[
"life",
"life#Noun"
],
[
"experience",
"experience#Noun"
],
[
"immature",
"immature#Adjective"
],
[
"inexperienced",
"inexperienced"
],
[
"naive",
"naive#Adjective"
],
[
"relating",
"relate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology)",
"(ornithology) Of a young bird, or (part of) its body: having not developed feathers yet; featherless, unfledged; hence, of other animals or their bodies: having no fur or hair; furless, hairless, unfurred.",
"(figurative) Lacking life experience; immature, inexperienced, naive; also, of or relating to something immature or inexperienced."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "green"
},
{
"word": "wet behind the ears"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "artless"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "callow"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "childlike"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "verdant"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "clueless"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "credulous"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "dewy-eyed"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"used ironically"
],
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "cute"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "fleeceable"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "green"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "guileless"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "ingenuous"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "innocent"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "jejune"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "Panglossian"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "Panglossic"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"used ironically"
],
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "quaint"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "simple"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "simple-hearted"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "simple-minded"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "starry-eyed"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "unaffected"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "undesigning"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "unpretentious"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "unsophisticated"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "untested"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "unworldly"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "wide-eyed"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "immature"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "born yesterday"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "wet behind the ears"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "virgin"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"ornithology",
"zoology"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "neopiten",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "неопитен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "没经年"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "groen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "onrijp"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "onervaren"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "kypsymätön"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "kokematon"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "vihreä"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "grün"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "unerfahren"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "unreif"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ápeiros",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "άπειρος"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "protóvgaltos",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "πρωτόβγαλτος"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"derogatory"
],
"word": "taknyos"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "zöldfülű"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "gan chiall"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "waitau"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "niedojrzały"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "niedoświadczony"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "imaturo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "inexperiente"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "verde"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "neópytnyj",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "нео́пытный"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nezrélyj",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "незре́лый"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "inmaduro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "verde"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "nedosvídčenyj",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "недосві́дчений"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 7 67 7 13 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "nezrílyj",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "незрі́лий"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 5 82 8 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "of or relating to something immature or inexperienced",
"word": "kokematon"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with collocations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Zoology",
"orig": "en:Zoology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
8
]
],
"tags": [
"collocation"
],
"text": "a callow bee",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the life cycle of an animal: newly born or hatched; juvenile."
],
"id": "en-callow-en-adj-02LGgHXw",
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"life cycle",
"life cycle"
],
[
"newly",
"newly"
],
[
"born",
"bear#Verb"
],
[
"hatched",
"hatch#Verb"
],
[
"juvenile",
"juvenile#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology)",
"(by extension)",
"In the life cycle of an animal: newly born or hatched; juvenile."
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Entomology",
"orig": "en:Entomology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Zoology",
"orig": "en:Zoology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of teneral (“of certain insects or other arthropods such as spiders: lacking colour or firmness just after ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”)”)."
],
"id": "en-callow-en-adj-4yTJpZ8F",
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"entomology",
"entomology"
],
[
"teneral",
"teneral#English"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"arthropod",
"arthropod"
],
[
"spiders",
"spider#Noun"
],
[
"colour",
"color#Noun"
],
[
"firmness",
"firmness"
],
[
"ecdysis",
"ecdysis#English"
],
[
"shedding",
"shed#Verb"
],
[
"exoskeleton",
"exoskeleton"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology)",
"(by extension)",
"(entomology) Synonym of teneral (“of certain insects or other arthropods such as spiders: lacking colour or firmness just after ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”)”)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "(“of certain insects or other arthropods such as spiders: lacking colour or firmness just after ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”)”)",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "teneral"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"entomology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
64,
71
]
],
"ref": "1677, Rob[ert] Plot, “Of Arts”, in The Natural History of Oxford-shire, Being an Essay toward the Natural History of England, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [Sheldonian] Theater […], →OCLC, paragraph 66, page 243:",
"text": "[T]heſe Lands are not ſvvardy enough to bear clean tillage, nor callovv or light enough to lie to get ſvvard, […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of land: having no vegetation; bare."
],
"id": "en-callow-en-adj-PqY-zNI2",
"links": [
[
"land",
"land#Noun"
],
[
"vegetation",
"vegetation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Of land: having no vegetation; bare."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæləʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæloʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æləʊ"
}
],
"word": "callow"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gelH-",
"4": "*kl̥H-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "calwe",
"t": "(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person"
},
"expansion": "Middle English calwe (“(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "calu"
},
"expansion": "Old English calu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kalu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kalu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kalwaz",
"t": "bald; bare, naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kalwaz (“bald; bare, naked”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*gol(H)-wo-",
"t": "bald; bare, naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gol(H)-wo- (“bald; bare, naked”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calvus",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "Latin calvus (“bald”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kl̥H-",
"t": "bald; naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald; naked”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "false cognate"
},
"expansion": "false cognate",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "کل",
"tr": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Persian کل (kal)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कुल्व",
"tr": "kulvá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कुल्व (kulvá)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cognates"
},
"expansion": "cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kaal",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kaal (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kahl",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "German kahl (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "kahl",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "German Low German kahl (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "го́лый",
"t": "bare, naked, nude"
},
"expansion": "Russian го́лый (gólyj, “bare, naked, nude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "keal",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian keal (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English calwe (“(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person”), from Old English calu, caluw (“without hair, bald, callow”), from Proto-West Germanic *kalu, from Proto-Germanic *kalwaz (“bald; bare, naked”), and then either:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *gol(H)-wo- (“bald; bare, naked”), from *gelH- (“head; naked”); or\n* from Latin calvus (“bald”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald; naked”).\nIf not borrowed from Latin, Grimm’s law indicates that the Latin word is likely a false cognate, along with Persian کل (kal) and Sanskrit कुल्व (kulvá).\ncognates\n* Dutch kaal (“bald”)\n* German kahl (“bald”)\n* German Low German kahl (“bald”)\n* Russian го́лый (gólyj, “bare, naked, nude”)\n* Swedish kal, kalka (“bald”)\n* West Frisian keal (“bald”)",
"forms": [
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"form": "callows",
"tags": [
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}
],
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}
],
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"pos": "noun",
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],
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"entomology",
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[
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],
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[
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[
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],
[
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[
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],
[
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],
[
"colour",
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],
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],
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}
],
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],
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},
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}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-callow-en-noun-gNCFxUuA",
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[
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"raw_glosses": [
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"tags": [
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],
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],
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]
},
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
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[
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[
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],
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],
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{
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}
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},
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"orig": "en:Ornithology",
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{
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{
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],
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"tags": [
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],
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},
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"text": "The Bogs that extend along the western part of this District do not lie close to the Shannon, as those on the east side do along the banks of the Inny; they are separated from the river by a long tract of high, dry, callow land, subject, immediately near the river, to being overflowed in winter, but affording meadow, pasture, and in some places good arable land.",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæloʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
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},
{
"rhymes": "-æləʊ"
}
],
"word": "callow"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Irish",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old Irish",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kel-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gelH-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kl̥H-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱel(H)-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æləʊ",
"Rhymes:English/æləʊ/2 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"en:Hair"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "callowly"
},
{
"word": "callowness"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"poetic"
],
"word": "callowy"
},
{
"tags": [
"UK",
"regional"
],
"word": "encallow"
},
{
"tags": [
"UK",
"obsolete",
"regional"
],
"word": "encallowing"
},
{
"tags": [
"UK",
"obsolete",
"regional",
"verb"
],
"word": "uncallow"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gelH-",
"4": "*kl̥H-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "calwe",
"t": "(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person"
},
"expansion": "Middle English calwe (“(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "calu"
},
"expansion": "Old English calu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kalu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kalu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kalwaz",
"t": "bald; bare, naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kalwaz (“bald; bare, naked”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*gol(H)-wo-",
"t": "bald; bare, naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gol(H)-wo- (“bald; bare, naked”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calvus",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "Latin calvus (“bald”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kl̥H-",
"t": "bald; naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald; naked”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "false cognate"
},
"expansion": "false cognate",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "کل",
"tr": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Persian کل (kal)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कुल्व",
"tr": "kulvá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कुल्व (kulvá)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cognates"
},
"expansion": "cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kaal",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kaal (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kahl",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "German kahl (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "kahl",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "German Low German kahl (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "го́лый",
"t": "bare, naked, nude"
},
"expansion": "Russian го́лый (gólyj, “bare, naked, nude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "keal",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian keal (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English calwe (“(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person”), from Old English calu, caluw (“without hair, bald, callow”), from Proto-West Germanic *kalu, from Proto-Germanic *kalwaz (“bald; bare, naked”), and then either:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *gol(H)-wo- (“bald; bare, naked”), from *gelH- (“head; naked”); or\n* from Latin calvus (“bald”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald; naked”).\nIf not borrowed from Latin, Grimm’s law indicates that the Latin word is likely a false cognate, along with Persian کل (kal) and Sanskrit कुल्व (kulvá).\ncognates\n* Dutch kaal (“bald”)\n* German kahl (“bald”)\n* German Low German kahl (“bald”)\n* Russian го́лый (gólyj, “bare, naked, nude”)\n* Swedish kal, kalka (“bald”)\n* West Frisian keal (“bald”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "callower",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "more callow",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "callowest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "most callow",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er,more"
},
"expansion": "callow (comparative callower or more callow, superlative callowest or most callow)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"cal",
"low"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
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95,
101
]
],
"ref": "1878, A[lfred] Egmont Hake, “Professeurs de Langues”, in Paris Originals, London: C[harles] Egan Paul & Co., […], →OCLC, page 25:",
"text": "Then there was a little Chinese in full azure costume, with long gesticulating arms, and large callow head, who pertinaciously threw in his squeaky plea for Confucius in the most unsyntactical French.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
98,
104
]
],
"ref": "1916 July 1, S. Macnaughton, “Some Elderly People and Their Young Friends. Chapter V.”, in The Living Age, volume III (8th Series; volume CCXC overall), number 3756, Boston, Mass.: The Living Age Company […], →OCLC, page 24, column 2:",
"text": "There was a sense abroad as he spoke that the world was rocking together to great music, and this callow-headed professor by the table had caught a note of it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
26
]
],
"ref": "1944, Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Art, London; Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers […], →OCLC, page 225, column 1:",
"text": "This time it held a callow-headed baby in a pink frock.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
92,
98
]
],
"ref": "2011, Altea [pseudonym], chapter 3, in Happiness Was a Red Cadillac, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 17:",
"text": "These hands were marked of hard work and yet soft enough to tenderly hold the baby's little callow head.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: having no hair; bald, bare, hairless."
],
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"hair",
"hair#Noun"
],
[
"bald",
"bald#Adjective"
],
[
"bare",
"bare#Adjective"
],
[
"hairless",
"hairless#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Masonry"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a brick: unburnt."
],
"links": [
[
"masonry",
"masonry"
],
[
"brick",
"brick#Noun"
],
[
"unburnt",
"unburnt"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(masonry) Of a brick: unburnt."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"construction",
"manufacturing",
"masonry"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Ornithology",
"en:Zoology"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
68,
74
]
],
"ref": "1567, Ovid, “The Sixt Booke”, in Arthur Golding, transl., The XV. Bookes of P. Ouidius Naso, Entytuled Metamorphosis, […], London: […] Willyam Seres […], →OCLC, folio 79, verso:",
"text": "[…] Calais and Zetes had no beard upon their chin, / They both were callow. But aſſone as haire did once begin / In likeneſſe of a yellow Downe upon their cheekes to ſprout, / Then (euen as comes to paſſe in Birdes) the feathers budded out / Togither on their pinyons too, and ſpreaded round about / On both their ſides.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
167,
174
]
],
"ref": "1603, Plutarch, “Of Hearing”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Philosophie, Commonlie Called, The Morals […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield, →OCLC, page 63:",
"text": "[T]hey [who] be ſomevvhat ſlovv of apprehenſion and idle vvithall, are verie troubleſome unto their teachers, and importune them overmuch: […] reſembling herein young callovv birds vvhich are not yet fethered and fledg'd, but alvvaies gaping tovvard the bill of the damme, and ſo by their good vvils vvould have nothing given them, but that vvhich hath beene chevved and prepared already.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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100,
107
]
],
"ref": "1717, John Dryden, “Book XII. [The Trojan War.]”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 408:",
"text": "A Snake of Size immenſe aſcends a Tree, / And in the leafie Summit, ſpy'd a Neſt, / VVhich o'er her Callovv Young, a Sparrovv preſs'd.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
53,
60
]
],
"ref": "1728, [James] Thomson, Spring. A Poem, […] A[ndrew] Millar, […]; and G[eorge] Strahan, […], →OCLC, page 34:",
"text": "Th' appointed Time / VVith pious Toil fulfill'd, the callovv Young / VVarm'd, and expanded into perfect Life, / Their brittle Bondage break, and come to Light, / A helpleſs Family, demanding Food / VVith conſtant Clamour.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
100,
106
]
],
"ref": "1801, Robert Southey, “The Fifth Book”, in Thalaba the Destroyer, volume I, London: […] [F]or T[homas] N[orton] Longman and O[wen] Rees, […], by Biggs and Cottle, […], →OCLC, pages 258–259:",
"text": "Her [the desert pelican's] young in the refreshing bath / Sported all wantonness; / Dipt down their callow heads, / Filled the swoln membrane from their plumeless throat / Pendant, […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
24
]
],
"ref": "1822, William Hazlitt, “Essay XIV. On Patronage and Puffing.”, in Table-Talk; or, Original Essays, volume II, London: […] [Thomas Davison] for Henry Colburn and Co., →OCLC, page 329:",
"text": "[T]he instant the callow brood are fledged, they are driven from the nest, and forced to shift for themselves in the wide world.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
107,
113
]
],
"ref": "1883, Arthur Nicols, chapter III, in Zoological Notes on the Structure, Affinities, Habits, and Mental Faculties of Wild and Domestic Animals; […], London: L. Upcott Gill, […], →OCLC, pages 104–105:",
"text": "When first born it [a kangaroo] is indeed more feeble and incapable of voluntary action of any kind than a callow bird, blind and hairless, covered with a delicate pink skin, through which many of the blood vessels can be distinctly seen, about an inch in length, and no more like the future kangaroo than a mouse—a transparent little gelatinous creature so fragile that it cannot be handled however carefully without danger to its life.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
127,
133
]
],
"ref": "1883 January 13, W. T., “The Game Fishes of America. … First Paper.— … The Mascalonge (Esox Nobilior.)”, in William C[harles] Harris, editor, The American Angler, a Weekly Journal of Angling—Brook, River, Lake and Sea-fish Culture, volume III, number 2, New York, N.Y.: The Angler’s Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 20, column 2:",
"text": "In fact many of our fresh water fish are somewhat Chinese in their tastes, for I have frequently used, with great success, the callow and hairless young of field-mice as bait for mascalonge, pike, pickerel, bass and sheep'shead; and I have no doubt that the brook trout would readily take the same delicacy.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
182,
188
]
],
"ref": "a. 1884 (date written), [Thomas] Mayne Reid, “Introductory. A Naturalist’s Paradise.”, in The Naturalist in Siluria, London: [William] Swan Sonnenschein & Co., […], published 1889, →OCLC, page 5:",
"text": "[I]ts [the water-vole's] congener of the land (A[gricola] agrestis) breeds in myriads over the adjoining meadows, hollowing out its nest just enough under the sward for its hairless callow young to be clear of the dangerous scythe-blade.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a young bird, or (part of) its body: having not developed feathers yet; featherless, unfledged; hence, of other animals or their bodies: having no fur or hair; furless, hairless, unfurred."
],
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"ornithology",
"ornithology"
],
[
"young",
"young#Adjective"
],
[
"bird",
"bird#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"body",
"body#Noun"
],
[
"develop",
"develop"
],
[
"feathers",
"feather#Noun"
],
[
"featherless",
"featherless"
],
[
"unfledged",
"unfledged"
],
[
"animals",
"animal#Noun"
],
[
"fur",
"fur#Noun"
],
[
"furless",
"furless"
],
[
"unfurred",
"unfurred#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology)",
"(ornithology) Of a young bird, or (part of) its body: having not developed feathers yet; featherless, unfledged; hence, of other animals or their bodies: having no fur or hair; furless, hairless, unfurred."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"ornithology",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "experienced"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:mature",
"word": "adultish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:mature",
"word": "grown up"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:mature",
"word": "mature"
}
],
"categories": [
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"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Ornithology",
"en:Zoology"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
39,
45
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],
"text": "Those three young men are particularly callow youths.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
67,
73
]
],
"ref": "1960, “Try to Remember”, in Tom Jones (lyrics), Harvey Schmidt (music), The Fantasticks: The Original Cast Album of the Award-winning International Musical, performed by Jerry Orbach (as El Gallo), New York, N.Y.: MGM Records, →OCLC:",
"text": "Try to remember the kind of September / When you were a tender and callow fellow / Try to remember and if you remember / Then follow",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
160,
166
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],
"ref": "1980 March 10, Antony Jay, Jonathan Lynn, “The Economy Drive”, in Yes, Minister, season 1, episode 3, spoken by Humphrey Appleby (Nigel Hawthorne), London: British Broadcasting Corporation and BBC Worldwide, →OCLC:",
"text": "Bernard, there are only 630 MPs, if one party has just over 300 MPs it forms a government—of that 300, 100 are too old and too silly, 100 are too young and too callow, which leaves just about a hundred MPs to fill 100 government posts.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
283,
289
]
],
"ref": "2018 May 30, Zoe Williams, “Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now by Jaron Lanier – review”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 30 Jun 2025:",
"text": "The restless scrolling, the clammy self-reproach afterwards … we could recognise that as addiction quite easily, but the mathematical mechanism for having created it makes horrible sense ([Jaron] Lanier isn't that interested in culprits, though he finds all of Silicon Valley pretty callow).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
265,
271
]
],
"ref": "2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 27 Sep 2024:",
"text": "Barça [FC Barcelona] had frozen. [Trent] Alexander-Arnold saw it, caught Divock Origi's eyes and pinged the perfect cross for a double-take of a winning goal. This was a 20-year-old local lad, product of down the road, out-thinking Barcelona, making them look like callow, pigeon-chested schoolboys.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a young bird, or (part of) its body: having not developed feathers yet; featherless, unfledged; hence, of other animals or their bodies: having no fur or hair; furless, hairless, unfurred.",
"Lacking life experience; immature, inexperienced, naive; also, of or relating to something immature or inexperienced."
],
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"ornithology",
"ornithology"
],
[
"young",
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],
[
"bird",
"bird#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"body",
"body#Noun"
],
[
"develop",
"develop"
],
[
"feathers",
"feather#Noun"
],
[
"featherless",
"featherless"
],
[
"unfledged",
"unfledged"
],
[
"animals",
"animal#Noun"
],
[
"fur",
"fur#Noun"
],
[
"furless",
"furless"
],
[
"unfurred",
"unfurred#Adjective"
],
[
"Lacking",
"lack#Verb"
],
[
"life",
"life#Noun"
],
[
"experience",
"experience#Noun"
],
[
"immature",
"immature#Adjective"
],
[
"inexperienced",
"inexperienced"
],
[
"naive",
"naive#Adjective"
],
[
"relating",
"relate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology)",
"(ornithology) Of a young bird, or (part of) its body: having not developed feathers yet; featherless, unfledged; hence, of other animals or their bodies: having no fur or hair; furless, hairless, unfurred.",
"(figurative) Lacking life experience; immature, inexperienced, naive; also, of or relating to something immature or inexperienced."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "green"
},
{
"word": "wet behind the ears"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "artless"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "callow"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "childlike"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "verdant"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "clueless"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "credulous"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "dewy-eyed"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"used ironically"
],
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "cute"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "fleeceable"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "green"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "guileless"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "ingenuous"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "innocent"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "jejune"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "Panglossian"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "Panglossic"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"used ironically"
],
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "quaint"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "simple"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "simple-hearted"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "simple-minded"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "starry-eyed"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "unaffected"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "undesigning"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "unpretentious"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "unsophisticated"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "untested"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "unworldly"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "wide-eyed"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "immature"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "born yesterday"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "wet behind the ears"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:naive",
"word": "virgin"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"ornithology",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with collocations",
"en:Zoology"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
8
]
],
"tags": [
"collocation"
],
"text": "a callow bee",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the life cycle of an animal: newly born or hatched; juvenile."
],
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"life cycle",
"life cycle"
],
[
"newly",
"newly"
],
[
"born",
"bear#Verb"
],
[
"hatched",
"hatch#Verb"
],
[
"juvenile",
"juvenile#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology)",
"(by extension)",
"In the life cycle of an animal: newly born or hatched; juvenile."
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Entomology",
"en:Zoology"
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of teneral (“of certain insects or other arthropods such as spiders: lacking colour or firmness just after ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”)”)."
],
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"entomology",
"entomology"
],
[
"teneral",
"teneral#English"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"arthropod",
"arthropod"
],
[
"spiders",
"spider#Noun"
],
[
"colour",
"color#Noun"
],
[
"firmness",
"firmness"
],
[
"ecdysis",
"ecdysis#English"
],
[
"shedding",
"shed#Verb"
],
[
"exoskeleton",
"exoskeleton"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology)",
"(by extension)",
"(entomology) Synonym of teneral (“of certain insects or other arthropods such as spiders: lacking colour or firmness just after ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”)”)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "(“of certain insects or other arthropods such as spiders: lacking colour or firmness just after ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”)”)",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "teneral"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"entomology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
64,
71
]
],
"ref": "1677, Rob[ert] Plot, “Of Arts”, in The Natural History of Oxford-shire, Being an Essay toward the Natural History of England, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [Sheldonian] Theater […], →OCLC, paragraph 66, page 243:",
"text": "[T]heſe Lands are not ſvvardy enough to bear clean tillage, nor callovv or light enough to lie to get ſvvard, […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of land: having no vegetation; bare."
],
"links": [
[
"land",
"land#Noun"
],
[
"vegetation",
"vegetation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Of land: having no vegetation; bare."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæləʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæloʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æləʊ"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "neopiten",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "неопитен"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "没经年"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "groen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "onrijp"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "onervaren"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "kypsymätön"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "kokematon"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "vihreä"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "grün"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "unerfahren"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "unreif"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ápeiros",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "άπειρος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "protóvgaltos",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "πρωτόβγαλτος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"derogatory"
],
"word": "taknyos"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "zöldfülű"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "gan chiall"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "waitau"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "niedojrzały"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "niedoświadczony"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "imaturo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "inexperiente"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "verde"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "neópytnyj",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "нео́пытный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nezrélyj",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "незре́лый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "inmaduro"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "verde"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "nedosvídčenyj",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "недосві́дчений"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "nezrílyj",
"sense": "lacking life experience — see also immature, inexperienced, naive",
"word": "незрі́лий"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "of or relating to something immature or inexperienced",
"word": "kokematon"
}
],
"word": "callow"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Irish",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old Irish",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kel-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gelH-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kl̥H-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱel(H)-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æləʊ",
"Rhymes:English/æləʊ/2 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"en:Hair"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gelH-",
"4": "*kl̥H-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "calwe",
"t": "(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person"
},
"expansion": "Middle English calwe (“(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "calu"
},
"expansion": "Old English calu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kalu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kalu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kalwaz",
"t": "bald; bare, naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kalwaz (“bald; bare, naked”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*gol(H)-wo-",
"t": "bald; bare, naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gol(H)-wo- (“bald; bare, naked”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calvus",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "Latin calvus (“bald”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kl̥H-",
"t": "bald; naked"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald; naked”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "false cognate"
},
"expansion": "false cognate",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "کل",
"tr": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Persian کل (kal)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कुल्व",
"tr": "kulvá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कुल्व (kulvá)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cognates"
},
"expansion": "cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kaal",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kaal (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kahl",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "German kahl (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "kahl",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "German Low German kahl (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "го́лый",
"t": "bare, naked, nude"
},
"expansion": "Russian го́лый (gólyj, “bare, naked, nude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "keal",
"t": "bald"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian keal (“bald”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English calwe (“(adjective) bald; (noun) bald person”), from Old English calu, caluw (“without hair, bald, callow”), from Proto-West Germanic *kalu, from Proto-Germanic *kalwaz (“bald; bare, naked”), and then either:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *gol(H)-wo- (“bald; bare, naked”), from *gelH- (“head; naked”); or\n* from Latin calvus (“bald”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald; naked”).\nIf not borrowed from Latin, Grimm’s law indicates that the Latin word is likely a false cognate, along with Persian کل (kal) and Sanskrit कुल्व (kulvá).\ncognates\n* Dutch kaal (“bald”)\n* German kahl (“bald”)\n* German Low German kahl (“bald”)\n* Russian го́лый (gólyj, “bare, naked, nude”)\n* Swedish kal, kalka (“bald”)\n* West Frisian keal (“bald”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "callows",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "callow (countable and uncountable, plural callows)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"cal",
"low"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Entomology"
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of teneral (“an insect or other arthropod such as a spider which has just undergone ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”) and so lacks colour or firmness”)."
],
"links": [
[
"entomology",
"entomology"
],
[
"teneral",
"teneral#English"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"arthropod",
"arthropod"
],
[
"spider",
"spider#Noun"
],
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"ecdysis",
"ecdysis#English"
],
[
"shedding",
"shed#Verb"
],
[
"exoskeleton",
"exoskeleton"
],
[
"lacks",
"lack#Verb"
],
[
"colour",
"color#Noun"
],
[
"firmness",
"firmness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(entomology) Synonym of teneral (“an insect or other arthropod such as a spider which has just undergone ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”) and so lacks colour or firmness”)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "(“an insect or other arthropod such as a spider which has just undergone ecdysis (“shedding of the exoskeleton”) and so lacks colour or firmness”)",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "teneral"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"entomology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"An alluvial flat."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"alluvial",
"alluvial#Adjective"
],
[
"flat",
"flat#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) An alluvial flat."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English terms with archaic senses",
"Regional English",
"en:Mining"
],
"glosses": [
"The upper layer of rubble in a quarry which has to be removed to reach the material to be mined."
],
"links": [
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
],
[
"mining",
"mining#Noun"
],
[
"upper",
"upper#Adjective"
],
[
"layer",
"layer#Noun"
],
[
"rubble",
"rubble#Noun"
],
[
"quarry",
"quarry#Noun"
],
[
"removed",
"remove#Verb"
],
[
"reach",
"reach#Verb"
],
[
"material",
"material#Noun"
],
[
"mined",
"mine#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, regional, mining, archaic) The upper layer of rubble in a quarry which has to be removed to reach the material to be mined."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic",
"countable",
"regional",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"mining"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"en:Ornithology"
],
"glosses": [
"A young bird which has not developed feathers yet; a nestling."
],
"links": [
[
"ornithology",
"ornithology"
],
[
"young",
"young#Adjective"
],
[
"bird",
"bird#Noun"
],
[
"develop",
"develop"
],
[
"feathers",
"feather#Noun"
],
[
"nestling",
"nestling#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"(ornithology) A young bird which has not developed feathers yet; a nestling."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"ornithology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"en:Ornithology"
],
"glosses": [
"A young bird which has not developed feathers yet; a nestling.",
"A person lacking life experience; an immature or naive person."
],
"links": [
[
"ornithology",
"ornithology"
],
[
"young",
"young#Adjective"
],
[
"bird",
"bird#Noun"
],
[
"develop",
"develop"
],
[
"feathers",
"feather#Noun"
],
[
"nestling",
"nestling#Noun"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"life",
"life#Noun"
],
[
"experience",
"experience#Noun"
],
[
"immature",
"immature#Adjective"
],
[
"naive",
"naive#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"(ornithology) A young bird which has not developed feathers yet; a nestling.",
"(figurative) A person lacking life experience; an immature or naive person."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"figuratively",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"ornithology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"East Anglian English",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of topsoil (“upper layer of soil”)."
],
"links": [
[
"topsoil",
"topsoil#English"
],
[
"soil",
"soil#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"(East Anglia) Synonym of topsoil (“upper layer of soil”)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "upper layer of soil",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "topsoil"
}
],
"tags": [
"East-Anglia",
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæləʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæloʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-æləʊ"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "alluvial flat",
"word": "tulvatasanko"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "upper layer of rubble in a quarry",
"word": "raakku"
}
],
"word": "callow"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Irish",
"English terms derived from Old Irish",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kel-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱel(H)-",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æləʊ",
"Rhymes:English/æləʊ/2 syllables",
"en:Hair"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱel(H)-",
"4": "*(s)kel-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ga",
"3": "caladh",
"t": "meadow by a riverbank; land, shore (as opposed to the sea); landing place; port"
},
"expansion": "Irish caladh (“meadow by a riverbank; land, shore (as opposed to the sea); landing place; port”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sga",
"3": "calad",
"t": "shore; landing place; port"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish calad (“shore; landing place; port”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kaletos",
"t": "cruel; hard; strong"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kaletos (“cruel; hard; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*ḱlH-eto-",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*halluz",
"t": "boulder, rock, stone"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *halluz (“boulder, rock, stone”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)kel-",
"t": "to cut, hew"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut, hew”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Irish caladh (“meadow by a riverbank; land, shore (as opposed to the sea); landing place; port”), from Old Irish calad (“shore; landing place; port”), probably a noun use of calad (“hard”, adjective), from Proto-Celtic *kaletos (“cruel; hard; strong”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”) (in the sense of something frozen and thus hard), from an unclear root *ḱl(H)- or *kl(H)- (“hard”); or related to Proto-Germanic *halluz (“boulder, rock, stone”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut, hew”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more callow",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most callow",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "callow (comparative more callow, superlative most callow)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"cal",
"low"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Irish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
216,
222
]
],
"ref": "1811 February 26 (date written), Thomas Townsend, “Appendix, No. 7. The Report of Mr. Thomas Townsend; in District No. 6. [No. 5. Details of Particular Bogs.]”, in J. Leslie Foster [et al.], The Second Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Nature and Extent of the Several Bogs in Ireland, and the Practicability of Draining and Cultivating them. […], [Dublin]: […] [Graisberry and Campbell?], published 1 April 1811, →OCLC, page 192:",
"text": "The Bogs that extend along the western part of this District do not lie close to the Shannon, as those on the east side do along the banks of the Inny; they are separated from the river by a long tract of high, dry, callow land, subject, immediately near the river, to being overflowed in winter, but affording meadow, pasture, and in some places good arable land.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of land: low-lying and near a river, and thus regularly submerged."
],
"links": [
[
"land",
"land#Noun"
],
[
"low-lying",
"low-lying"
],
[
"river",
"river#Noun"
],
[
"regularly",
"regularly"
],
[
"submerge",
"submerge"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Ireland) Of land: low-lying and near a river, and thus regularly submerged."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæləʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæloʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-æləʊ"
}
],
"word": "callow"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Irish",
"English terms derived from Old Irish",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kel-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱel(H)-",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æləʊ",
"Rhymes:English/æləʊ/2 syllables",
"en:Hair"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
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"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱel(H)-",
"4": "*(s)kel-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ga",
"3": "caladh",
"t": "meadow by a riverbank; land, shore (as opposed to the sea); landing place; port"
},
"expansion": "Irish caladh (“meadow by a riverbank; land, shore (as opposed to the sea); landing place; port”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sga",
"3": "calad",
"t": "shore; landing place; port"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish calad (“shore; landing place; port”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kaletos",
"t": "cruel; hard; strong"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kaletos (“cruel; hard; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*ḱlH-eto-",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*halluz",
"t": "boulder, rock, stone"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *halluz (“boulder, rock, stone”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)kel-",
"t": "to cut, hew"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut, hew”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Irish caladh (“meadow by a riverbank; land, shore (as opposed to the sea); landing place; port”), from Old Irish calad (“shore; landing place; port”), probably a noun use of calad (“hard”, adjective), from Proto-Celtic *kaletos (“cruel; hard; strong”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”) (in the sense of something frozen and thus hard), from an unclear root *ḱl(H)- or *kl(H)- (“hard”); or related to Proto-Germanic *halluz (“boulder, rock, stone”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut, hew”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "callows",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "callow (plural callows)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"cal",
"low"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English links with manual fragments",
"English terms with quotations",
"Irish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Near-synonyms: bog, fen, marsh, swamp, mire, moor, slough"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
144,
151
]
],
"ref": "1862, Henry Coulter, chapter I, in The West of Ireland: Its Existing Condition, and Prospects, Dublin: Hodges & Smith, […]; London: Hurst & Blackett, […]; Edinburgh; London: W[illia]m Blackwood & Sons, →OCLC, page 6:",
"text": "The crops of hay carried off by the floods, or rendered utterly valueless, were not the only losses sustained by the landholders. The extensive callows upon which they grazed their cattle during the autumn and early winter, were unavailable this season.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A low-lying meadow near a river which is regularly submerged."
],
"links": [
[
"low-lying",
"low-lying"
],
[
"meadow",
"meadow#Noun"
],
[
"river",
"river#Noun"
],
[
"regularly",
"regularly"
],
[
"submerge",
"submerge"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Ireland) A low-lying meadow near a river which is regularly submerged."
],
"senseid": [
"en:Q1295412"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "flood meadow"
},
{
"word": "water meadow"
},
{
"word": "bog"
},
{
"word": "fen"
},
{
"word": "marsh"
},
{
"word": "swamp"
},
{
"word": "mire"
},
{
"word": "moor"
},
{
"word": "slough"
}
],
"tags": [
"Ireland"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q1295412"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæləʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-callow.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæloʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-callow.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-callow.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æləʊ"
}
],
"word": "callow"
}
Download raw JSONL data for callow meaning in English (47.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (cdfa371 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.