See ornithology in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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"Polish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologie" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "ornitológija", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "орнитоло́гия" }, { "code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "eun-eòlas" }, { "code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "Cyrillic", "feminine" ], "word": "орнитоло̀гија" }, { "code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "Roman", "feminine" ], "word": "ornitològija" }, { "code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], 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birds", "word": "ornitolojia" }, { "code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "pak-see-wit-ta-ya", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ปักษีวิทยา" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "kuşbilim" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitoloji" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "kuş bilimi" }, { "code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "ornitolohija", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "орнітологія" }, { "code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "điểu học" }, { "code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "cầm điểu học" }, { "code": "vo", "lang": "Volapük", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "bödav" }, { "code": "war", "lang": "Waray-Waray", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitolohiya" }, { "code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "adareg" }, { "code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "adaryddiaeth" }, { "code": "fy", "lang": "West Frisian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "fûgelkunde" } ], "wikipedia": [ "Ulisse Aldrovandi" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ɔɹnɪθɒlədʒi/" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav.ogg" }, { "rhymes": "-ɒlədʒi" } ], "word": "ornithology" }
{ "derived": [ { "word": "ethnoornithology" }, { "word": "paleornithology" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "NL.", "3": "ornithologia" }, "expansion": "New Latin ornithologia", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "grc", "3": "ὀρνιθολόγος" }, "expansion": "Ancient Greek ὀρνιθολόγος (ornithológos)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ornitho-", "3": "-logy" }, "expansion": "ornitho- + -logy", "name": "af" } ], "etymology_text": "From New Latin ornithologia, coined by Ulisse Aldrovandi from Ancient Greek ὀρνιθολόγος (ornithológos), from ὄρνις (órnis) and λόγος (lógos). See also ornitho- + -logy.", "forms": [ { "form": "ornithologies", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "~" }, "expansion": "ornithology (countable and uncountable, plural ornithologies)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "Cantonese terms with redundant transliterations", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Ancient Greek", "English terms derived from New Latin", "English terms prefixed with ornitho-", "English terms suffixed with -logy", "English terms suffixed with -ology", "English terms with quotations", "English uncountable nouns", "Entries with translation boxes", "Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɒlədʒi", "Rhymes:English/ɒlədʒi/5 syllables", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Albanian translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Balinese translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Basque translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Breton translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Corsican translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German Low German translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Guaraní translations", "Terms with Gujarati translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hokkien translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Interlingua translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Kannada translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Malayalam translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Manx translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Mongolian translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tamil translations", "Terms with Tatar translations", "Terms with Tetum translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Volapük translations", "Terms with Waray-Waray translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Western Mari translations", "en:Ornithology" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1750, René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, The Art of Hatching and Bringing Up Domestick Fowls of All Kinds at Any Time of the Year:", "text": "Gesner says in his Ornithology, that this fact was attested by a great many moderns of his own time, and he even quotes Albert the great, who asserts that he has seen a cock foster chickens.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2006 January 24, James Gorman, “Ivory Bill Report Is Called 'Faith-Based Ornithology'”, in The New York Times:", "text": "Jerome A. Jackson, an ivory bill specialist at Florida Gulf Coast University in Fort Myers, has now increased the intensity of the discussion in a 15-page article in the current issue of The Auk, a quarterly ornithology journal published by the American Ornithologists' Union.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "The branch of zoology that deals with the scientific study of birds." ], "links": [ [ "branch", "branch" ], [ "zoology", "zoology" ], [ "scientific", "scientific" ], [ "study", "study" ], [ "bird", "bird" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "birdlore" }, { "word": "fowl-lore" } ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ], "wikipedia": [ "Ulisse Aldrovandi" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ɔɹnɪθɒlədʒi/" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ornithology.wav.ogg" }, { "rhymes": "-ɒlədʒi" } ], "translations": [ { "code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "voëlkunde" }, { "code": "sq", "lang": "Albanian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitologji" }, { "code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "ʕalima ṭ-ṭāʔir", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "عَلِمَ الطَائِر" }, { "code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "ʕalim aṭ-ṭuyūr", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "عَلِم الطُيُور" }, { "code": "hy", "lang": "Armenian", "roman": "ōrnitʻologia", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "օրնիթոլոգիա" }, { "code": "hy", "lang": "Armenian", "roman": "tʻṙčʻnabanutʻyun", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "թռչնաբանություն" }, { "code": "as", "lang": "Assamese", "roman": "pokhibiggan", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "পক্ষীবিজ্ঞান" }, { "code": "ast", "lang": "Asturian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitoloxía" }, { "code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitologiya" }, { "code": "ban", "lang": "Balinese", "roman": "paksiwidya", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ᬧᬓ᭄ᬲᬶᬯᬶᬤ᭄ᬬ" }, { "code": "ba", "lang": "Bashkir", "roman": "ornitológiya", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "орнитоло́гия" }, { "code": "eu", "lang": "Basque", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "arnitalóhija", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "арніталогія" }, { "code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "pokkhibiggên", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "পক্ষীবিজ্ঞান" }, { "code": "br", "lang": "Breton", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "evnoniezh" }, { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "ornitologija", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "орнитология" }, { "code": "my", "lang": "Burmese", "roman": "sa.ku.na.beda.", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "သကုဏဗေဒ" }, { "code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "yue", "lang": "Chinese Cantonese", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "鳥類學" }, { "code": "yue", "lang": "Chinese Cantonese", "roman": "niu⁵ leoi⁶ hok⁶", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "鸟类学" }, { "code": "nan-hbl", "lang": "Chinese", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "Hokkien" ], "word": "鳥類學" }, { "code": "nan-hbl", "lang": "Chinese", "roman": "chiáu-lūi-ha̍k", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "Hokkien" ], "word": "鸟类学" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "鳥類學" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "niǎolèixué", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "鸟类学" }, { "code": "co", "lang": "Corsican", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "urnitulugia" }, { "code": "co", "lang": "Corsican", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologie" }, { "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "common-gender" ], "word": "ornitologi" }, { "code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "vogelkunde" }, { "code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornithologie" }, { "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitologio" }, { "code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitoloogia" }, { "code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "linnuteadus" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "lintutiede" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornithologie" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitoloxía" }, { "code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "ornitologia", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ორნითოლოგია" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Ornithologie" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Vogelkunde" }, { "code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "ornithología", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ορνιθολογία" }, { "code": "gn", "lang": "Guaraní", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "guyrakuaaty" }, { "code": "gu", "lang": "Gujarati", "roman": "pakṣīvidyā", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "પક્ષીવિદ્યા" }, { "code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "ornitológya", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "אוֹרְנִיתוֹלוֹגְיָה" }, { "code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "pakṣīvijñān", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "पक्षीविज्ञान" }, { "code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitológia" }, { "code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "madártan" }, { "code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "fuglafræði" }, { "code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitologio" }, { "code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitologi" }, { "code": "ia", "lang": "Interlingua", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornithologia" }, { "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "éaneolaíocht" }, { "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologia" }, { "alt": "ちょうるいがく", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "chōruigaku", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "鳥類学" }, { "code": "kn", "lang": "Kannada", "roman": "hakkiyarime", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ಹಕ್ಕಿಯರಿಮೆ" }, { "code": "kn", "lang": "Kannada", "roman": "pakṣivijñāna", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ಪಕ್ಷಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" }, { "code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "qūstanu", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "құстану" }, { "alt": "鳥類學", "code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "joryuhak", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "조류학" }, { "code": "ky", "lang": "Kyrgyz", "roman": "ornitologiya", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "орнитология" }, { "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornithologia" }, { "code": "lv", "lang": "Latvian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitoloģija" }, { "code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologija" }, { "code": "nds-de", "lang": "Low German", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "German-Low-German", "feminine" ], "word": "Ornithologie" }, { "code": "lb", "lang": "Luxembourgish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Ornithologie" }, { "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "ornitologija", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "орнитологија" }, { "code": "ms", "lang": "Malay", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "kaji burung" }, { "code": "ms", "lang": "Malay", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitologi" }, { "code": "ml", "lang": "Malayalam", "roman": "pakṣiśāstraṁ", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "പക്ഷിശാസ്ത്രം" }, { "code": "gv", "lang": "Manx", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "eean-oaylleeaght" }, { "code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "mātai manu" }, { "code": "mr", "lang": "Marathi", "roman": "pakṣīśāstra", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "पक्षीशास्त्र" }, { "code": "mrj", "lang": "Western Mari", "roman": "orńitologi", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "орнитологи" }, { "code": "mn", "lang": "Mongolian", "roman": "šuvuu sudlal", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "шувуу судлал" }, { "code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "ornitologi" }, { "code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "ornitologi" }, { "code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "parande-šenâsi", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "پرندهشناسی" }, { "code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologia" }, { "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologie" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "ornitológija", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "орнитоло́гия" }, { "code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "eun-eòlas" }, { "code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "Cyrillic", "feminine" ], "word": "орнитоло̀гија" }, { "code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "Roman", "feminine" ], "word": "ornitològija" }, { "code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitológia" }, { "code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitologija" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "ornitología" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "common-gender" ], "word": "ornitologi" }, { "code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "dalub-ibunan" }, { "code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "palaibunan" }, { "code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitolohiya" }, { "code": "ta", "lang": "Tamil", "roman": "paṟavaiyiyal", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "பறவையியல்" }, { "code": "tt", "lang": "Tatar", "roman": "ornitoloğiyä", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "орнитология" }, { "code": "tet", "lang": "Tetum", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitolojia" }, { "code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "pak-see-wit-ta-ya", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ปักษีวิทยา" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "kuşbilim" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitoloji" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "kuş bilimi" }, { "code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "ornitolohija", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "орнітологія" }, { "code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "điểu học" }, { "code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "cầm điểu học" }, { "code": "vo", "lang": "Volapük", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "bödav" }, { "code": "war", "lang": "Waray-Waray", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "ornitolohiya" }, { "code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "adareg" }, { "code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "adaryddiaeth" }, { "code": "fy", "lang": "West Frisian", "sense": "scientific study of birds", "word": "fûgelkunde" } ], "word": "ornithology" }
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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