See -ism on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ism meaning in All languages combined (28.9kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "-ισμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ίζειν"
},
"expansion": "-ίζειν (-ízein)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ize"
},
"expansion": "English -ize",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "-ισμα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισμα (-isma)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ισμός"
},
"expansion": "-ισμός (-ismós)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Judaism"
},
"expansion": "Judaism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Ἰουδαϊσμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaïsmós)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ismus"
},
"expansion": "-ismus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "chrīstiānismus"
},
"expansion": "chrīstiānismus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Christianism"
},
"expansion": "Christianism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pāgānismus"
},
"expansion": "pāgānismus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "heroism"
},
"expansion": "heroism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "patriotism"
},
"expansion": "patriotism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Calvinism"
},
"expansion": "Calvinism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Lutheranism"
},
"expansion": "Lutheranism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "blackguardism"
},
"expansion": "blackguardism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ism"
},
"expansion": "ism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "racism"
},
"expansion": "racism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sexism"
},
"expansion": "sexism",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from either Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós), a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from stem of verbs in -ίζειν (-ízein) (whence English -ize); or from the related suffix Ancient Greek -ισμα (-isma), which more specifically expressed a finished act or thing done.\nMany English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in -ισμός (-ismós), often via Latin and French, such as Judaism, a learned English formation from Latin attested from ca. 1500 and ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaïsmós). In Late Latin, the -ismus suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus chrīstiānismus (whence 16th c. Christianism) in Tertullian, a trend continued in Medieval Latin, with e.g. pāgānismus attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin (heroism, patriotism) or proper names (Calvinism, Lutheranism).\nProductivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. blackguardism). Reflecting this productivity, use of ism as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as racism (1932) or sexism (1936) and productive since the 1970s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ism",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ism",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 21 12 17 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "baptism (1300), aphorism (1528), criticism (1607), magnetism (1616)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns of action or process or result based on the accompanying verb in -ise or -ize."
],
"id": "en--ism-en-suffix-i7fpLJTu",
"links": [
[
"-ise",
"-ise#English"
],
[
"-ize",
"-ize#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 21 12 17 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Lutheranism (1560), Calvinism (1570), Protestantism (1606), Congregationalism (1716), Mohammedanism (1815),: Palamism (1949)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the name of a system, school of thought or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder (When de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic \"doctrines\" sense below, e.g. Liberalism vs. liberalism.)"
],
"id": "en--ism-en-suffix-eEyXogp3",
"links": [
[
"Liberalism",
"Liberalism"
],
[
"liberalism",
"liberalism"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 21 12 17 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "15 12 31 15 21 5",
"word": "ism"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 12 31 15 21 5",
"word": "-icism"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "atheism (1587), ruffianism (1589), giantism (1639), fanaticism (1652), theism (1678), religionism (1706), patriotism (1716), heroism (1717), despotism (1728), old-maidism (1776), capitalism (1792), nationism (1798), romanticism (1803), conservatism (1832), sexualism (1842), vegetarianism (1848), externalism (1856), young-ladyism (1869), opportunism (1870), blackguardism (1875), jingoism (1878), feminism (1895), dwarfism (1895)"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Stephen King, The Moving Finger",
"text": "Howard didn't care much for beer, but that night he helped himself to three cans of Vi's new find nevertheless. Vi commented on it, said that if she had known he was going to like it that much, she would have stopped by the drugstore and gotten him an IV hookup. Another time-honored Vi-ism.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020, Ministry of Broadcast, Hitcents, Nintendo Switch, scene: game over",
"text": "WE ARE EXPERIENCING BROADCAST NOOBISM",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form names of a tendency of behaviour, action, state, condition or opinion belonging to a class or group of persons, or the result of a doctrine, ideology or principle or lack thereof."
],
"id": "en--ism-en-suffix-318tqaO9",
"links": [
[
"doctrine",
"doctrine#English"
],
[
"ideology",
"ideology#English"
],
[
"principle",
"principle#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "7 5 69 7 9 2",
"word": "-ist"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 69 7 9 2",
"word": "-istic"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 21 12 17 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York: Random House, page 136",
"text": "Note that these sayings attributed to Yogi Berra might be apocryphal […] These sayings remain, however, quintessential Berraisms.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form countable nouns indicating a peculiarity or characteristic of language"
],
"id": "en--ism-en-suffix-FEifmaPz",
"links": [
[
"countable",
"countable#English"
],
[
"peculiarity",
"peculiarity#English"
],
[
"characteristic",
"characteristic#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 21 12 17 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form names of ideologies expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class within the concept expressed by the root word, or a pattern of behavior or a social norm that benefits members of the group indicated by the root word. (Based on a late 20th-century narrowing of the \"terms for a doctrine\" sense.)"
],
"id": "en--ism-en-suffix-5zbSFb6u",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-im"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izëm"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-iyya",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ـِيَّة"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "an",
"lang": "Aragonese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-izm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-իզմ"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismu"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izm"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"inanimate"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "-ízm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-і́зм"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "-ýzm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ы́зм"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "bad",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "বাদ"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "-ízǎm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-и́зъм"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "wada.",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ဝါဒ"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-主義"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zhǔyì",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-主义"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ism"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-isma"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismi"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-izmi",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-იზმი"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "gsw",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"Alemannic-German",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ismós",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ισμός"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "izm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "־יזם"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "-vād",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-वाद"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izmus"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-stefna"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismi"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"rare"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"alt": "-しゅぎ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-shugi",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-主義"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "loanwords, vowel \"i\" can be merged into kana of the previous consonant",
"roman": "-izumu",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-イズム"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"alt": "きょう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-kyō",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"topics": [
"religion",
"lifestyle"
],
"word": "教"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "-nĭymô",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-និយម"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "lôtthĭ-",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "លទ្ធិ-"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"alt": "主義",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "-juui",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "주의"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ijeum",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "이즘"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izmo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "lat thi-",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ລັດທິ-"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "-ni nyom",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ນິຍົມ"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-isma"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isms"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izmas"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "-ízam",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-и́зам"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-iżmu"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "-ism",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ـیسم"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "gerâi",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "گرایی"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "parasti",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "پرستی"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-yzm"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izm"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "pa",
"lang": "Punjabi",
"roman": "-vād",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ਵਾਦ"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-ism"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"roman": "-ism",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-исм"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ízm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-и́зм"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-изам"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izam"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ìsima"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ìsimu"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "scn",
"english": "borrowed from Italian",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismu"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izmus"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izem"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ism"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "láttí-",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ลัทธิ-"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-นิยม"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izm"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-ízm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-і́зм"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-ýzm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-и́зм"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"alt": "主義-",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "chủ nghĩa-"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-im"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-isse"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-aeth"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-iaeth"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "-izm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "־יזם"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izm"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 17 22 5 39 4",
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-cujyi"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "en:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "20 21 12 17 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form names of conditions (syndromes, diseases, disorders, defects, addictions) and therapeutical methods or doctrines."
],
"id": "en--ism-en-suffix-B5VSFnUo",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Used to form names of conditions (syndromes, diseases, disorders, defects, addictions) and therapeutical methods or doctrines."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪz.əm/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɪz.m̩]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ism.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"-ism"
],
"word": "-ism"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ismus",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin -ismus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ismus"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin -ismus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-isme"
},
"expansion": "French -isme",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "-ισμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin -ismus, French -isme, ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-isme",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "un -ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-isme",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "niște -isme",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "unui -ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-isme",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "unor -isme",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismelor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismelor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "e",
"suff": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ism n (plural -isme)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "-ismelor",
"gpi": "-isme",
"gsd": "-ismului",
"gsi": "-ism",
"n": "",
"npd": "-ismele",
"npi": "-isme",
"nsd": "-ismul",
"nsi": "-ism",
"vp": "-ismelor",
"vs": "-ismule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "creștin (“Christian”) + -ism → creștinism (“Christianity”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "anarhie (“anarchy”) + -ism → anarhism (“anarchism”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ism (indicates a belief or principle)"
],
"id": "en--ism-ro-suffix-9mVKpX9~",
"links": [
[
"-ism",
"-ism#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "-ism",
"word": "-исм — Moldovan Cyrillic spelling"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ism/"
}
],
"word": "-ism"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-isme"
},
"expansion": "French -isme",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French -isme.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-infl-noun-c-er",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismerna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-isms",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismernas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "-ism c",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sv-infl-noun-c-er"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "kommunism ― communism",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kannibalism ― canibalism",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "surrealism",
"text": "surrealism",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ism"
],
"id": "en--ism-sv-suffix-aIoNbKvq",
"links": [
[
"-ism",
"#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "ism"
},
{
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"tags": [
"common-gender",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɪsm]"
}
],
"word": "-ism"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Requests for review of Corsican translations",
"Requests for review of Icelandic translations",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Requests for review of Latin translations",
"Requests for review of Low German translations",
"Requests for review of Luxembourgish translations",
"Requests for review of Sardinian translations",
"Requests for review of Slovene translations",
"Requests for review of Sundanese translations",
"Requests for review of Tibetan translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ism"
},
{
"word": "-icism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "-ισμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ίζειν"
},
"expansion": "-ίζειν (-ízein)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ize"
},
"expansion": "English -ize",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "-ισμα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισμα (-isma)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ισμός"
},
"expansion": "-ισμός (-ismós)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Judaism"
},
"expansion": "Judaism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Ἰουδαϊσμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaïsmós)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ismus"
},
"expansion": "-ismus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "chrīstiānismus"
},
"expansion": "chrīstiānismus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Christianism"
},
"expansion": "Christianism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pāgānismus"
},
"expansion": "pāgānismus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "heroism"
},
"expansion": "heroism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "patriotism"
},
"expansion": "patriotism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Calvinism"
},
"expansion": "Calvinism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Lutheranism"
},
"expansion": "Lutheranism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "blackguardism"
},
"expansion": "blackguardism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ism"
},
"expansion": "ism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "racism"
},
"expansion": "racism",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sexism"
},
"expansion": "sexism",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from either Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós), a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from stem of verbs in -ίζειν (-ízein) (whence English -ize); or from the related suffix Ancient Greek -ισμα (-isma), which more specifically expressed a finished act or thing done.\nMany English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in -ισμός (-ismós), often via Latin and French, such as Judaism, a learned English formation from Latin attested from ca. 1500 and ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaïsmós). In Late Latin, the -ismus suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus chrīstiānismus (whence 16th c. Christianism) in Tertullian, a trend continued in Medieval Latin, with e.g. pāgānismus attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin (heroism, patriotism) or proper names (Calvinism, Lutheranism).\nProductivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. blackguardism). Reflecting this productivity, use of ism as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as racism (1932) or sexism (1936) and productive since the 1970s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ism",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ism",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ist"
},
{
"word": "-istic"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "baptism (1300), aphorism (1528), criticism (1607), magnetism (1616)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns of action or process or result based on the accompanying verb in -ise or -ize."
],
"links": [
[
"-ise",
"-ise#English"
],
[
"-ize",
"-ize#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Lutheranism (1560), Calvinism (1570), Protestantism (1606), Congregationalism (1716), Mohammedanism (1815),: Palamism (1949)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the name of a system, school of thought or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder (When de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic \"doctrines\" sense below, e.g. Liberalism vs. liberalism.)"
],
"links": [
[
"Liberalism",
"Liberalism"
],
[
"liberalism",
"liberalism"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "atheism (1587), ruffianism (1589), giantism (1639), fanaticism (1652), theism (1678), religionism (1706), patriotism (1716), heroism (1717), despotism (1728), old-maidism (1776), capitalism (1792), nationism (1798), romanticism (1803), conservatism (1832), sexualism (1842), vegetarianism (1848), externalism (1856), young-ladyism (1869), opportunism (1870), blackguardism (1875), jingoism (1878), feminism (1895), dwarfism (1895)"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Stephen King, The Moving Finger",
"text": "Howard didn't care much for beer, but that night he helped himself to three cans of Vi's new find nevertheless. Vi commented on it, said that if she had known he was going to like it that much, she would have stopped by the drugstore and gotten him an IV hookup. Another time-honored Vi-ism.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020, Ministry of Broadcast, Hitcents, Nintendo Switch, scene: game over",
"text": "WE ARE EXPERIENCING BROADCAST NOOBISM",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form names of a tendency of behaviour, action, state, condition or opinion belonging to a class or group of persons, or the result of a doctrine, ideology or principle or lack thereof."
],
"links": [
[
"doctrine",
"doctrine#English"
],
[
"ideology",
"ideology#English"
],
[
"principle",
"principle#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York: Random House, page 136",
"text": "Note that these sayings attributed to Yogi Berra might be apocryphal […] These sayings remain, however, quintessential Berraisms.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form countable nouns indicating a peculiarity or characteristic of language"
],
"links": [
[
"countable",
"countable#English"
],
[
"peculiarity",
"peculiarity#English"
],
[
"characteristic",
"characteristic#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form names of ideologies expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class within the concept expressed by the root word, or a pattern of behavior or a social norm that benefits members of the group indicated by the root word. (Based on a late 20th-century narrowing of the \"terms for a doctrine\" sense.)"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Medicine"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form names of conditions (syndromes, diseases, disorders, defects, addictions) and therapeutical methods or doctrines."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Used to form names of conditions (syndromes, diseases, disorders, defects, addictions) and therapeutical methods or doctrines."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪz.əm/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɪz.m̩]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ism.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-im"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izëm"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-iyya",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ـِيَّة"
},
{
"code": "an",
"lang": "Aragonese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-izm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-իզմ"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismu"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izm"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"inanimate"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "-ízm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-і́зм"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "-ýzm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ы́зм"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "bad",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "বাদ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "-ízǎm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-и́зъм"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "wada.",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ဝါဒ"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-主義"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zhǔyì",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-主义"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ism"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-isma"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-izmi",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-იზმი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"code": "gsw",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"Alemannic-German",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ismós",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ισμός"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "izm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "־יזם"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "-vād",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-वाद"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izmus"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-stefna"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismi"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"rare"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"alt": "-しゅぎ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-shugi",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-主義"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "loanwords, vowel \"i\" can be merged into kana of the previous consonant",
"roman": "-izumu",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-イズム"
},
{
"alt": "きょう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-kyō",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"topics": [
"religion",
"lifestyle"
],
"word": "教"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "-nĭymô",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-និយម"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "lôtthĭ-",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "លទ្ធិ-"
},
{
"alt": "主義",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "-juui",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "주의"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ijeum",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "이즘"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izmo"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "lat thi-",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ລັດທິ-"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "-ni nyom",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ນິຍົມ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismus"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-isma"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isms"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izmas"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "-ízam",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-и́зам"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-iżmu"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-isme"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "-ism",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ـیسم"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "gerâi",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "گرایی"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "parasti",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "پرستی"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-yzm"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izm"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"code": "pa",
"lang": "Punjabi",
"roman": "-vād",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ਵਾਦ"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-ism"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"roman": "-ism",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-исм"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ízm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-и́зм"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-изам"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izam"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ìsima"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ìsimu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"english": "borrowed from Italian",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismu"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izmus"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-izem"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ism"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "láttí-",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "ลัทธิ-"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-นิยม"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-ismo"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izm"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-ízm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-і́зм"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-ýzm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-и́зм"
},
{
"alt": "主義-",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "chủ nghĩa-"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-im"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-isse"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-aeth"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-iaeth"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "-izm",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "־יזם"
},
{
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-izm"
},
{
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"sense": "a principle, belief or movement",
"word": "-cujyi"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"-ism"
],
"word": "-ism"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ismus",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin -ismus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ismus"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin -ismus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-isme"
},
"expansion": "French -isme",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "-ισμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin -ismus, French -isme, ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-isme",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "un -ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-isme",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "niște -isme",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "unui -ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-isme",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "unor -isme",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismelor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismelor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "e",
"suff": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ism n (plural -isme)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "-ismelor",
"gpi": "-isme",
"gsd": "-ismului",
"gsi": "-ism",
"n": "",
"npd": "-ismele",
"npi": "-isme",
"nsd": "-ismul",
"nsi": "-ism",
"vp": "-ismelor",
"vs": "-ismule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian neuter suffixes",
"Romanian noun-forming suffixes",
"Romanian suffixes",
"Romanian terms borrowed from Latin",
"Romanian terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Romanian terms derived from French",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "creștin (“Christian”) + -ism → creștinism (“Christianity”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "anarhie (“anarchy”) + -ism → anarhism (“anarchism”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ism (indicates a belief or principle)"
],
"links": [
[
"-ism",
"-ism#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ism/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "-ism",
"word": "-исм — Moldovan Cyrillic spelling"
}
],
"word": "-ism"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-isme"
},
"expansion": "French -isme",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French -isme.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-infl-noun-c-er",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismerna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-isms",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ismernas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "-ism c",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sv-infl-noun-c-er"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "ism"
},
{
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Swedish common-gender suffixes",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish suffixes",
"Swedish terms borrowed from French",
"Swedish terms derived from French",
"Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Swedish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "kommunism ― communism",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kannibalism ― canibalism",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "surrealism",
"text": "surrealism",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ism"
],
"links": [
[
"-ism",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɪsm]"
}
],
"word": "-ism"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.