See ism on Wiktionary
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"text": "[…] his religion, his worship was like his daily bread to him; — which he did not take the trouble to talk much about; which he merely ate at stated intervals, and lived and did his work upon! This is Abbot Samson’s Catholicism of the Twelfth Century; — something like the Ism of all true men in all true centuries, I fancy! Alas, compared with any of the Isms current in these poor days, what a thing!",
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"text": "If it gives way to sentimentalism, or sensibility, or political mysticism, or adopts an affectation of radicalism, or any other ism, or molds its institutions so as to round out to a more complete fulfillment somebody's theory of the universe, it may fall into an era of revolution and political insecurity […]",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"name"
],
"id": "en-ism-shi-noun-gqNTf~Db",
"links": [
[
"name",
"name"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "assaɣ"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tashelhit neologisms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "shi",
"name": "Grammar",
"orig": "shi:Grammar",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tashelhit entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
17,
22
]
],
"english": "\"asmmawd\" is the nomen instrumenti of the verb \"muwd\"",
"roman": "asmmawd iga yism n imiss n uskkir \"muwd\".",
"text": "آسمّاود يڭا ييسم ن يميسّ ن وسكّير \"مووْد\".",
"translation": "\"asmmawd\" is the nomen instrumenti of the verb \"muwd\"",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"noun"
],
"id": "en-ism-shi-noun-E1HVLO5s",
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"noun",
"noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neologism, grammar) noun"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neologism"
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ism/"
}
],
"word": "ism"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "chg",
"3": "اِسْم",
"4": "",
"5": "name",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "ism",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Chagatai اِسْم (ism, “name”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "chg",
"3": "اِسْم",
"t": "name",
"tr": "ism"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Chagatai اِسْم (ism, “name”)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "fa-cls",
"3": "اِسْم",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Classical Persian اِسْم (ism, “name”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "ar",
"3": "اِسْم",
"g": "m",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Arabic اِسْم m (ism, “name”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Chagatai اِسْم (ism, “name”), from Classical Persian اِسْم (ism, “name”), from Arabic اِسْم m (ism, “name”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ismlar",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "uz-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlardek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "uz-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ismim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "isming",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaring",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlari",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismining",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarining",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismiga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlariga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismida",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarida",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismidan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaridan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismidek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaridek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "ismlar",
"head": "",
"sc": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "ism (plural ismlar)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ism (plural ismlar)",
"name": "uz-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ism"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "uz-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz-noun",
"st": "",
"type": ""
},
"name": "uz-inflection"
}
],
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"name"
],
"id": "en-ism-uz-noun-gqNTf~Db",
"links": [
[
"name",
"name"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "uz",
"name": "Grammar",
"orig": "uz:Grammar",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Uzbek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"noun"
],
"id": "en-ism-uz-noun-E1HVLO5s",
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"noun",
"noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(grammar) noun"
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʔɪsm/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ʔsm]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ot"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "nom"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Afghan Uzbek"
],
"word": "ism"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bsa",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "ism",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Abinomn",
"lang_code": "bsa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Abinomn entries with incorrect language header",
"Abinomn lemmas",
"Abinomn nouns",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"root (of a plant)"
],
"links": [
[
"root",
"root"
]
]
}
],
"word": "ism"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "acy",
"2": "ar",
"3": "اِسْم",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Arabic اِسْم (ism)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "acy",
"2": "ar",
"3": "اِسْم"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Arabic اِسْم (ism)",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Arabic اِسْم (ism).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ismát",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "acy",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "ismát"
},
"expansion": "ism (plural ismát)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Cypriot Arabic",
"lang_code": "acy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cypriot Arabic entries with incorrect language header",
"Cypriot Arabic lemmas",
"Cypriot Arabic nouns",
"Cypriot Arabic terms derived from Arabic",
"Cypriot Arabic terms inherited from Arabic",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"name"
],
"links": [
[
"name",
"name"
]
]
}
],
"word": "ism"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of Esperanto translations",
"Rhymes:English/ɪzəm",
"Rhymes:English/ɪzəm/2 syllables",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "isms and schisms"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the suffix -ism (“belief”), particularly (in the 19th century) in the sense of \"social movement\". Compare phobia, from -phobia, sophy, from -sophy, itis, from -itis, and ana, from -ana.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "isms",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ism (plural isms)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "ideology"
},
{
"word": "ist"
},
{
"word": "philosophy"
},
{
"word": "wasm"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
273,
276
],
[
356,
359
],
[
356,
360
]
],
"ref": "1843, Thomas Carlyle, chapter XV, in Past and Present, book 2:",
"text": "[…] his religion, his worship was like his daily bread to him; — which he did not take the trouble to talk much about; which he merely ate at stated intervals, and lived and did his work upon! This is Abbot Samson’s Catholicism of the Twelfth Century; — something like the Ism of all true men in all true centuries, I fancy! Alas, compared with any of the Isms current in these poor days, what a thing!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
30,
33
],
[
70,
73
],
[
110,
113
],
[
128,
131
]
],
"ref": "1887 August, W[illiam] G[raham] Sumner, “State Interference”, in North American Review:",
"text": "If it gives way to sentimentalism, or sensibility, or political mysticism, or adopts an affectation of radicalism, or any other ism, or molds its institutions so as to round out to a more complete fulfillment somebody's theory of the universe, it may fall into an era of revolution and political insecurity […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"ref": "1965, Bertram David Wolfe, Marxism, One Hundred Years in the Life of a Doctrine, page 357:",
"text": "An ism does not have to possess the fearful implements of state power to cut off a deviant or heretical member.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
119,
122
]
],
"ref": "1969, Walter E. Minchinton, Mercantilism; System Or Expediency?, page xi:",
"text": "In his exposition, he has failed to achieve the identification of situation, theory, and policy necessary to create an ism.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
],
[
67,
70
]
],
"ref": "1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, spoken by Ferris Bueller (Matthew Broderick):",
"text": "Isms in my opinion are not good. A person should not believe in an ism – he should believe in himself.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
42,
45
],
[
152,
155
],
[
152,
156
],
[
161,
164
]
],
"ref": "1994, Kenneth Kaye, Workplace Wars and How to End Them, page 70:",
"text": "It is important to distinguish between an ism and a mere generalization about group differences. Generalizations that have statistical validity are not isms. An ism assumes that the generalization applies to an individual.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An ideology, system of thought, or practice that can be described by a word ending in -ism."
],
"links": [
[
"-ism",
"-ism"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "whateverism"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
158,
162
]
],
"ref": "2020 June 6, Lisa Selin Davis, “Children aren’t born racist. Here’s how parents can stop them from becoming racist.”, in CNN, spoken by Sarah Gaither:",
"text": "Parents and educators play a critical role in helping children of all ages navigate current events and talk openly about the historical roots of the various ‘isms in our country.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An ideology, system of thought, or practice that can be described by a word ending in -ism.",
"A form of discrimination, such as racism or sexism."
],
"links": [
[
"-ism",
"-ism"
],
[
"discrimination",
"discrimination"
],
[
"racism",
"racism"
],
[
"sexism",
"sexism"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "whateverism"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪz.əm/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-ism.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/En-us-ism.ogg/En-us-ism.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/En-us-ism.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪzəm"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "zhǔyì",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"word": "主義 /主义"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "isma"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"word": "ismi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"word": "oppijärjestelmä"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Ismus"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"word": "izmus"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "izm"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ismo"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "izam"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "изам"
},
{
"alt": "主義",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"word": "chủ nghĩa"
},
{
"alt": "學說",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "ideology, system of thought or practice",
"word": "học thuyết"
}
],
"word": "ism"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Tashelhit entries with incorrect language header",
"Tashelhit lemmas",
"Tashelhit masculine nouns",
"Tashelhit nouns",
"Tashelhit terms borrowed from Arabic",
"Tashelhit terms derived from Arabic",
"Tashelhit terms derived from Proto-Afroasiatic",
"Tashelhit terms derived from Proto-Berber",
"Tashelhit terms inherited from Proto-Afroasiatic",
"Tashelhit terms inherited from Proto-Berber",
"Tashelhit terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "shi",
"2": "ber-pro",
"3": "*(a-)iʔsǝm",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Berber *(a-)iʔsǝm (“name”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "shi",
"2": "afa-pro",
"3": "*sim-",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Afroasiatic *sim- (“name”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "shi",
"2": "ar",
"3": "اِسْمْ",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Arabic اِسْمْ (ism, “name”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zen",
"2": "iʔšəm",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Zenaga iʔšəm (“name”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tzm",
"2": "ⵉⵙⵎ",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Central Atlas Tamazight ⵉⵙⵎ (ism, “name”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kab,mzb,tmh,rif",
"2": "isem",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Kabyle, Northern Saharan Berber, Tuareg, and Tarifit isem (“name”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gha",
"2": "ism",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Ghadames ism (“name”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sem-pro",
"2": "*šim-",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Semitic *šim- (“name”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "اسم",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Arabic اسم",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "שם"
},
"expansion": "Hebrew שם",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ha",
"2": "sū́nā́",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Hausa sū́nā́ (“name”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Berber *(a-)iʔsǝm (“name”), from Proto-Afroasiatic *sim- (“name”). Alternatively an early loanword from Arabic اِسْمْ (ism, “name”).\nCompare Zenaga iʔšəm (“name”), Central Atlas Tamazight ⵉⵙⵎ (ism, “name”), Kabyle, Northern Saharan Berber, Tuareg, and Tarifit isem (“name”), Ghadames ism (“name”), Proto-Semitic *šim- (“name”) (whence Arabic اسم, Hebrew שם), and Hausa sū́nā́ (“name”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ismawn",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ايسم",
"tags": [
"Arabic"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lg",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ism",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"free-state",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismawn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"free-state",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ism",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "yism",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismawn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"pl": "ismawn"
},
"expansion": "ism m (plural ismawn, Tifinagh spelling ⵉⵙⵎ, Arabic spelling ايسم)",
"name": "shi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Tashelhit",
"lang_code": "shi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Tashelhit terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "what's the name of this thing in Tashelhit?",
"roman": "ma ism n tġawsa ad s tšlḥit?",
"text": "ما يسم ن تغاوسا اد س تشلحيت؟",
"translation": "what's the name of this thing in Tashelhit?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
7,
10
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"english": "what's your name?",
"roman": "mad ak ism ?",
"text": "ماد اك يسم؟",
"translation": "what's your name?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"name"
],
"links": [
[
"name",
"name"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "assaɣ"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Tashelhit neologisms",
"Tashelhit terms with usage examples",
"shi:Grammar"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
17,
22
]
],
"english": "\"asmmawd\" is the nomen instrumenti of the verb \"muwd\"",
"roman": "asmmawd iga yism n imiss n uskkir \"muwd\".",
"text": "آسمّاود يڭا ييسم ن يميسّ ن وسكّير \"مووْد\".",
"translation": "\"asmmawd\" is the nomen instrumenti of the verb \"muwd\"",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"noun"
],
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"noun",
"noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neologism, grammar) noun"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neologism"
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ism/"
}
],
"word": "ism"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "en:Masimasi"
},
"expansion": "Abbreviation of English Masimasi",
"name": "abbrev"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Abbreviation of English Masimasi with m and s interchanged.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "Latn",
"name": "mul-symbol/script"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"10": "",
"2": "symbol",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "or",
"6": "",
"7": "or",
"8": "",
"9": "or",
"cat2": "",
"f1lang": "en",
"f1nolink": "",
"f2lang": "en",
"f2nolink": "",
"f3lang": "en",
"f3nolink": "",
"f4lang": "en",
"f4nolink": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"image": "",
"nolinkhead": "",
"sc": "Latn",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "ism",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ism",
"name": "mul-symbol"
}
],
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"pos": "symbol",
"related": [
{
"word": "Wiktionary’s coverage of Masimasi terms"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"ISO 639-3",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Translingual abbreviations",
"Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
"Translingual lemmas",
"Translingual symbols",
"Translingual terms derived from English",
"Translingual terms with redundant script codes"
],
"glosses": [
"ISO 639-3 language code for Masimasi."
],
"links": [
[
"language code",
"language code"
]
],
"qualifier": "international standards",
"raw_glosses": [
"(international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Masimasi."
]
}
],
"word": "ism"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Uzbek entries with incorrect language header",
"Uzbek lemmas",
"Uzbek nouns",
"Uzbek terms derived from Arabic",
"Uzbek terms derived from Chagatai",
"Uzbek terms derived from Classical Persian",
"Uzbek terms inherited from Chagatai"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "chg",
"3": "اِسْم",
"4": "",
"5": "name",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "ism",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Chagatai اِسْم (ism, “name”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "chg",
"3": "اِسْم",
"t": "name",
"tr": "ism"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Chagatai اِسْم (ism, “name”)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "fa-cls",
"3": "اِسْم",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Classical Persian اِسْم (ism, “name”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "ar",
"3": "اِسْم",
"g": "m",
"t": "name"
},
"expansion": "Arabic اِسْم m (ism, “name”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Chagatai اِسْم (ism, “name”), from Classical Persian اِسْم (ism, “name”), from Arabic اِسْم m (ism, “name”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ismlar",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "uz-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlardek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "uz-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ismim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "isming",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaring",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlari",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismining",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarining",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismiga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlariga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismida",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarida",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismidan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaridan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismidek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaridek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismimizdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"first-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlarimizdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringiz",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismingizdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ismlaringizdek",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "ismlar",
"head": "",
"sc": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "ism (plural ismlar)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ism (plural ismlar)",
"name": "uz-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ism"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "uz-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz-noun",
"st": "",
"type": ""
},
"name": "uz-inflection"
}
],
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"name"
],
"links": [
[
"name",
"name"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"uz:Grammar"
],
"glosses": [
"noun"
],
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"noun",
"noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(grammar) noun"
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʔɪsm/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ʔsm]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ot"
},
{
"word": "nom"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Afghan Uzbek"
],
"word": "ism"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ism meaning in All languages combined (24.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: Tifinagh spelling ⵉⵙⵎ",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Tashelhit",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'annexed state'",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Tashelhit",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'similative'",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Uzbek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'similative'",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Uzbek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'similative'",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Uzbek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'similative'",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Uzbek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'similative'",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Uzbek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'similative'",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Uzbek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'similative'",
"path": [
"ism"
],
"section": "Uzbek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ism",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (e2469cc and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.