See 艱難 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 艱難 meaning in Chinese (11.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "艱難"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "艱難",
"2": "かんなん",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "艱難(かんなん) (kannan)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "간난(艱難)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "艱難",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "gian nan",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "艱難"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "艱難",
"2": "かんなん",
"3": "간난",
"4": "gian nan",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "艱難",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "艱難",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "艱難",
"v": "艱難",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "かんなん",
"3": "간난",
"4": "gian nan"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Intermediate Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "jiānnánkùnkǔ",
"word": "艱難困苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánkùnkǔ",
"word": "艰难困苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánjiéjué",
"word": "艱難竭蹶"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánjiéjué",
"word": "艰难竭蹶"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánxiǎnzǔ",
"word": "艱難險阻"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánxiǎnzǔ",
"word": "艰难险阻"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "difficult political situation",
"roman": "shíjú jiānnán",
"text": "時局艱難／时局艰难",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard; difficult; challenging"
],
"id": "en-艱難-zh-adj-6K~A6Mv~",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"challenging",
"challenging"
]
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "jiānwēi",
"word": "艱危"
},
{
"roman": "jiānwēi",
"word": "艰危"
},
{
"roman": "wēijí",
"word": "危急"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "困難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "困難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Beijing"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Jinan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Xi'an"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wuhan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Guilin"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yangzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Hefei"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Shiqi",
"Zhongshan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yangjiang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yangjiang"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangfu",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Nanchang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Northern"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Pingtung"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hsinchu-County"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Taichung"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Yunlin"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jin",
"Taiyuan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jian'ou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jinjiang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "䆀 †"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taipei"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Kaohsiung"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Yilan"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lukang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taichung"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Kinmen"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Penang"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Penang"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Chaozhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jieyang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jieyang"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wenchang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Haikou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hainanese",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Wenzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Changsha"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Shuangfeng"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang"
],
"word": "† - only used with a verbal complement"
},
{
"roman": "bùróngyì",
"word": "不容易"
},
{
"roman": "qín",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "勤"
},
{
"word": "困難"
},
{
"word": "困难"
},
{
"roman": "yínán",
"word": "疑難"
},
{
"roman": "yínán",
"word": "疑难"
},
{
"roman": "liángkǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "良苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānjù",
"word": "艱巨"
},
{
"roman": "jiānjù",
"word": "艰巨"
},
{
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"word": "艰苦"
},
{
"roman": "kǔnàn",
"word": "苦難"
},
{
"roman": "kǔnàn",
"word": "苦难"
},
{
"roman": "xīnláo",
"word": "辛勞"
},
{
"roman": "xīnláo",
"word": "辛劳"
},
{
"roman": "xīnkǔ",
"word": "辛苦"
},
{
"word": "难"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiānnán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄐㄧㄢ ㄋㄢˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gaan¹ naan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiên-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "kan-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "kian-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gang¹ lang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiānnán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiannán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "chien¹-nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "jyān-nán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiannan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "цзяньнань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "czjanʹnanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gāan nàahn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gaan¹ naan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiên-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gan´ nanˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gien´ nanˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gian¹ nan²"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "kiân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "gan´ nanˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "gian´ nanˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "gian¹ nan²"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kan-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kanlaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan³³ lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kian-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kienlaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kang lâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "kean nan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kˤrə[r] nˤar/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/"
},
{
"other": "/ kiên-nàn /"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan³³ lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"other": "[r]"
},
{
"other": "/*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/"
}
],
"word": "艱難"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"roman": "jiānnánkùnkǔ",
"word": "艱難困苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánkùnkǔ",
"word": "艰难困苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánjiéjué",
"word": "艱難竭蹶"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánjiéjué",
"word": "艰难竭蹶"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánxiǎnzǔ",
"word": "艱難險阻"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánxiǎnzǔ",
"word": "艰难险阻"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "艱難"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "艱難",
"2": "かんなん",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "艱難(かんなん) (kannan)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "간난(艱難)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "艱難",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "gian nan",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "艱難"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "艱難",
"2": "かんなん",
"3": "간난",
"4": "gian nan",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "艱難",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "艱難",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "艱難",
"v": "艱難",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "かんなん",
"3": "간난",
"4": "gian nan"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"roman": "jiānwēi",
"word": "艱危"
},
{
"roman": "jiānwēi",
"word": "艰危"
},
{
"roman": "wēijí",
"word": "危急"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cantonese adjectives",
"Cantonese lemmas",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Hakka adjectives",
"Hakka lemmas",
"Hokkien adjectives",
"Hokkien lemmas",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Mandarin adjectives",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Mandarin terms with audio links",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Teochew adjectives",
"Teochew lemmas"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "difficult political situation",
"roman": "shíjú jiānnán",
"text": "時局艱難／时局艰难",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard; difficult; challenging"
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"challenging",
"challenging"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiānnán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄐㄧㄢ ㄋㄢˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gaan¹ naan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiên-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "kan-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "kian-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gang¹ lang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiānnán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiannán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "chien¹-nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "jyān-nán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiannan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "цзяньнань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "czjanʹnanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gāan nàahn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gaan¹ naan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiên-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gan´ nanˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gien´ nanˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gian¹ nan²"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "kiân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "gan´ nanˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "gian´ nanˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "gian¹ nan²"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kan-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kanlaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan³³ lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kian-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kienlaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kang lâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "kean nan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kˤrə[r] nˤar/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/"
},
{
"other": "/ kiên-nàn /"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan³³ lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"other": "[r]"
},
{
"other": "/*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "困難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "困難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Beijing"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Jinan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Xi'an"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wuhan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Guilin"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yangzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Hefei"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Shiqi",
"Zhongshan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yangjiang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yangjiang"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangfu",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Nanchang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Northern"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Pingtung"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hsinchu-County"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Taichung"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hsinchu-County"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Yunlin"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jin",
"Taiyuan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jian'ou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jinjiang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "䆀 †"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taipei"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Kaohsiung"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Yilan"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lukang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taichung"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Kinmen"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Penang"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Penang"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Chaozhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "難"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jieyang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jieyang"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wenchang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Haikou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hainanese",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Wenzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Changsha"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Shuangfeng"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang"
],
"word": "† - only used with a verbal complement"
},
{
"roman": "bùróngyì",
"word": "不容易"
},
{
"roman": "qín",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "勤"
},
{
"word": "困難"
},
{
"word": "困难"
},
{
"roman": "yínán",
"word": "疑難"
},
{
"roman": "yínán",
"word": "疑难"
},
{
"roman": "liángkǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "良苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānjù",
"word": "艱巨"
},
{
"roman": "jiānjù",
"word": "艰巨"
},
{
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"word": "艰苦"
},
{
"roman": "kǔnàn",
"word": "苦難"
},
{
"roman": "kǔnàn",
"word": "苦难"
},
{
"roman": "xīnláo",
"word": "辛勞"
},
{
"roman": "xīnláo",
"word": "辛劳"
},
{
"roman": "xīnkǔ",
"word": "辛苦"
},
{
"word": "難"
},
{
"word": "难"
}
],
"word": "艱難"
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"艱難"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "艱難",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"艱難"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "艱難",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"艱難"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "艱難",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (4d5d0bb and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.