See 艱難 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "艱難"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "艱難",
"2": "かんなん",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "艱難(かんなん) (kannan)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "간난(艱難)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"id": "艱難",
"id2": "",
"id3": "",
"id4": "",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "gian nan",
"bor": "1",
"id": "艱難",
"t": "",
"tr": "艱難"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "艱難",
"2": "かんなん",
"3": "간난",
"4": "gian nan",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "艱難",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "艱難",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "艱難",
"v": "艱難",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "かんなん",
"3": "간난",
"4": "gian nan"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "艰难",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Intermediate Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "jiānnánkùnkǔ",
"word": "艱難困苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánkùnkǔ",
"word": "艰难困苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánjiéjué",
"word": "艱難竭蹶"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánjiéjué",
"word": "艰难竭蹶"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánxiǎnzǔ",
"word": "艱難險阻"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánxiǎnzǔ",
"word": "艰难险阻"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "difficult political situation",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "shíjú jiānnán",
"text": "時局艱難",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "difficult political situation",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "shíjú jiānnán",
"text": "时局艰难",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard; difficult; challenging"
],
"id": "en-艱難-zh-adj-6K~A6Mv~",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"challenging",
"challenging"
]
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "jiānwēi",
"word": "艱危"
},
{
"roman": "jiānwēi",
"word": "艰危"
},
{
"roman": "wēijí",
"word": "危急"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "困難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "困難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Beijing"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jilu-Mandarin",
"Jinan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xi'an"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Chengdu"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Wuhan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Guilin"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Yangzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Hefei"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Shiqi",
"Zhongshan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yangjiang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yangjiang"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangfu",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Nanchang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Northern"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Pingtung"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hsinchu-County"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Taichung"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Yunlin"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jin",
"Taiyuan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jian'ou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jinjiang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "䆀 †"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taipei"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Kaohsiung"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Yilan"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lukang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taichung"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Kinmen"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Penang"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Penang"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Chaozhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jieyang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jieyang"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Leizhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wenchang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Haikou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hainanese",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Puxian-Min"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Wenzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Changsha"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Shuangfeng"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang"
],
"word": "† - only used with a verbal complement"
},
{
"roman": "bùróngyì",
"word": "不容易"
},
{
"roman": "qín",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "勤"
},
{
"word": "困難"
},
{
"word": "困难"
},
{
"roman": "yínán",
"word": "疑難"
},
{
"roman": "yínán",
"word": "疑难"
},
{
"roman": "liángkǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "良苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānjù",
"word": "艱巨"
},
{
"roman": "jiānjù",
"word": "艰巨"
},
{
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"word": "艰苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānxīn",
"word": "艱辛"
},
{
"roman": "jiānxīn",
"word": "艰辛"
},
{
"roman": "kǔnàn",
"word": "苦難"
},
{
"roman": "kǔnàn",
"word": "苦难"
},
{
"roman": "xīnláo",
"word": "辛勞"
},
{
"roman": "xīnláo",
"word": "辛劳"
},
{
"roman": "xīnkǔ",
"word": "辛苦"
},
{
"word": "难"
},
{
"word": "Beijing"
},
{
"word": "Taiwan"
},
{
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"word": "Jinan"
},
{
"word": "Xi'an"
},
{
"word": "Chengdu"
},
{
"word": "Wuhan"
},
{
"word": "Guilin"
},
{
"word": "Yangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Hefei"
},
{
"word": "Guangzhou"
},
{
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"word": "Hong Kong"
},
{
"tags": [
"Shiqi"
],
"word": "Zhongshan"
},
{
"word": "Taishan"
},
{
"word": "Yangjiang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangfu"
],
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"word": "Nanchang"
},
{
"word": "Meixian"
},
{
"alt": "N. Sixian",
"word": "Miaoli"
},
{
"alt": "Neipu; S. Sixian",
"word": "Pingtung"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hailu",
"Zhudong"
],
"word": "Hsinchu County"
},
{
"tags": [
"Dabu",
"Dongshi"
],
"word": "Taichung"
},
{
"tags": [
"Qionglin",
"Raoping"
],
"word": "Hsinchu County"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lunbei",
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "Yunlin"
},
{
"word": "Taiyuan"
},
{
"word": "Jian'ou"
},
{
"word": "Fuzhou"
},
{
"word": "Xiamen"
},
{
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"word": "Quanzhou"
},
{
"word": "Jinjiang"
},
{
"word": "Zhangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Zhao'an"
},
{
"word": "䆀 †"
},
{
"word": "Dongshan"
},
{
"word": "Taipei"
},
{
"alt": "Sanxia",
"word": "New Taipei"
},
{
"word": "Kaohsiung"
},
{
"word": "Yilan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lukang"
],
"word": "Changhua"
},
{
"word": "Taichung"
},
{
"word": "Tainan"
},
{
"word": "Hsinchu"
},
{
"word": "Kinmen"
},
{
"alt": "Magong",
"word": "Penghu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "Penang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "Manila"
},
{
"word": "Chaozhou"
},
{
"word": "Shantou"
},
{
"alt": "Chenghai",
"word": "Shantou"
},
{
"word": "Jieyang"
},
{
"word": "Haifeng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Teochew"
],
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"word": "Leizhou"
},
{
"word": "Wenchang"
},
{
"word": "Haikou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hainanese"
],
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"word": "Putian"
},
{
"word": "Xianyou"
},
{
"word": "Suzhou"
},
{
"word": "Wenzhou"
},
{
"word": "Changsha"
},
{
"word": "Shuangfeng"
},
{
"english": "only used with a verbal complement",
"word": "†"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiānnán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄐㄧㄢ ㄋㄢˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gaan¹ naan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiên-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "kan-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "kian-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gang¹ lang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiānnán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiannán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "chien¹-nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "jyān-nán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiannan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "цзяньнань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "czjanʹnanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gāan nàahn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gaan¹ naan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiên-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gan^ˊ nan^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gien^ˊ nan^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gian¹ nan²"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "kiân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "gan^ˊ nan^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "gian^ˊ nan^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "gian¹ nan²"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kan-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kanlaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan³³ lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kian-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kienlaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kang lâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "kean nan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kˤrə[r] nˤar/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/"
},
{
"other": "/ kiên-nàn /"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan³³ lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"other": "[r]"
},
{
"other": "/*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/"
}
],
"word": "艱難"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"roman": "jiānnánkùnkǔ",
"word": "艱難困苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánkùnkǔ",
"word": "艰难困苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánjiéjué",
"word": "艱難竭蹶"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánjiéjué",
"word": "艰难竭蹶"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánxiǎnzǔ",
"word": "艱難險阻"
},
{
"roman": "jiānnánxiǎnzǔ",
"word": "艰难险阻"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "艱難"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "艱難",
"2": "かんなん",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "艱難(かんなん) (kannan)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "간난(艱難)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"id": "艱難",
"id2": "",
"id3": "",
"id4": "",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "gian nan",
"bor": "1",
"id": "艱難",
"t": "",
"tr": "艱難"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "艱難",
"2": "かんなん",
"3": "간난",
"4": "gian nan",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "艱難",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "艱難",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "艱難",
"v": "艱難",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "かんなん",
"3": "간난",
"4": "gian nan"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (艱難):\n* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)\n* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)\n* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "艰难",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "艱難",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"roman": "jiānwēi",
"word": "艱危"
},
{
"roman": "jiānwēi",
"word": "艰危"
},
{
"roman": "wēijí",
"word": "危急"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cantonese adjectives",
"Cantonese lemmas",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese terms spelled with 艱",
"Chinese terms spelled with 難",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Hakka adjectives",
"Hakka lemmas",
"Hokkien adjectives",
"Hokkien lemmas",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Mandarin adjectives",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Teochew adjectives",
"Teochew lemmas"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "difficult political situation",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "shíjú jiānnán",
"text": "時局艱難",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "difficult political situation",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "shíjú jiānnán",
"text": "时局艰难",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard; difficult; challenging"
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"challenging",
"challenging"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiānnán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄐㄧㄢ ㄋㄢˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gaan¹ naan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiên-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "kan-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "kian-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gang¹ lang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiānnán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiannán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "chien¹-nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "jyān-nán"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jiannan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "цзяньнань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "czjanʹnanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gāan nàahn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gaan¹ naan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kiên-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gan^ˊ nan^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gien^ˊ nan^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gian¹ nan²"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "kân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "kiân-nàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "gan^ˊ nan^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "gian^ˊ nan^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "gan¹ nan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "gian¹ nan²"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kan-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kanlaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan³³ lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kian-lân"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kienlaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kang lâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "kean nan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kˤrə[r] nˤar/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/"
},
{
"other": "/ kiên-nàn /"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan³³ lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"other": "[r]"
},
{
"other": "/*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "困難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Classical-Chinese"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "困難"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Beijing"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jilu-Mandarin",
"Jinan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xi'an"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Chengdu"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Wuhan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Guilin"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Yangzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Hefei"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Shiqi",
"Zhongshan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yangjiang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yangjiang"
],
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangfu",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Nanchang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Northern"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Pingtung"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hsinchu-County"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Taichung"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hsinchu-County"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Yunlin"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jin",
"Taiyuan"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jian'ou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "艱難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jinjiang"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "䆀 †"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taipei"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Kaohsiung"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Yilan"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lukang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taichung"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Kinmen"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Penang"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Penang"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Chaozhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "難"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jieyang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jieyang"
],
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"tags": [
"Leizhou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wenchang"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Haikou"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hainanese",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Puxian-Min"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Puxian-Min"
],
"word": "惡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Wenzhou"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Changsha"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Shuangfeng"
],
"word": "難"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang"
],
"word": "† - only used with a verbal complement"
},
{
"roman": "bùróngyì",
"word": "不容易"
},
{
"roman": "qín",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "勤"
},
{
"word": "困難"
},
{
"word": "困难"
},
{
"roman": "yínán",
"word": "疑難"
},
{
"roman": "yínán",
"word": "疑难"
},
{
"roman": "liángkǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "良苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānjù",
"word": "艱巨"
},
{
"roman": "jiānjù",
"word": "艰巨"
},
{
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"word": "艰苦"
},
{
"roman": "jiānxīn",
"word": "艱辛"
},
{
"roman": "jiānxīn",
"word": "艰辛"
},
{
"roman": "kǔnàn",
"word": "苦難"
},
{
"roman": "kǔnàn",
"word": "苦难"
},
{
"roman": "xīnláo",
"word": "辛勞"
},
{
"roman": "xīnláo",
"word": "辛劳"
},
{
"roman": "xīnkǔ",
"word": "辛苦"
},
{
"word": "難"
},
{
"word": "难"
},
{
"word": "Beijing"
},
{
"word": "Taiwan"
},
{
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"word": "Jinan"
},
{
"word": "Xi'an"
},
{
"word": "Chengdu"
},
{
"word": "Wuhan"
},
{
"word": "Guilin"
},
{
"word": "Yangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Hefei"
},
{
"word": "Guangzhou"
},
{
"word": "惡 †"
},
{
"word": "Hong Kong"
},
{
"tags": [
"Shiqi"
],
"word": "Zhongshan"
},
{
"word": "Taishan"
},
{
"word": "Yangjiang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangfu"
],
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"word": "Nanchang"
},
{
"word": "Meixian"
},
{
"alt": "N. Sixian",
"word": "Miaoli"
},
{
"alt": "Neipu; S. Sixian",
"word": "Pingtung"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hailu",
"Zhudong"
],
"word": "Hsinchu County"
},
{
"tags": [
"Dabu",
"Dongshi"
],
"word": "Taichung"
},
{
"tags": [
"Qionglin",
"Raoping"
],
"word": "Hsinchu County"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lunbei",
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "Yunlin"
},
{
"word": "Taiyuan"
},
{
"word": "Jian'ou"
},
{
"word": "Fuzhou"
},
{
"word": "Xiamen"
},
{
"word": "惡"
},
{
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"word": "歹 †"
},
{
"word": "Quanzhou"
},
{
"word": "Jinjiang"
},
{
"word": "Zhangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Zhao'an"
},
{
"word": "䆀 †"
},
{
"word": "Dongshan"
},
{
"word": "Taipei"
},
{
"alt": "Sanxia",
"word": "New Taipei"
},
{
"word": "Kaohsiung"
},
{
"word": "Yilan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Lukang"
],
"word": "Changhua"
},
{
"word": "Taichung"
},
{
"word": "Tainan"
},
{
"word": "Hsinchu"
},
{
"word": "Kinmen"
},
{
"alt": "Magong",
"word": "Penghu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "Penang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "Manila"
},
{
"word": "Chaozhou"
},
{
"word": "Shantou"
},
{
"alt": "Chenghai",
"word": "Shantou"
},
{
"word": "Jieyang"
},
{
"word": "Haifeng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Teochew"
],
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"word": "Leizhou"
},
{
"word": "Wenchang"
},
{
"word": "Haikou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hainanese"
],
"word": "Singapore"
},
{
"word": "Putian"
},
{
"word": "Xianyou"
},
{
"word": "Suzhou"
},
{
"word": "Wenzhou"
},
{
"word": "Changsha"
},
{
"word": "Shuangfeng"
},
{
"english": "only used with a verbal complement",
"word": "†"
}
],
"word": "艱難"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 艱難 meaning in Chinese (14.3kB)
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"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"艱難"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "艱難",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)'",
"path": [
"艱難"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "艱難",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"艱難"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "艱難",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"艱難"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "艱難",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "page/2196",
"msg": "parse_linkage_recurse unhandled NodeKind.URL: <URL(['https://wiki.local/w/index.php?action=edit&title=Thesaurus%3A%E8%89%B1%E9%9B%A3'], ['edit']){} >",
"path": [
"艱難"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "艱難",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.