See per se on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ampersand"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "A-per-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "negligence per se"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "per sē",
"t": "by itself"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin per sē (“by itself”)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin per sē (“by itself”), from per (“by, through”) and sē (“itself, himself, herself, themselves”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"nolinkhead": "1"
},
"expansion": "per se (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Near-synonyms: by definition, essentially, in essence, ipso facto, intrinsically; see also Thesaurus:intrinsically"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:",
"text": "They say he is a very man per se,\nAnd stands alone.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1877, Walter Henry Hill, Elements of Philosophy: Comprising Logic and Ontology Or General Metaphysics, page 220:",
"text": "A proposition is per se known as regards itself , but not per se known as regards us, when it has no medium of proof a priori, nor is its truth directly and immediately evident to us on first apprehending the terms.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1909, Emlin McClain, A Digest of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Iowa: From the Organization of the Territory Until the End of January, 1908 ..., page 3672:",
"text": "What words actionable. to subject the offender to contempt, and deprive him of public confidence, and to accuse one who is a notary public of procuring a false affidavit to be made before him is libelous and actionable per se.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Tima Smith, Per Se: An Anthology of Fiction, page 176:",
"text": "It's not that I've got anything against kids per se, but I believe in discipline.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "Some people say that a hangover is caused by impurities in the drink, not by the alcohol per se.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Without determination by or involvement of extraneous factors; by its very nature."
],
"id": "en-per_se-en-adv-en:in_and_of_itself",
"links": [
[
"determination",
"determination"
],
[
"involvement",
"involvement"
],
[
"extraneous",
"extraneous"
],
[
"factor",
"factor"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:in and of itself"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "by itself"
},
{
"word": "in itself"
},
{
"word": "in and of itself"
},
{
"word": "as such"
},
{
"word": "sui generis"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English negative polarity items",
"parents": [
"Negative polarity items",
"Terms by semantic function"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 13 20 36 6 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 8 27 46 3 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 0 5 12 19 37 4 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 0 3 13 21 38 2 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 16 44 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 15 48 8 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 7 22 49 5 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 21 44 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 8 20 48 4 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 17 43 8 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 16 46 7 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 10 22 44 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 19 44 7 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 9 21 44 6 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 10 16 45 7 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 17 46 7 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 9 14 46 8 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 17 42 8 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 9 18 50 4 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 9 19 47 4 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 17 43 8 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 17 45 8 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 21 40 8 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 17 43 8 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 19 44 7 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 15 47 7 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 19 45 7 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 8 21 48 4 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 10 21 43 5 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 17 43 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 17 43 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 16 45 7 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "It's not a museum per se, but they do have some interesting artifacts.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "a. 1998, anonymous conversationalists, quoted in, 1998, Tom Chiarella, Writing Dialogue, Story Press, page 12",
"text": "I take photographs. But I'm not a photographer.\nPer se.\nRight. Not per se.\nRight."
},
{
"ref": "2012 March 22, Pamela Burnard, Musical Creativities in Practice, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 202:",
"text": "It's not a race against the competition per se: that's not how it feels to me when I'm working on a project.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Tes Hilaire, Deliver Me From Temptation: A Novel of the Paladin Warriors:",
"text": "Annoyed, frustrated, edgy, but not angry per se.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013 February 12, Kjell-Ake Nordquist, Gods and Arms: On Religion and Armed Conflict, Wipf and Stock Publishers, →ISBN, page 70:",
"text": "As we shall see, since the 1960s, the ELN, although not a religious movement per se, represents an interesting amalgam of beliefs that helped serve in recruitment, commitment, and identification of a revolutionary belief and ritual.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Thomas Goltz, Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the ...:",
"text": "Through this lingual haze we quickly established that Suleyman was a member of “Batono” Abashidze's personal militia, but not a policeman per se",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016 September 19, Karen Karbo, Motherhood Made a Man Out of Me: A Novel, Hawthorne Books, →ISBN:",
"text": "What she meant was, It's not a baby per se. It's a He-bean (she was already certain the bean was a boy).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 May 22, Stephen Pimpare, Ghettos, Tramps, and Welfare Queens: Down and Out on the Silver Screen, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:",
"text": "He sells a story, flirts with a waitress, looks handsome, has writer's block, and feels sorry for himself, but it's not a story about the Depression per se: it could be set in any time period, almost anywhere.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a true or literal sense; as one would expect from the name or description."
],
"id": "en-per_se-en-adv-en:strictly_speaking",
"qualifier": "more loosely",
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, more loosely, chiefly in the negative) In a true or literal sense; as one would expect from the name or description."
],
"raw_tags": [
"in the negative"
],
"senseid": [
"en:strictly speaking"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "strictly speaking"
},
{
"word": "sensu stricto"
},
{
"word": "stricto sensu"
},
{
"word": "true"
}
],
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"not-comparable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "11 81 2 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gùmíngsīyì",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "顾名思义"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 81 2 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "sellaisenaan"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 81 2 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "varsinaisesti"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 81 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "entsprechend seinem Namen"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 81 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "bezeichnungsgemäß"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 81 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "als solches"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "en:Philosophy",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1988, J. van Rijen, Aspects of Aristotle’s Logic of Modalities, page 137:",
"text": "Everything not applying per se in one of these two senses is called an accident.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "a. 2005, Jacques Maritain, An EPZ Introduction to Philosophy, A&C Black, →ISBN, page 153:",
"text": "Peter is per se alive, endowed with intellect, and the faculty of laughter, the artist is per se one who fashions objects. But Peter is per accidens a sufferer from influenza",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Gaven Kerr, Aquinas's Way to God: The Proof in De Ente et Essentia:",
"text": "Thus, unless there exists some being that exists per se, the origination of esse in a chain of composites itself remains unexplained and quite mysterious. And the existence of a being that exists per se is affirmed through a denial of an infinite regress of essence-esse composites causing other such composites.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 October 15, Gaven Kerr, Collected Articles on the Existence of God, BoD – Books on Demand, →ISBN, page 218:",
"text": "Aquinas rejects this position, because then God would not be per se necessary, but would be necessitated by his own divine nature to create. Hence to be per se necessary, God must be free to create.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"As the principle of its own determination and positing itself."
],
"id": "en-per_se-en-adv-NfIgibKy",
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"determination",
"determination"
],
[
"posit",
"posit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) As the principle of its own determination and positing itself."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "inkʻnin",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "ինքնին"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "běnshēn",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "本身"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jǐn jiù...éryán",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "仅就……而言"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "jako takový"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "(samo) o sobě"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "samo sebou"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "i sig selv"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "som sådan"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "op zich"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "an sich"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per si mem"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "iseseisvalt"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "sinänsä"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "pohjimmiltaan"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "itsessään"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "en soi"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "by itself",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "en tant que tel"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "rogorc aseti",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "როგორც ასეთი"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "an sich"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "als solches"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "os échei",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "ως έχει"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "katheaftoú",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "καθεαυτού"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ex' orismoú",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "εξ' ορισμού"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kshe-le-ats-mo",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "כשלעצמו"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "mint olyan"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "í sjálfu sér"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "út af fyrir sig"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "di per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "ja",
"english": "sore jitai",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "それ自体"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "sam po sebe",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "сам по себе"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "i seg selv"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "som sådan"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "be xodi-e xod",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "به خودی خود"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "fi-nafse",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "فینفسه"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "sam z siebie"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "em si"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "în sine"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sam po sebé",
"sense": "by itself",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "сам по себе́"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "i sig"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "bizahiti"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "sam po sobí",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "сам по собі́"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "po súti",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "по су́ті"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 4 54 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "jak takyj",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "як такий"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "en:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The law makes drunk driving illegal per se.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1986, Administrative Per Se: A Summary of State Forms and Procedures:",
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"type": "quote"
}
],
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{
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"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1988, J. van Rijen, Aspects of Aristotle’s Logic of Modalities, page 137:",
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"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Barrie Fleet, Simplicius: On Aristotle Physics 2, page 97:",
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"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Gaven Kerr, Aquinas's Way to God: The Proof in De Ente et Essentia:",
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{
"ref": "1981, Hugh Laurence Ross, Deterrence of the Drinking Driver: An International Survey, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, page 80:",
"text": "Until recently Denmark hesitated to adopt a formal per se law, preferring to give more discretion to its judges, but the general practice was to take blood tests and to convict those accused under the classical law if the blood alcohol concentration was greater than 100 mg./100 ml.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Sheldon Kimmel, How and why the Per Se Rule Against Price-fixing Went Wrong, page 1:",
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"type": "quote"
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/pəˈsæɪ/",
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{
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}
],
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{
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},
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"(rare) per se"
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"(literary) per se (by itself)"
],
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"literary"
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}
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"ipa": "/ˈpɛr ˈsɛ/"
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{
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],
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"Rhymes:English/eɪ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:English/iː",
"Rhymes:English/iː/2 syllables",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
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{
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{
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"text": "Near-synonyms: by definition, essentially, in essence, ipso facto, intrinsically; see also Thesaurus:intrinsically"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:",
"text": "They say he is a very man per se,\nAnd stands alone.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1877, Walter Henry Hill, Elements of Philosophy: Comprising Logic and Ontology Or General Metaphysics, page 220:",
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"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1909, Emlin McClain, A Digest of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Iowa: From the Organization of the Territory Until the End of January, 1908 ..., page 3672:",
"text": "What words actionable. to subject the offender to contempt, and deprive him of public confidence, and to accuse one who is a notary public of procuring a false affidavit to be made before him is libelous and actionable per se.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Tima Smith, Per Se: An Anthology of Fiction, page 176:",
"text": "It's not that I've got anything against kids per se, but I believe in discipline.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "Some people say that a hangover is caused by impurities in the drink, not by the alcohol per se.",
"type": "example"
}
],
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[
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{
"word": "in itself"
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{
"word": "in and of itself"
},
{
"word": "as such"
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{
"word": "sui generis"
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]
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{
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"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "It's not a museum per se, but they do have some interesting artifacts.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "a. 1998, anonymous conversationalists, quoted in, 1998, Tom Chiarella, Writing Dialogue, Story Press, page 12",
"text": "I take photographs. But I'm not a photographer.\nPer se.\nRight. Not per se.\nRight."
},
{
"ref": "2012 March 22, Pamela Burnard, Musical Creativities in Practice, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 202:",
"text": "It's not a race against the competition per se: that's not how it feels to me when I'm working on a project.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Tes Hilaire, Deliver Me From Temptation: A Novel of the Paladin Warriors:",
"text": "Annoyed, frustrated, edgy, but not angry per se.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013 February 12, Kjell-Ake Nordquist, Gods and Arms: On Religion and Armed Conflict, Wipf and Stock Publishers, →ISBN, page 70:",
"text": "As we shall see, since the 1960s, the ELN, although not a religious movement per se, represents an interesting amalgam of beliefs that helped serve in recruitment, commitment, and identification of a revolutionary belief and ritual.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Thomas Goltz, Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the ...:",
"text": "Through this lingual haze we quickly established that Suleyman was a member of “Batono” Abashidze's personal militia, but not a policeman per se",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016 September 19, Karen Karbo, Motherhood Made a Man Out of Me: A Novel, Hawthorne Books, →ISBN:",
"text": "What she meant was, It's not a baby per se. It's a He-bean (she was already certain the bean was a boy).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 May 22, Stephen Pimpare, Ghettos, Tramps, and Welfare Queens: Down and Out on the Silver Screen, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:",
"text": "He sells a story, flirts with a waitress, looks handsome, has writer's block, and feels sorry for himself, but it's not a story about the Depression per se: it could be set in any time period, almost anywhere.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"qualifier": "more loosely",
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"(nonstandard, more loosely, chiefly in the negative) In a true or literal sense; as one would expect from the name or description."
],
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"in the negative"
],
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"en:strictly speaking"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "strictly speaking"
},
{
"word": "sensu stricto"
},
{
"word": "stricto sensu"
},
{
"word": "true"
}
],
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"not-comparable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Philosophy"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1988, J. van Rijen, Aspects of Aristotle’s Logic of Modalities, page 137:",
"text": "Everything not applying per se in one of these two senses is called an accident.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "a. 2005, Jacques Maritain, An EPZ Introduction to Philosophy, A&C Black, →ISBN, page 153:",
"text": "Peter is per se alive, endowed with intellect, and the faculty of laughter, the artist is per se one who fashions objects. But Peter is per accidens a sufferer from influenza",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Gaven Kerr, Aquinas's Way to God: The Proof in De Ente et Essentia:",
"text": "Thus, unless there exists some being that exists per se, the origination of esse in a chain of composites itself remains unexplained and quite mysterious. And the existence of a being that exists per se is affirmed through a denial of an infinite regress of essence-esse composites causing other such composites.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 October 15, Gaven Kerr, Collected Articles on the Existence of God, BoD – Books on Demand, →ISBN, page 218:",
"text": "Aquinas rejects this position, because then God would not be per se necessary, but would be necessitated by his own divine nature to create. Hence to be per se necessary, God must be free to create.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"As the principle of its own determination and positing itself."
],
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"determination",
"determination"
],
[
"posit",
"posit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) As the principle of its own determination and positing itself."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Law"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The law makes drunk driving illegal per se.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1986, Administrative Per Se: A Summary of State Forms and Procedures:",
"text": "In an effort to assist states that may have recently adopted or expect to adopt administrative per se, NHTSA has collected sample copies of forms and a brief description of the administrative procedures from selected states with in-place programs.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not leaving discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute."
],
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"discretion",
"discretion"
],
[
"judge",
"judge"
],
[
"take into account",
"take into account"
],
[
"additional",
"additional"
],
[
"factor",
"factor"
],
[
"rebut",
"rebut"
],
[
"judgment",
"judgment"
],
[
"deriving",
"derive"
],
[
"qualification",
"qualification"
],
[
"statute",
"statute"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law) Not leaving discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pəˈseɪ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-per se.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-per_se.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-per_se.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-per_se.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-per_se.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɚˈseɪ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pɚˈsiː/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pəˈsæɪ/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(General American) -iː"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "inkʻnin",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "ինքնին"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "běnshēn",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "本身"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jǐn jiù...éryán",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "仅就……而言"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "jako takový"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "(samo) o sobě"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "samo sebou"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "i sig selv"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "som sådan"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "op zich"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "an sich"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per si mem"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "iseseisvalt"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "sinänsä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "pohjimmiltaan"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "itsessään"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "en soi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "by itself",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "en tant que tel"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "rogorc aseti",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "როგორც ასეთი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "an sich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "als solches"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "os échei",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "ως έχει"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "katheaftoú",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "καθεαυτού"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ex' orismoú",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "εξ' ορισμού"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kshe-le-ats-mo",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "כשלעצמו"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "mint olyan"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "í sjálfu sér"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "út af fyrir sig"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "di per se"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"english": "sore jitai",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "それ自体"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "sam po sebe",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "сам по себе"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "i seg selv"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "som sådan"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "be xodi-e xod",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "به خودی خود"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "fi-nafse",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "فینفسه"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "sam z siebie"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "em si"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "în sine"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sam po sebé",
"sense": "by itself",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "сам по себе́"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "i sig"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "bizahiti"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "sam po sobí",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "сам по собі́"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "po súti",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "по су́ті"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "jak takyj",
"sense": "by itself",
"word": "як такий"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gùmíngsīyì",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "顾名思义"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "sellaisenaan"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "varsinaisesti"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "entsprechend seinem Namen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "bezeichnungsgemäß"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "as such; as one would expect from the name",
"word": "als solches"
}
],
"word": "per se"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/eɪ",
"Rhymes:English/eɪ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:English/iː",
"Rhymes:English/iː/2 syllables",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "per sē",
"t": "by itself"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin per sē (“by itself”)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin per sē (“by itself”), from per (“by, through”) and sē (“itself, himself, herself, themselves”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"nolinkhead": "1"
},
"expansion": "per se (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Philosophy"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980, Mortimer Adler, How to Prove There Is a God: Mortimer J. Adler's Writings and Thoughts About God, Open Court, →ISBN, page 197:",
"text": "Hence, God would have to be the immediate per se cause of some natural motions, but not of all. But no known natural motion is without a natural motion as its immediate per se cause.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1988, J. van Rijen, Aspects of Aristotle’s Logic of Modalities, page 137:",
"text": "Before stating at 74b5ff. that the connection between the subject and predicate of the premisses of scientific inferences must not be accidental but per se, he introduces the technical terms 'about all' ( 'kata pantos' ) and 'per se' (' kath' hauto ') in order to clarify the meaning of this proviso.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Barrie Fleet, Simplicius: On Aristotle Physics 2, page 97:",
"text": "The per se cause of the house is the building skill and the craftsman who exercises it, while the per accidens cause is the fair-skinned or the artistic man. Alexander says: 'Aristotle says that just as anything that exists is one thing per se and another per accidens (by “being what it is per se” he means the substance, and by \"what is per accidens\" he means the attributes of the substance), so a cause is one thing per se and another per accidens.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Gaven Kerr, Aquinas's Way to God: The Proof in De Ente et Essentia:",
"text": "They hold to the impossibility of an actual per se infinity, because in a per se series the effects have a dependence on their causes, in which case if the series were infinite, the ultimate effect would be dependent on an infinite chain of causes; and since an infinity cannot be traversed, the being of such an effect would never be explained.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Positing itself and being a principle of its own determination."
],
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"Posit",
"posit"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"determination",
"determination"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) Positing itself and being a principle of its own determination."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Law"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1981, Hugh Laurence Ross, Deterrence of the Drinking Driver: An International Survey, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, page 80:",
"text": "Until recently Denmark hesitated to adopt a formal per se law, preferring to give more discretion to its judges, but the general practice was to take blood tests and to convict those accused under the classical law if the blood alcohol concentration was greater than 100 mg./100 ml.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Sheldon Kimmel, How and why the Per Se Rule Against Price-fixing Went Wrong, page 1:",
"text": "CBS (441 U.S. 1 [1979]) explains, the per se rule against price-fixing isn't to be taken literally.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"That does not leave discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute."
],
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"discretion",
"discretion"
],
[
"judge",
"judge"
],
[
"take into account",
"take into account"
],
[
"additional",
"additional"
],
[
"factor",
"factor"
],
[
"rebut",
"rebut"
],
[
"judgment",
"judgment"
],
[
"deriving",
"derive"
],
[
"qualification",
"qualification"
],
[
"statute",
"statute"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law) That does not leave discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pəˈseɪ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-per se.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-per_se.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-per_se.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-per_se.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-per_se.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɚˈseɪ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pɚˈsiː/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pəˈsæɪ/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(General American) -iː"
}
],
"word": "per se"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "per sē"
},
"expansion": "Unadapted borrowing from Latin per sē",
"name": "ubor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unadapted borrowing from Latin per sē.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "preposition",
"3": "",
"head": "per se"
},
"expansion": "per se",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"head": "per se"
},
"expansion": "per se",
"name": "pl-prep"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish literary terms",
"Polish multiword terms",
"Polish prepositions",
"Polish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish unadapted borrowings from Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"per se (by itself)"
],
"links": [
[
"per se",
"per se#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) per se (by itself)"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɛr ˈsɛ/"
}
],
"word": "per se"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hascomp": "no",
"nolinkhead": "1"
},
"expansion": "per se (not comparable)",
"name": "pt-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese adverbs",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese multiword terms",
"Portuguese uncomparable adverbs"
],
"glosses": [
"per se (without considering extraneous factors)"
],
"links": [
[
"per se",
"per se#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"word": "per se"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "per se",
"name": "es-adv"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish adverbs",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish multiword terms",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"per se"
],
"links": [
[
"per se",
"per se#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeɾ se/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpeɾ se]"
}
],
"word": "per se"
}
Download raw JSONL data for per se meaning in All languages combined (25.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.