See churlish on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for churlish meaning in All languages combined (9.6kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "churlysshe"
},
"expansion": "Middle English churlysshe",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cherlissh"
},
"expansion": "cherlissh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ċeorlisċ"
},
"expansion": "Old English ċeorlisċ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċierlisċ",
"t": "of or pertaining to churls"
},
"expansion": "ċierlisċ (“of or pertaining to churls”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "churl",
"3": "-ish"
},
"expansion": "churl + -ish",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English churlysshe, cherlissh, from late Old English ċeorlisċ, ċierlisċ (“of or pertaining to churls”), equivalent to churl + -ish.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more churlish",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most churlish",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "churlish (comparative more churlish, superlative most churlish)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "churl"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "churldom"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "churled"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlhood"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlishly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlishness"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Jeet Heer, Gravitas, Autumn 1996",
"text": "[…] the eloquence and truth of his tribute stands in marked contrast to Kramer's churlish caricature of Kael as a happy pig wallowing in the dirt."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of or pertaining to a serf, peasant, or rustic."
],
"id": "en-churlish-en-adj-8Uh4FXpH",
"links": [
[
"serf",
"serf"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"rustic",
"rustic"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rustic"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 3 7 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "slaafs"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 7 1",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "bondsk"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 7 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mužickij",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "мужицкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 7 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "paleto"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 7 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "rústico"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 7 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "bruto"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 42 29 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 46 29 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 55 33 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Personality",
"orig": "en:Personality",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2021 May 25, Linsey McGoey, “Why Billionaires Like Bill Gates Can’t Fix the Problems They Helped Create”, in The New York Times, →ISSN",
"text": "Especially in the post-2008 recession, the need for charity was more pronounced than ever, and so it seemed churlish, even Scrooge-like, to question whether the Gateses really knew as much about solving the world’s problems as they claimed.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rude, surly, ungracious."
],
"id": "en-churlish-en-adj-WUDjg9OI",
"links": [
[
"Rude",
"rude"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
],
[
"ungracious",
"ungracious"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cross-grained"
},
{
"word": "rude"
},
{
"word": "surly"
},
{
"word": "ungracious"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "bṙi",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "բռի"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "antaš",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "անտաշ"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "neurvalý"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "hulvátský"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "neotesaný"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "buranský"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "grof"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "onvriendelijk"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "moukkamainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "karkea"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "epähieno"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "ungehobelt"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "unfreundlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "mürrisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "griesgrämig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "agroíkos",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "αγροίκος"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "goromba"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "neveletlen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "faragatlan"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "bodúil"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "villano"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yabihan",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "야비한"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "toukeke"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "houkeke"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "hōkeke"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "gretten"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "rústico"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "grosseiro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "ursuz"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "poco afable"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "maleducado"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 94 5 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "grosero"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Stingy or grudging."
],
"id": "en-churlish-en-adj-9GG3D9x6",
"links": [
[
"Stingy",
"stingy"
],
[
"grudging",
"grudging"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "grudging"
},
{
"word": "illiberal"
},
{
"word": "miserly"
},
{
"word": "niggardly"
},
{
"word": "stingy"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 4 94 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skǎperničeski",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "скъпернически"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 94 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "grommend"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 94 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "weerbarstig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 94 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "knauserig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 94 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "widerwillig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 94 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "skupój",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "скупо́й"
}
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "1730–1774, Oliver Goldsmith, Introductory to Switzerland\nWhere the bleak Swiss their stormy mansion tread,\nAnd force a churlish soil for scanty bread."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Difficult to till, lacking pliancy; unmanageable."
],
"id": "en-churlish-en-adj-aF5MkMiy",
"links": [
[
"till",
"till"
],
[
"pliancy",
"pliancy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of soil) Difficult to till, lacking pliancy; unmanageable."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of soil"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 5 4 90",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "trudnoobrabátyvajemaja póčva",
"sense": "(of soil) difficult to till, lacking pliancy; unmanageable",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "труднообраба́тываемая по́чва"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʃɜːlɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃɝːlɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)lɪʃ"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-churlish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/En-us-churlish.ogg/En-us-churlish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/En-us-churlish.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-churlish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/En-au-churlish.ogg/En-au-churlish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/En-au-churlish.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"word": "churlish"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms suffixed with -ish",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)lɪʃ",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)lɪʃ/2 syllables",
"en:Personality"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "churlysshe"
},
"expansion": "Middle English churlysshe",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cherlissh"
},
"expansion": "cherlissh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ċeorlisċ"
},
"expansion": "Old English ċeorlisċ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċierlisċ",
"t": "of or pertaining to churls"
},
"expansion": "ċierlisċ (“of or pertaining to churls”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "churl",
"3": "-ish"
},
"expansion": "churl + -ish",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English churlysshe, cherlissh, from late Old English ċeorlisċ, ċierlisċ (“of or pertaining to churls”), equivalent to churl + -ish.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more churlish",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most churlish",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "churlish (comparative more churlish, superlative most churlish)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "churl"
},
{
"word": "churldom"
},
{
"word": "churled"
},
{
"word": "churlhood"
},
{
"word": "churlishly"
},
{
"word": "churlishness"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Jeet Heer, Gravitas, Autumn 1996",
"text": "[…] the eloquence and truth of his tribute stands in marked contrast to Kramer's churlish caricature of Kael as a happy pig wallowing in the dirt."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of or pertaining to a serf, peasant, or rustic."
],
"links": [
[
"serf",
"serf"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"rustic",
"rustic"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rustic"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2021 May 25, Linsey McGoey, “Why Billionaires Like Bill Gates Can’t Fix the Problems They Helped Create”, in The New York Times, →ISSN",
"text": "Especially in the post-2008 recession, the need for charity was more pronounced than ever, and so it seemed churlish, even Scrooge-like, to question whether the Gateses really knew as much about solving the world’s problems as they claimed.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rude, surly, ungracious."
],
"links": [
[
"Rude",
"rude"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
],
[
"ungracious",
"ungracious"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cross-grained"
},
{
"word": "rude"
},
{
"word": "surly"
},
{
"word": "ungracious"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Stingy or grudging."
],
"links": [
[
"Stingy",
"stingy"
],
[
"grudging",
"grudging"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "grudging"
},
{
"word": "illiberal"
},
{
"word": "miserly"
},
{
"word": "niggardly"
},
{
"word": "stingy"
}
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "1730–1774, Oliver Goldsmith, Introductory to Switzerland\nWhere the bleak Swiss their stormy mansion tread,\nAnd force a churlish soil for scanty bread."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Difficult to till, lacking pliancy; unmanageable."
],
"links": [
[
"till",
"till"
],
[
"pliancy",
"pliancy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of soil) Difficult to till, lacking pliancy; unmanageable."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of soil"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʃɜːlɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃɝːlɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)lɪʃ"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-churlish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/En-us-churlish.ogg/En-us-churlish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/En-us-churlish.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-churlish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/En-au-churlish.ogg/En-au-churlish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/En-au-churlish.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "slaafs"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "bondsk"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mužickij",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "мужицкий"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "paleto"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "rústico"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a serf",
"word": "bruto"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "bṙi",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "բռի"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "antaš",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "անտաշ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "neurvalý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "hulvátský"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "neotesaný"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "buranský"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "grof"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "onvriendelijk"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "moukkamainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "karkea"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "epähieno"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "ungehobelt"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "unfreundlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "mürrisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "griesgrämig"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "agroíkos",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "αγροίκος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "goromba"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "neveletlen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "faragatlan"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "bodúil"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "villano"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yabihan",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "야비한"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "toukeke"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "houkeke"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "hōkeke"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "gretten"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "rústico"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "grosseiro"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "ursuz"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "poco afable"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "maleducado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rude or surly",
"word": "grosero"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skǎperničeski",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "скъпернически"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "grommend"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "weerbarstig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "knauserig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"word": "widerwillig"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "skupój",
"sense": "stingy or grudging",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "скупо́й"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "trudnoobrabátyvajemaja póčva",
"sense": "(of soil) difficult to till, lacking pliancy; unmanageable",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "труднообраба́тываемая по́чва"
}
],
"word": "churlish"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.