See pen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "anther",
"translation": "anther",
"word": "brigerben"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "nutmegs",
"translation": "nutmegs",
"word": "cnau pen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "penult",
"translation": "penult",
"word": "goben"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "penultimate",
"translation": "penultimate",
"word": "gobennol"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "to terminate, to accent on the penultimate syllable",
"translation": "to terminate, to accent on the penultimate syllable",
"word": "gobennu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "shrewd, cunning",
"translation": "shrewd, cunning",
"word": "hirben"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "to a head,to completion",
"translation": "to a head,to completion",
"word": "i ben"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "skull",
"translation": "skull",
"word": "penglog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "redheaded",
"translation": "redheaded",
"word": "pengoch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pengoll"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "headless",
"translation": "headless",
"word": "di-ben"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "headache",
"translation": "headache",
"word": "pen tost"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "roof",
"translation": "roof",
"word": "pen tŷ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "anniversary, birthday",
"translation": "anniversary, birthday",
"word": "pen-blwydd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "hot-headed",
"translation": "hot-headed",
"word": "penboeth"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "flighty, fickle",
"translation": "flighty, fickle",
"word": "penchwiban"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "dark-headed",
"translation": "dark-headed",
"word": "pendywyll"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "blackheaded",
"translation": "blackheaded",
"word": "penddu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "giddy, lightheaded",
"translation": "giddy, lightheaded",
"word": "penfeddw"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "yellow-headed",
"translation": "yellow-headed",
"word": "penfelyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "olive-headed",
"translation": "olive-headed",
"word": "penfelynwyrdd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "penlliain"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "headscarf",
"translation": "headscarf",
"word": "pensgarff"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "grey-haired",
"translation": "grey-haired",
"word": "penllwyd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "chief, leader",
"translation": "chief, leader",
"word": "pennaeth"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "herring",
"translation": "herring",
"word": "pennog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "capital, important",
"translation": "capital, important",
"word": "pennol"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "to allocate, to determine",
"translation": "to allocate, to determine",
"word": "pennu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "stripe-headed",
"translation": "stripe-headed",
"word": "penrhesog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "wild marjoram",
"translation": "wild marjoram",
"word": "penrhudd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "stunned, bewildered",
"translation": "stunned, bewildered",
"word": "pensyfrdan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "penthouse",
"translation": "penthouse",
"word": "penty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "soft-headed",
"translation": "soft-headed",
"word": "penwan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "white-headed",
"translation": "white-headed",
"word": "penwyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "giddy",
"translation": "giddy",
"word": "penysgafn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "overhead, above",
"translation": "overhead, above",
"word": "uwchben"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ymhen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "cel-bry-pro:*penn<id:head>",
"id": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "penn"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*penn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pennau",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "pennau"
},
"expansion": "pen m (plural pennau)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "cy:Anatomy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 51 2 9 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-noun-ny5tM6Nx",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"head",
"head"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) head"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"chief"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-noun-koWCe4Ax",
"links": [
[
"chief",
"chief"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "prif"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top, apex"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-noun-K88kSBR0",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"apex",
"apex"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "brig"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"end, extremity"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-noun-0t3Dhw~7",
"links": [
[
"end",
"end"
],
[
"extremity",
"extremity"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "blaen"
},
{
"word": "ffin"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛn"
}
],
"word": "pen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "cel-bry-pro:*penn<id:head>",
"id": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "penn"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*penn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pen",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penned",
"tags": [
"equative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennach",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennaf",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ben",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "mhen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "phen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ach",
"stem": "penn"
},
"expansion": "pen (feminine singular pen, plural pen, equative penned, comparative pennach, superlative pennaf)",
"name": "cy-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"head, chief"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-adj-geXQUzx8",
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"chief",
"chief"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "prif"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"supreme, principal"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-adj-AGXeEJ0r",
"links": [
[
"supreme",
"supreme"
],
[
"principal",
"principal"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pennol"
},
{
"word": "blaenol"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛn"
}
],
"word": "pen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Welsh/ɛn",
"Rhymes:Welsh/ɛn/1 syllable",
"Welsh adjectives",
"Welsh countable nouns",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh masculine nouns",
"Welsh nouns",
"Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "anther",
"translation": "anther",
"word": "brigerben"
},
{
"english": "nutmegs",
"translation": "nutmegs",
"word": "cnau pen"
},
{
"english": "penult",
"translation": "penult",
"word": "goben"
},
{
"english": "penultimate",
"translation": "penultimate",
"word": "gobennol"
},
{
"english": "to terminate, to accent on the penultimate syllable",
"translation": "to terminate, to accent on the penultimate syllable",
"word": "gobennu"
},
{
"english": "shrewd, cunning",
"translation": "shrewd, cunning",
"word": "hirben"
},
{
"english": "to a head,to completion",
"translation": "to a head,to completion",
"word": "i ben"
},
{
"english": "skull",
"translation": "skull",
"word": "penglog"
},
{
"english": "redheaded",
"translation": "redheaded",
"word": "pengoch"
},
{
"word": "pengoll"
},
{
"english": "headless",
"translation": "headless",
"word": "di-ben"
},
{
"english": "headache",
"translation": "headache",
"word": "pen tost"
},
{
"english": "roof",
"translation": "roof",
"word": "pen tŷ"
},
{
"english": "anniversary, birthday",
"translation": "anniversary, birthday",
"word": "pen-blwydd"
},
{
"english": "hot-headed",
"translation": "hot-headed",
"word": "penboeth"
},
{
"english": "flighty, fickle",
"translation": "flighty, fickle",
"word": "penchwiban"
},
{
"english": "dark-headed",
"translation": "dark-headed",
"word": "pendywyll"
},
{
"english": "blackheaded",
"translation": "blackheaded",
"word": "penddu"
},
{
"english": "giddy, lightheaded",
"translation": "giddy, lightheaded",
"word": "penfeddw"
},
{
"english": "yellow-headed",
"translation": "yellow-headed",
"word": "penfelyn"
},
{
"english": "olive-headed",
"translation": "olive-headed",
"word": "penfelynwyrdd"
},
{
"word": "penlliain"
},
{
"english": "headscarf",
"translation": "headscarf",
"word": "pensgarff"
},
{
"english": "grey-haired",
"translation": "grey-haired",
"word": "penllwyd"
},
{
"english": "chief, leader",
"translation": "chief, leader",
"word": "pennaeth"
},
{
"english": "herring",
"translation": "herring",
"word": "pennog"
},
{
"english": "capital, important",
"translation": "capital, important",
"word": "pennol"
},
{
"english": "to allocate, to determine",
"translation": "to allocate, to determine",
"word": "pennu"
},
{
"english": "stripe-headed",
"translation": "stripe-headed",
"word": "penrhesog"
},
{
"english": "wild marjoram",
"translation": "wild marjoram",
"word": "penrhudd"
},
{
"english": "stunned, bewildered",
"translation": "stunned, bewildered",
"word": "pensyfrdan"
},
{
"english": "penthouse",
"translation": "penthouse",
"word": "penty"
},
{
"english": "soft-headed",
"translation": "soft-headed",
"word": "penwan"
},
{
"english": "white-headed",
"translation": "white-headed",
"word": "penwyn"
},
{
"english": "giddy",
"translation": "giddy",
"word": "penysgafn"
},
{
"english": "overhead, above",
"translation": "overhead, above",
"word": "uwchben"
},
{
"word": "ymhen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "cel-bry-pro:*penn<id:head>",
"id": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "penn"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*penn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pennau",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "pennau"
},
"expansion": "pen m (plural pennau)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"cy:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"head"
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"head",
"head"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) head"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"chief"
],
"links": [
[
"chief",
"chief"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "prif"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top, apex"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"apex",
"apex"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "brig"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"end, extremity"
],
"links": [
[
"end",
"end"
],
[
"extremity",
"extremity"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "blaen"
},
{
"word": "ffin"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛn"
}
],
"word": "pen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Welsh/ɛn",
"Rhymes:Welsh/ɛn/1 syllable",
"Welsh adjectives",
"Welsh countable nouns",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh masculine nouns",
"Welsh nouns",
"Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "cel-bry-pro:*penn<id:head>",
"id": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "penn"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*penn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pen",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penned",
"tags": [
"equative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennach",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennaf",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ben",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "mhen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "phen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ach",
"stem": "penn"
},
"expansion": "pen (feminine singular pen, plural pen, equative penned, comparative pennach, superlative pennaf)",
"name": "cy-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"head, chief"
],
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"chief",
"chief"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "prif"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"supreme, principal"
],
"links": [
[
"supreme",
"supreme"
],
[
"principal",
"principal"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pennol"
},
{
"word": "blaenol"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛn"
}
],
"word": "pen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pen meaning in Welsh (7.4kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pen/Welsh 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"pen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "pen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pen/Welsh 'nasal' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'soft'}",
"path": [
"pen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "pen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pen/Welsh 'aspirate' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'soft'}",
"path": [
"pen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "pen",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Welsh dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.