See pen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "penult",
"word": "goben"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "penultimate",
"word": "gobennol"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "to terminate, to accent on the penultimate syllable",
"word": "gobennu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "skull",
"word": "penglog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "redheaded",
"word": "pengoch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "headache",
"word": "pen tost"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "roof",
"word": "pen tŷ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "anniversary, birthday",
"word": "pen-blwydd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "blackheaded",
"word": "penddu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "giddy, lightheaded",
"word": "penfeddw"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "yellow-headed",
"word": "penfelyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "grey-haired",
"word": "penllwyd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "chief, leader",
"word": "pennaeth"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "herring",
"word": "pennog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "capital, important",
"word": "pennol"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "stunned, bewildered",
"word": "pensyfrdan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "penthouse",
"word": "penty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "white-headed",
"word": "penwyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "overhead, above",
"word": "uwchben"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "inh",
"3": "cel-bry-pro>*penn>head",
"id": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "penn"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*penn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pennau",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "pennau"
},
"expansion": "pen m (plural pennau)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "cy:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "15 17 60 2 1 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-noun-ny5tM6Nx",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"head",
"head"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) head"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"chief"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-noun-koWCe4Ax",
"links": [
[
"chief",
"chief"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top, apex"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-noun-K88kSBR0",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"apex",
"apex"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"end, extremity"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-noun-0t3Dhw~7",
"links": [
[
"end",
"end"
],
[
"extremity",
"extremity"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛn"
}
],
"word": "pen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "inh",
"3": "cel-bry-pro>*penn>head",
"id": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "penn"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*penn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pen",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penned",
"tags": [
"equative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennach",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennaf",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ben",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "mhen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "phen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ach",
"stem": "penn"
},
"expansion": "pen (feminine singular pen, plural pen, equative penned, comparative pennach, superlative pennaf)",
"name": "cy-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"head, chief"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-adj-geXQUzx8",
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"chief",
"chief"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "prif"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"supreme, principal"
],
"id": "en-pen-cy-adj-AGXeEJ0r",
"links": [
[
"supreme",
"supreme"
],
[
"principal",
"principal"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pennol"
},
{
"word": "blaenol"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛn"
}
],
"word": "pen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Welsh/ɛn",
"Rhymes:Welsh/ɛn/1 syllable",
"Welsh adjectives",
"Welsh adjectives with red links in their headword lines",
"Welsh countable nouns",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh masculine nouns",
"Welsh nouns",
"Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "penult",
"word": "goben"
},
{
"english": "penultimate",
"word": "gobennol"
},
{
"english": "to terminate, to accent on the penultimate syllable",
"word": "gobennu"
},
{
"english": "skull",
"word": "penglog"
},
{
"english": "redheaded",
"word": "pengoch"
},
{
"english": "headache",
"word": "pen tost"
},
{
"english": "roof",
"word": "pen tŷ"
},
{
"english": "anniversary, birthday",
"word": "pen-blwydd"
},
{
"english": "blackheaded",
"word": "penddu"
},
{
"english": "giddy, lightheaded",
"word": "penfeddw"
},
{
"english": "yellow-headed",
"word": "penfelyn"
},
{
"english": "grey-haired",
"word": "penllwyd"
},
{
"english": "chief, leader",
"word": "pennaeth"
},
{
"english": "herring",
"word": "pennog"
},
{
"english": "capital, important",
"word": "pennol"
},
{
"english": "stunned, bewildered",
"word": "pensyfrdan"
},
{
"english": "penthouse",
"word": "penty"
},
{
"english": "white-headed",
"word": "penwyn"
},
{
"english": "overhead, above",
"word": "uwchben"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "inh",
"3": "cel-bry-pro>*penn>head",
"id": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "penn"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*penn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pennau",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "pennau"
},
"expansion": "pen m (plural pennau)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"cy:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"head"
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"head",
"head"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) head"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"chief"
],
"links": [
[
"chief",
"chief"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top, apex"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"apex",
"apex"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"end, extremity"
],
"links": [
[
"end",
"end"
],
[
"extremity",
"extremity"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛn"
}
],
"word": "pen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Welsh/ɛn",
"Rhymes:Welsh/ɛn/1 syllable",
"Welsh adjectives",
"Welsh adjectives with red links in their headword lines",
"Welsh countable nouns",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh masculine nouns",
"Welsh nouns",
"Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "inh",
"3": "cel-bry-pro>*penn>head",
"id": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "penn"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*penn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *penn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pen",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penned",
"tags": [
"equative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennach",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennaf",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ben",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "mhen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "phen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ach",
"stem": "penn"
},
"expansion": "pen (feminine singular pen, plural pen, equative penned, comparative pennach, superlative pennaf)",
"name": "cy-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"head, chief"
],
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"chief",
"chief"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "prif"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"supreme, principal"
],
"links": [
[
"supreme",
"supreme"
],
[
"principal",
"principal"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pennol"
},
{
"word": "blaenol"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛn"
}
],
"word": "pen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pen meaning in Welsh (5.6kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pen/Welsh 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"pen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "pen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pen/Welsh 'nasal' base_tags={'soft', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"pen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "pen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pen/Welsh 'aspirate' base_tags={'soft', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"pen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "pen",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Welsh dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (b941637 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.