See dun in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dunn",
"t": "dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black"
},
"expansion": "Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*duʀn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *duʀn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dusnaz",
"4": "*duznaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *duznaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "to smoke, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dun",
"3": "",
"4": "brown, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "tusin",
"3": "",
"4": "ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dunna",
"3": "",
"4": "female mallard; duck"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dwnn",
"t": "dark (red)"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dusnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dusnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "donn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish donn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "donn",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic donn (“brown”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰews-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dosan",
"t": "chestnut brown"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dun, donn, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-West Germanic *duʀn, from Proto-Germanic *duznaz, *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).\nAlternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn and Scottish Gaelic donn (“brown”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "dun (usually uncountable, plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 62",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 4 29 4 3 3 3 3 5 2 4 4 3 9 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Browns",
"orig": "en:Browns",
"parents": [
"Colors",
"Light",
"Vision",
"Energy",
"Senses",
"Nature",
"Perception",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 9 19 5 3 5 4 3 7 2 5 3 2 7 8 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Greys",
"orig": "en:Greys",
"parents": [
"Colors",
"Light",
"Vision",
"Energy",
"Senses",
"Nature",
"Perception",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 15 6 3 5 5 3 8 2 6 3 2 6 10 8",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Horse colors",
"orig": "en:Horse colors",
"parents": [
"Colors",
"Horses",
"Light",
"Vision",
"Equids",
"Livestock",
"Energy",
"Senses",
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Agriculture",
"Animals",
"Nature",
"Perception",
"Mammals",
"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Vertebrates",
"Sciences",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Chordates"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "dun:"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A brownish grey colour."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-me3kaISZ",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "claybank"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sivo-kafjav",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "сиво-кафяв"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "šedohnědá barva"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "vaalbruin"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "grijs-bruin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "harmaanruskea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "brun grisâtre"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "monacrispro-q̇viteli peri",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი ფერი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Graubraun"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kastanófaio",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "καστανόφαιο"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "szürkésbarna"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "ordas"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grámórautt"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "turangga"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "donn"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bigio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigiastro"
},
{
"alt": "こげちゃいろ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kogechairo",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "焦げ茶色"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gråbrunt"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "brunèl"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "dize",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "دیزه"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"alt": "цвет",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serováto-koríčnevyj",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "серова́то-кори́чневый"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "sivosmeđ"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "gråbrunt"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "kula"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dunn",
"t": "dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black"
},
"expansion": "Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*duʀn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *duʀn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dusnaz",
"4": "*duznaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *duznaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "to smoke, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dun",
"3": "",
"4": "brown, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "tusin",
"3": "",
"4": "ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dunna",
"3": "",
"4": "female mallard; duck"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dwnn",
"t": "dark (red)"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dusnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dusnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "donn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish donn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "donn",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic donn (“brown”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰews-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dosan",
"t": "chestnut brown"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dun, donn, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-West Germanic *duʀn, from Proto-Germanic *duznaz, *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).\nAlternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn and Scottish Gaelic donn (“brown”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "dun (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 1 15 5 30 28 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 3 18 8 23 21 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "90 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "73 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "uncertain",
"word": "donkey"
},
{
"word": "dun-bar"
},
{
"word": "dunbird"
},
{
"word": "dun crow"
},
{
"word": "dun diver"
},
{
"word": "dunfish"
},
{
"word": "dunness"
},
{
"word": "dunnish"
},
{
"word": "dunnock"
},
{
"word": "dunny"
},
{
"word": "dunsel"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v], page 134, column 2, lines 48–49:",
"text": "Come, thick Night,\n And pall thee in the dunneſt ſmoake of Hell,\n That my keene Knife ſee not the Wound it makes,\n Nor Heauen peepe through the Blanket of the darke,\n To cry, hold, hold.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 130”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:",
"text": "My Miſtres eyes are nothing like the Sunne,\n Currall is farre more red, then her lips red,\n If ſnow be white, why then her breſts are dun:\n If hairs be wiers, black wiers grow on her head: [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1827, [John Keble], “Twenty-third Sunday after Trinity”, in The Christian Year: Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holydays throughout the Year, volume II, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [B]y W. Baxter, for J. Parker; and C[harles] and J[ohn] Rivington, […], →OCLC, page 85:",
"text": "Red o'er the forest glows the setting sun, / The line of yellow light dies fast away / That crown'd the eastern copse, and chill and dun / Falls on the moor the brief November day.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Terminal One (Legendary):",
"text": "Where is the nobility in these streets paved with greasy carbon and dun ash?",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a brownish grey colour."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-adj-JgJnD0hV",
"links": [
[
"brownish",
"brownish"
],
[
"grey",
"grey"
],
[
"colour",
"colour#Noun"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bawn"
},
{
"word": "durmast oak"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sivo-kafjav",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "сиво-кафяв"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Mandarin",
"roman": "ànhèsède",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "暗褐色的"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "šedohnědý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"english": "horse",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "plavý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "grijsbruin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "harmaanruskea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "brun gris"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "monacrispro-q̇viteli",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "graubraun"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "of horses",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "falb"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "fakó"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "ordas"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "turangga"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "riabhach"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigio brunastro"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kula",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "قولا"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "płowy"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"english": "horse coat color",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "bułany"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serováto-koríčnevyj",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "серова́то-кори́чневый"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "odhar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "boz"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 1 15 5 30 28 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 4 29 18 21 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 3 30 14 19 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 3 18 8 23 21 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 3 35 14 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 9 27 14 17 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 5 34 14 19 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 162–163:",
"text": "\"The truth is, Mr. Curl, I cannot write when I am plagued about trifles; and a tiresome dun this morning put to flight every idea that I had in the world.\"\n\"Mr. Maynard,\" said the bookseller, in a solemn tone, \"it is very wrong to run in debt.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1889 [1712], John Arbuthnot, The History of John Bull, London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC, page 71:",
"text": "Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1933 January 9, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter XVIII, in Down and Out in Paris and London, London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:",
"text": "Melancholy duns came looking for him at all hours.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York, published 2007, page 102:",
"text": "‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-2jfGKS66",
"links": [
[
"debt",
"debt"
],
[
"insistent",
"insistent"
],
[
"demanding",
"demanding"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a collector of debts",
"word": "perijä"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a collector of debts",
"word": "velkoja"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1842, A.B.G., “Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate, volume 13, →OCLC, page 251:",
"text": "Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An urgent request or demand of payment."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-XGs6OlVd"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dun letter"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1768, Jonathan Swift, The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse, page 309:",
"text": "And hath she sent so soon to dun?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To ask or beset a debtor for payment."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-T61sqhmz",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To ask or beset a debtor for payment."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "upomínat"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "urgovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "vymáhat zaplacení"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "afpersen"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "periä"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "velkoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "karhuta"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"alt": "しゃっきんのさいそく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shakkin no saisoku",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "借金の催促"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 24",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "cobrar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin, published 2010, page 107:",
"text": "Rich bitches who had to be dunned for their milk bills would pay him right now.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-KYbaI~OG",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"word": "tivata"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"word": "perätä"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "przymawiać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "przymówić się"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; likely from the color.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 1 15 5 30 28 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 3 18 8 23 21 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 17 1 6 1 15 10 4 10 1 6 1 0 2 14 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mayflies",
"orig": "en:Mayflies",
"parents": [
"Insects",
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1966, John Harris, An Angler's Entomology, New York: Barnes, →OCLC, page 16:",
"text": "Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-TKROq4w3",
"links": [
[
"mayfly",
"mayfly"
],
[
"subimago",
"subimago"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "81 19",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "immature mayfly",
"word": "esiaikuinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "81 19",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "immature mayfly",
"word": "subimago"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Fishing",
"orig": "en:Fishing",
"parents": [
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "12 1 15 5 30 28 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 3 18 8 23 21 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 17 1 6 1 15 10 4 10 1 6 1 0 2 14 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mayflies",
"orig": "en:Mayflies",
"parents": [
"Insects",
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1676, Charles Cotton, The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream, London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March, page 59:",
"text": "We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-A1tdTKoK",
"links": [
[
"fishing",
"fishing#Noun"
],
[
"fly",
"fly#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, fishing) A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"fishing",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "subimago"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ga",
"3": "dún"
},
"expansion": "Irish dún",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gd",
"3": "dùn"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic dùn",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "fortress"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fortress”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "dinas",
"t": "city"
},
"expansion": "Welsh dinas (“city”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "town"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of town",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Irish dún or Scottish Gaelic dùn, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fortress”). Cognate with Welsh dinas (“city”). Doublet of town.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1858, Henry MacLauchlan, Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854, London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC, page 9:",
"text": "Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An ancient or medieval fortification; especially a hill-fort in Scotland or Ireland."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-en:fort",
"links": [
[
"hill-fort",
"hill-fort"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:fort"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Archaeology",
"orig": "en:Archaeology",
"parents": [
"Anthropology",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"Zoology",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Biology",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 17 1 6 1 15 10 4 10 1 6 1 0 2 14 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mayflies",
"orig": "en:Mayflies",
"parents": [
"Insects",
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, T.J. Clarkson, The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings, Edinburgh: Birlinn, →ISBN:",
"text": "Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-3i02KMDw",
"links": [
[
"archaeology",
"archaeology"
],
[
"roundhouse",
"roundhouse"
],
[
"broch",
"broch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaeology) A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch."
],
"topics": [
"archaeology",
"history",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "doon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dún"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)",
"dun"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_text": "See do.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "dun",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "past participle of do",
"word": "done"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English eye dialect",
"parents": [
"Eye dialect",
"Nonstandard forms",
"Terms by orthographic property",
"Nonstandard terms",
"Terms by lexical property",
"Terms by usage"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Now, ya dun it!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1895 May 20, S.L.N. Foote, “Correspondence”, in International Journal of Medicine and Surgery, volume 8, retrieved 2016-10-13, page 194:",
"text": "...a wise old lady exclaimed, \"Why Mrs. M. warn't you orful skeerd wunst when you seed a dog fight? [...] an that ere big yaller dog bit orf your baby's hand that minit; in cors he dun it, so now that settles it.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2001 April 1, Robert Frost, Poems by Robert Frost: A Boy's Will and North of Boston, Penguin, →ISBN, →OCLC:",
"text": "“Oh, Because I want their dollar.\n I don't want Anything they've not got. I never dun.\n I'm there, and they can pay me if they like.\n I go nowhere on purpose: I happen by.\nSorry there is no cup to give you a drink.[…]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do"
],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-L2TRtqr~",
"links": [
[
"done",
"done#English"
],
[
"do",
"do#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, informal) Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"informal",
"nonstandard",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "contraction of do + not",
"word": "don't"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English pronunciation spellings",
"parents": [
"Pronunciation spellings",
"Terms by orthographic property",
"Terms by lexical property"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 17 1 6 1 15 10 4 10 1 6 1 0 2 14 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mayflies",
"orig": "en:Mayflies",
"parents": [
"Insects",
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1901, Gilbert Parker, The Right of Way, New York and London: Harper, →OCLC:",
"text": "Fwhere's he come from, I dun'no'. French or English, I dun'no'. But a gintleman born, I know.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-RDaqC0iz",
"links": [
[
"Pronunciation spelling",
"pronunciation spelling"
],
[
"don't",
"don't#English"
],
[
"do",
"do#English"
],
[
"not",
"not#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, informal) Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not."
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"informal",
"nonstandard",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_text": "Likely from the color of fish so prepared.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1832, James Thacher, History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC, page 317:",
"text": "Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cure, as codfish, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with saltgrass or a similar substance."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-iUK-rOTA",
"links": [
[
"cure",
"cure"
],
[
"codfish",
"codfish"
],
[
"salt",
"salt"
],
[
"saltgrass",
"saltgrass"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, dated) To cure, as codfish, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with saltgrass or a similar substance."
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 7,
"etymology_text": "See dune.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A mound or small hill."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-88VFfrJd",
"links": [
[
"mound",
"mound"
],
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 8,
"etymology_text": "Imitative.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun",
"name": "en-interj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 19 0 7 3 7 6 4 10 1 7 2 2 3 15 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 17 1 6 1 15 10 4 10 1 6 1 0 2 14 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mayflies",
"orig": "en:Mayflies",
"parents": [
"Insects",
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dun dun dun"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2009, Carrie Tucker, I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, →ISBN:",
"text": "How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Lisa Dombrowski, The Films of Samuel Fuller: If You Die, I’ll Kill You, page 113:",
"text": "Dun, dun! Dun, dun! As the music continues, the long shot of Griff's walk is broken down into repeating tight shots of his face, his legs, and his shifting point of view of Brockie.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Helen Russell, Leap Year: How small steps can make a giant difference:",
"text": "'DUN DUN DUN DUN-DUN-DUN-DUN! DUN DUN DUN DUNDUN-DUN-DUN... PRESSURE!' By 2.05 a.m. I am Very Awake Indeed and the catastrophising continues.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2020, Spencer Hamilton, The Fear: A Pandemic Horror Novel:",
"text": "Whenever that iconic riff in the score cued up—Dun dun ... dun dun ... dun dun dun dun dun-dun-dun-dun ... —Jack's heart would race, and she'd feel the fear on her skin.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Imitating a deep bass note, such as that found in suspenseful music."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-intj-4i3R5fCc"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 9,
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "Himalayan valley",
"word": "dhoon"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of dhoon (“Himalayan valley”)"
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-Bew4pMpW",
"links": [
[
"dhoon",
"dhoon#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "dun comma"
},
{
"word": "dun dun"
}
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Brythonic languages",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dunn",
"t": "dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black"
},
"expansion": "Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*duʀn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *duʀn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dusnaz",
"4": "*duznaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *duznaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "to smoke, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dun",
"3": "",
"4": "brown, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "tusin",
"3": "",
"4": "ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dunna",
"3": "",
"4": "female mallard; duck"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dwnn",
"t": "dark (red)"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dusnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dusnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "donn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish donn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "donn",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic donn (“brown”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰews-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dosan",
"t": "chestnut brown"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dun, donn, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-West Germanic *duʀn, from Proto-Germanic *duznaz, *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).\nAlternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn and Scottish Gaelic donn (“brown”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "dun (usually uncountable, plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "dun:"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A brownish grey colour."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "claybank"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sivo-kafjav",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "сиво-кафяв"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "šedohnědá barva"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "vaalbruin"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "grijs-bruin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "harmaanruskea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "brun grisâtre"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "monacrispro-q̇viteli peri",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი ფერი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Graubraun"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kastanófaio",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "καστανόφαιο"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "szürkésbarna"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "ordas"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grámórautt"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "turangga"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "donn"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bigio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigiastro"
},
{
"alt": "こげちゃいろ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kogechairo",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "焦げ茶色"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gråbrunt"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "brunèl"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "dize",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "دیزه"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"alt": "цвет",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serováto-koríčnevyj",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "серова́то-кори́чневый"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "sivosmeđ"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "gråbrunt"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "kula"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Brythonic languages",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "uncertain",
"word": "donkey"
},
{
"word": "dun-bar"
},
{
"word": "dunbird"
},
{
"word": "dun crow"
},
{
"word": "dun diver"
},
{
"word": "dunfish"
},
{
"word": "dunness"
},
{
"word": "dunnish"
},
{
"word": "dunnock"
},
{
"word": "dunny"
},
{
"word": "dunsel"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dunn",
"t": "dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black"
},
"expansion": "Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*duʀn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *duʀn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dusnaz",
"4": "*duznaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *duznaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "to smoke, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dun",
"3": "",
"4": "brown, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "tusin",
"3": "",
"4": "ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dunna",
"3": "",
"4": "female mallard; duck"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dwnn",
"t": "dark (red)"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dusnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dusnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "donn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish donn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "donn",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic donn (“brown”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰews-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dosan",
"t": "chestnut brown"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dun, donn, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-West Germanic *duʀn, from Proto-Germanic *duznaz, *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).\nAlternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn and Scottish Gaelic donn (“brown”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "dun (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "bawn"
},
{
"word": "durmast oak"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v], page 134, column 2, lines 48–49:",
"text": "Come, thick Night,\n And pall thee in the dunneſt ſmoake of Hell,\n That my keene Knife ſee not the Wound it makes,\n Nor Heauen peepe through the Blanket of the darke,\n To cry, hold, hold.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 130”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:",
"text": "My Miſtres eyes are nothing like the Sunne,\n Currall is farre more red, then her lips red,\n If ſnow be white, why then her breſts are dun:\n If hairs be wiers, black wiers grow on her head: [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1827, [John Keble], “Twenty-third Sunday after Trinity”, in The Christian Year: Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holydays throughout the Year, volume II, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [B]y W. Baxter, for J. Parker; and C[harles] and J[ohn] Rivington, […], →OCLC, page 85:",
"text": "Red o'er the forest glows the setting sun, / The line of yellow light dies fast away / That crown'd the eastern copse, and chill and dun / Falls on the moor the brief November day.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Terminal One (Legendary):",
"text": "Where is the nobility in these streets paved with greasy carbon and dun ash?",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a brownish grey colour."
],
"links": [
[
"brownish",
"brownish"
],
[
"grey",
"grey"
],
[
"colour",
"colour#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sivo-kafjav",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "сиво-кафяв"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Mandarin",
"roman": "ànhèsède",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "暗褐色的"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "šedohnědý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"english": "horse",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "plavý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "grijsbruin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "harmaanruskea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "brun gris"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "monacrispro-q̇viteli",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "graubraun"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "of horses",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "falb"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "fakó"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "ordas"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "turangga"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "riabhach"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigio brunastro"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kula",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "قولا"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "płowy"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"english": "horse coat color",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "bułany"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serováto-koríčnevyj",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "серова́то-кори́чневый"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "odhar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "boz"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 162–163:",
"text": "\"The truth is, Mr. Curl, I cannot write when I am plagued about trifles; and a tiresome dun this morning put to flight every idea that I had in the world.\"\n\"Mr. Maynard,\" said the bookseller, in a solemn tone, \"it is very wrong to run in debt.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1889 [1712], John Arbuthnot, The History of John Bull, London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC, page 71:",
"text": "Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1933 January 9, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter XVIII, in Down and Out in Paris and London, London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:",
"text": "Melancholy duns came looking for him at all hours.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York, published 2007, page 102:",
"text": "‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding."
],
"links": [
[
"debt",
"debt"
],
[
"insistent",
"insistent"
],
[
"demanding",
"demanding"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1842, A.B.G., “Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate, volume 13, →OCLC, page 251:",
"text": "Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An urgent request or demand of payment."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a collector of debts",
"word": "perijä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a collector of debts",
"word": "velkoja"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dun letter"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1768, Jonathan Swift, The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse, page 309:",
"text": "And hath she sent so soon to dun?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To ask or beset a debtor for payment."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To ask or beset a debtor for payment."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin, published 2010, page 107:",
"text": "Rich bitches who had to be dunned for their milk bills would pay him right now.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "upomínat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "urgovat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "vymáhat zaplacení"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "afpersen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "periä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "velkoa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "karhuta"
},
{
"alt": "しゃっきんのさいそく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shakkin no saisoku",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "借金の催促"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "cobrar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"word": "tivata"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"word": "perätä"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "przymawiać się"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "przymówić się"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; likely from the color.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1966, John Harris, An Angler's Entomology, New York: Barnes, →OCLC, page 16:",
"text": "Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago."
],
"links": [
[
"mayfly",
"mayfly"
],
[
"subimago",
"subimago"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Fishing"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1676, Charles Cotton, The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream, London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March, page 59:",
"text": "We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago."
],
"links": [
[
"fishing",
"fishing#Noun"
],
[
"fly",
"fly#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, fishing) A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"fishing",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "subimago"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "immature mayfly",
"word": "esiaikuinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "immature mayfly",
"word": "subimago"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Irish",
"English terms borrowed from Scottish Gaelic",
"English terms derived from Irish",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Scottish Gaelic",
"English terms with homophones",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ga",
"3": "dún"
},
"expansion": "Irish dún",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gd",
"3": "dùn"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic dùn",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "fortress"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fortress”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "dinas",
"t": "city"
},
"expansion": "Welsh dinas (“city”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "town"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of town",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Irish dún or Scottish Gaelic dùn, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fortress”). Cognate with Welsh dinas (“city”). Doublet of town.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1858, Henry MacLauchlan, Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854, London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC, page 9:",
"text": "Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An ancient or medieval fortification; especially a hill-fort in Scotland or Ireland."
],
"links": [
[
"hill-fort",
"hill-fort"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:fort"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Archaeology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, T.J. Clarkson, The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings, Edinburgh: Birlinn, →ISBN:",
"text": "Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch."
],
"links": [
[
"archaeology",
"archaeology"
],
[
"roundhouse",
"roundhouse"
],
[
"broch",
"broch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaeology) A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch."
],
"topics": [
"archaeology",
"history",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "doon"
},
{
"word": "dún"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)",
"dun"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verb forms",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_text": "See do.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "dun",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "past participle of do",
"word": "done"
}
],
"categories": [
"English eye dialect",
"English informal terms",
"English nonstandard terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Now, ya dun it!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1895 May 20, S.L.N. Foote, “Correspondence”, in International Journal of Medicine and Surgery, volume 8, retrieved 2016-10-13, page 194:",
"text": "...a wise old lady exclaimed, \"Why Mrs. M. warn't you orful skeerd wunst when you seed a dog fight? [...] an that ere big yaller dog bit orf your baby's hand that minit; in cors he dun it, so now that settles it.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2001 April 1, Robert Frost, Poems by Robert Frost: A Boy's Will and North of Boston, Penguin, →ISBN, →OCLC:",
"text": "“Oh, Because I want their dollar.\n I don't want Anything they've not got. I never dun.\n I'm there, and they can pay me if they like.\n I go nowhere on purpose: I happen by.\nSorry there is no cup to give you a drink.[…]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do"
],
"links": [
[
"done",
"done#English"
],
[
"do",
"do#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, informal) Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"informal",
"nonstandard",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "contraction of do + not",
"word": "don't"
}
],
"categories": [
"English contractions",
"English informal terms",
"English nonstandard terms",
"English pronunciation spellings",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1901, Gilbert Parker, The Right of Way, New York and London: Harper, →OCLC:",
"text": "Fwhere's he come from, I dun'no'. French or English, I dun'no'. But a gintleman born, I know.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not."
],
"links": [
[
"Pronunciation spelling",
"pronunciation spelling"
],
[
"don't",
"don't#English"
],
[
"do",
"do#English"
],
[
"not",
"not#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, informal) Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not."
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"informal",
"nonstandard",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_text": "Likely from the color of fish so prepared.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dated terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1832, James Thacher, History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC, page 317:",
"text": "Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cure, as codfish, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with saltgrass or a similar substance."
],
"links": [
[
"cure",
"cure"
],
[
"codfish",
"codfish"
],
[
"salt",
"salt"
],
[
"saltgrass",
"saltgrass"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, dated) To cure, as codfish, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with saltgrass or a similar substance."
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 7,
"etymology_text": "See dune.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A mound or small hill."
],
"links": [
[
"mound",
"mound"
],
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dun dun dun"
}
],
"etymology_number": 8,
"etymology_text": "Imitative.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun",
"name": "en-interj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2009, Carrie Tucker, I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, →ISBN:",
"text": "How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Lisa Dombrowski, The Films of Samuel Fuller: If You Die, I’ll Kill You, page 113:",
"text": "Dun, dun! Dun, dun! As the music continues, the long shot of Griff's walk is broken down into repeating tight shots of his face, his legs, and his shifting point of view of Brockie.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Helen Russell, Leap Year: How small steps can make a giant difference:",
"text": "'DUN DUN DUN DUN-DUN-DUN-DUN! DUN DUN DUN DUNDUN-DUN-DUN... PRESSURE!' By 2.05 a.m. I am Very Awake Indeed and the catastrophising continues.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2020, Spencer Hamilton, The Fear: A Pandemic Horror Novel:",
"text": "Whenever that iconic riff in the score cued up—Dun dun ... dun dun ... dun dun dun dun dun-dun-dun-dun ... —Jack's heart would race, and she'd feel the fear on her skin.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Imitating a deep bass note, such as that found in suspenseful music."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 9,
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "dun comma"
},
{
"word": "dun dun"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "Himalayan valley",
"word": "dhoon"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of dhoon (“Himalayan valley”)"
],
"links": [
[
"dhoon",
"dhoon#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dun meaning in English (44.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.