See dun in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for dun meaning in English (38.9kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dunne"
},
"expansion": "dunne",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dunn",
"4": "",
"5": "dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black"
},
"expansion": "Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dusnaz",
"4": "",
"5": "brown, yellow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to smoke, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dun",
"3": "",
"4": "brown, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "tusin",
"3": "",
"4": "ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dunna",
"3": "",
"4": "female mallard; duck"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dwnn",
"t": "dark (red)"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dusnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dusnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "donn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish donn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰews-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dosan",
"t": "chestnut brown"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dun, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).\nAlternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "dun (usually uncountable, plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 5 15 6 4 5 4 3 7 2 6 4 3 11 4 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Greys",
"orig": "en:Greys",
"parents": [
"Colors",
"Light",
"Vision",
"Energy",
"Senses",
"Nature",
"Perception",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 10 13 5 4 5 4 2 8 2 6 3 3 13 3 5",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Horse colors",
"orig": "en:Horse colors",
"parents": [
"Colors",
"Horses",
"Light",
"Vision",
"Equids",
"Livestock",
"Energy",
"Senses",
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Agriculture",
"Animals",
"Nature",
"Perception",
"Mammals",
"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Vertebrates",
"Sciences",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Human",
"Chordates"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "dun:"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A brownish grey colour."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-me3kaISZ",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "claybank"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sivo-kafjav",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "сиво-кафяв"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "šedohnědá barva"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "vaalbruin"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "grijs-bruin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "harmaanruskea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "brun grisâtre"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "monacrispro-q̇viteli peri",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი ფერი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Graubraun"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kastanófaio",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "καστανόφαιο"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "szürkésbarna"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "ordas"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grámórautt"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "turangga"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "donn"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bigio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigiastro"
},
{
"alt": "こげちゃいろ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kogechairo",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "焦げ茶色"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gråbrunt"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "brunèl"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "dize",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "دیزه"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"alt": "цвет",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serováto-koríčnevyj",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "серова́то-кори́чневый"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "sivosmeđ"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "gråbrunt"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "kula"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dunne"
},
"expansion": "dunne",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dunn",
"4": "",
"5": "dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black"
},
"expansion": "Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dusnaz",
"4": "",
"5": "brown, yellow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to smoke, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dun",
"3": "",
"4": "brown, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "tusin",
"3": "",
"4": "ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dunna",
"3": "",
"4": "female mallard; duck"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dwnn",
"t": "dark (red)"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dusnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dusnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "donn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish donn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰews-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dosan",
"t": "chestnut brown"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dun, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).\nAlternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "dun (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 3 13 5 4 4 4 4 6 3 5 5 4 12 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Browns",
"orig": "en:Browns",
"parents": [
"Colors",
"Light",
"Vision",
"Energy",
"Senses",
"Nature",
"Perception",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 5 15 6 4 5 4 3 7 2 6 4 3 11 4 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Greys",
"orig": "en:Greys",
"parents": [
"Colors",
"Light",
"Vision",
"Energy",
"Senses",
"Nature",
"Perception",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 10 13 5 4 5 4 2 8 2 6 3 3 13 3 5",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Horse colors",
"orig": "en:Horse colors",
"parents": [
"Colors",
"Horses",
"Light",
"Vision",
"Equids",
"Livestock",
"Energy",
"Senses",
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Agriculture",
"Animals",
"Nature",
"Perception",
"Mammals",
"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Vertebrates",
"Sciences",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Human",
"Chordates"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "uncertain",
"word": "donkey"
},
{
"word": "dun-bar"
},
{
"word": "dun crow"
},
{
"word": "dun diver"
},
{
"word": "dunnock"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, v1.0, Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Terminal One (Legendary)",
"text": "Where is the nobility in these streets paved with greasy carbon and dun ash?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a brownish grey colour."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-adj-JgJnD0hV",
"links": [
[
"brownish",
"brownish"
],
[
"grey",
"grey"
],
[
"colour",
"colour#Noun"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bawn"
},
{
"word": "durmast oak"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sivo-kafjav",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "сиво-кафяв"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "šedohnědý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"english": "horse",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "plavý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "grijsbruin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "harmaanruskea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "brun gris"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "monacrispro-q̇viteli",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "graubraun"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "of horses",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "falb"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "fakó"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "ordas"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "turangga"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "riabhach"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigio brunastro"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kula",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "قولا"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "płowy"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serováto-koríčnevyj",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "серова́то-кори́чневый"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "odhar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "boz"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "din"
},
"expansion": "din",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1889 [1712], John Arbuthnot, The History of John Bull, London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC, page 71",
"text": "Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York, published 2007, page 102",
"text": "‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-2jfGKS66",
"links": [
[
"debt",
"debt"
],
[
"insistent",
"insistent"
],
[
"demanding",
"demanding"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a collector of debts",
"word": "perijä"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a collector of debts",
"word": "velkoja"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1842, A.B.G., “Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate, volume 13, →OCLC, page 251",
"text": "Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An urgent request or demand of payment."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-XGs6OlVd"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
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"tags": [
"US"
],
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],
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"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dun letter"
}
],
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"args": {
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},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
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"expansion": "din",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunning",
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"present"
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},
{
"form": "dunned",
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"past"
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}
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],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
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{
"ref": "1768, Jonathan Swift, The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse, page 309",
"text": "And hath she sent so soon to dun?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "Folio Society 1973, p. 577",
"text": "Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To ask or beset a debtor for payment."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-T61sqhmz",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To ask or beset a debtor for payment."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "upomínat"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "urgovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "vymáhat zaplacení"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "afpersen"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "periä"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "velkoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "karhuta"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"alt": "しゃっきんのさいそく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shakkin no saisoku",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "借金の催促"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 25",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "cobrar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin, published 2010, page 107",
"text": "Rich bitches who had to be dunned for their milk bills would pay him right now.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-KYbaI~OG",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"word": "tivata"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"word": "perätä"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "przymawiać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "przymówić się"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
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"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; likely from the color.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 9 11 7 2 20 14 1 8 1 6 2 1 7 2 4",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mayflies",
"orig": "en:Mayflies",
"parents": [
"Insects",
"Arthropods",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1966, John Harris, An Angler's Entomology, New York: Barnes, →OCLC, page 16",
"text": "Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-TKROq4w3",
"links": [
[
"mayfly",
"mayfly"
],
[
"subimago",
"subimago"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "81 19",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "immature mayfly",
"word": "esiaikuinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "81 19",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "immature mayfly",
"word": "subimago"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Fishing",
"orig": "en:Fishing",
"parents": [
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1676, Charles Cotton, The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream, London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March, page 59",
"text": "We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-A1tdTKoK",
"links": [
[
"fishing",
"fishing#Noun"
],
[
"fly",
"fly#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, fishing) A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"fishing",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
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{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
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{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
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"tags": [
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],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "subimago"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
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],
"word": "dun"
}
{
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"name": "bor"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
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"name": "bor"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "cel-pro",
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},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "dinas",
"t": "city"
},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "town"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of town",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
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{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"categories": [],
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{
"ref": "1858, Henry MacLauchlan, Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854, London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC, page 9",
"text": "Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An ancient or medieval fortification; especially a hill-fort in Scotland or Ireland."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-en:fort",
"links": [
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"hill-fort"
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],
"senseid": [
"en:fort"
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},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Archaeology",
"orig": "en:Archaeology",
"parents": [
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"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"Zoology",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Biology",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, T.J. Clarkson, The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings, Edinburgh: Birlinn",
"text": "Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-3i02KMDw",
"links": [
[
"archaeology",
"archaeology"
],
[
"roundhouse",
"roundhouse"
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[
"broch",
"broch"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
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],
"topics": [
"archaeology",
"history",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
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}
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{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
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{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
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{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
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"tags": [
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"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "doon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dún"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
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"dun"
],
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{
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{
"args": {
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},
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"name": "head"
}
],
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{
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{
"extra": "past participle of do",
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}
],
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English eye dialect",
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{
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"kind": "topical",
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"Vision",
"Energy",
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"Perception",
"All topics",
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},
{
"_dis": "14 10 13 5 4 5 4 2 8 2 6 3 3 13 3 5",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
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"Equids",
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"Odd-toed ungulates",
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"Applied sciences",
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"All topics",
"Body",
"Vertebrates",
"Sciences",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Human",
"Chordates"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Now, ya dun it!"
},
{
"ref": "1895 May 20, S.L.N. Foote, “Correspondence”, in International Journal of Medicine and Surgery, volume 8, retrieved 2016-10-13, page 194",
"text": "...a wise old lady exclaimed, \"Why Mrs. M. warn't you orful skeerd wunst when you seed a dog fight? [...] an that ere big yaller dog bit orf your baby's hand that minit; in cors he dun it, so now that settles it.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001 April 1, Robert Frost, Poems by Robert Frost: A Boy's Will and North of Boston, Penguin, →OCLC",
"text": "“Oh, Because I want their dollar.\nI don't want Anything they've not got. I never dun.\nI'm there, and they can pay me if they like.\nI go nowhere on purpose: I happen by.\nSorry there is no cup to give you a drink.[…]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do"
],
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"links": [
[
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"done#English"
],
[
"do",
"do#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, informal) Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"informal",
"nonstandard",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "contraction of do + not",
"word": "don't"
}
],
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English pronunciation spellings",
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"Pronunciation spellings",
"Terms by orthographic property",
"Terms by lexical property"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1901, Gilbert Parker, The Right of Way, New York and London: Harper, →OCLC",
"text": "Fwhere's he come from, I dun'no'. French or English, I dun'no'. But a gintleman born, I know.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not."
],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-RDaqC0iz",
"links": [
[
"Pronunciation spelling",
"pronunciation spelling"
],
[
"don't",
"don't#English"
],
[
"do",
"do#English"
],
[
"not",
"not#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, informal) Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not."
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"informal",
"nonstandard",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
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{
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{
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_text": "Likely from the color of fish so prepared.",
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{
"form": "duns",
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"singular",
"third-person"
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},
{
"form": "dunning",
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},
{
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{
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"ref": "1832, James Thacher, History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC, page 317",
"text": "Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-dun-en-verb-iUK-rOTA",
"links": [
[
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[
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[
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],
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{
"etymology_number": 8,
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],
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{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 10 13 5 4 5 4 2 8 2 6 3 3 13 3 5",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
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"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Vertebrates",
"Sciences",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Human",
"Chordates"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
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{
"word": "dun dun dun"
}
],
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{
"ref": "2009, Carrie Tucker, I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media",
"text": "How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Lisa Dombrowski, The Films of Samuel Fuller: If You Die, I’ll Kill You, page 113",
"text": "Dun, dun! Dun, dun! As the music continues, the long shot of Griff's walk is broken down into repeating tight shots of his face, his legs, and his shifting point of view of Brockie.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Helen Russell, Leap Year: How small steps can make a giant difference",
"text": "'DUN DUN DUN DUN-DUN-DUN-DUN! DUN DUN DUN DUNDUN-DUN-DUN... PRESSURE!' By 2.05 a.m. I am Very Awake Indeed and the catastrophising continues.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020, Spencer Hamilton, The Fear: A Pandemic Horror Novel",
"text": "Whenever that iconic riff in the score cued up—Dun dun ... dun dun ... dun dun dun dun dun-dun-dun-dun ... —Jack's heart would race, and she'd feel the fear on her skin.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
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],
"id": "en-dun-en-intj-4i3R5fCc"
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],
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{
"etymology_number": 9,
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"tags": [
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}
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "Himalayan valley",
"word": "dhoon"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-dun-en-noun-Bew4pMpW",
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"word": "dun comma"
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{
"word": "dun dun"
}
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"alternative"
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}
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"ipa": "/dʌn/"
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"ipa": "/dʊn/",
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"rhymes": "-ʌn"
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"homophone": "Donn"
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"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
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{
"homophone": "Dunne"
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"word": "dun"
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{
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"English adjectives",
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
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"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Brythonic languages",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncountable nouns",
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"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
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{
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{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
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"name": "cog"
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{
"args": {
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},
{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)",
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},
{
"args": {
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},
{
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"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "dosan",
"t": "chestnut brown"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dun, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).\nAlternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.",
"forms": [
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"tags": [
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}
],
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"pos": "noun",
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],
"glosses": [
"A brownish grey colour."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "claybank"
}
],
"tags": [
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"usually"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
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{
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],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sivo-kafjav",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "сиво-кафяв"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "šedohnědá barva"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "vaalbruin"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "grijs-bruin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "harmaanruskea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "brun grisâtre"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "monacrispro-q̇viteli peri",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი ფერი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Graubraun"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kastanófaio",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "καστανόφαιο"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "szürkésbarna"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "ordas"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grámórautt"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "turangga"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "donn"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bigio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigiastro"
},
{
"alt": "こげちゃいろ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kogechairo",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "焦げ茶色"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gråbrunt"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "brunèl"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "dize",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "دیزه"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"alt": "цвет",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serováto-koríčnevyj",
"sense": "colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "серова́то-кори́чневый"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "sivosmeđ"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "gråbrunt"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "colour",
"word": "kula"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
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"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "uncertain",
"word": "donkey"
},
{
"word": "dun-bar"
},
{
"word": "dun crow"
},
{
"word": "dun diver"
},
{
"word": "dunnock"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dunne"
},
"expansion": "dunne",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dunn",
"4": "",
"5": "dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black"
},
"expansion": "Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dusnaz",
"4": "",
"5": "brown, yellow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to smoke, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dun",
"3": "",
"4": "brown, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "tusin",
"3": "",
"4": "ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark"
},
"expansion": "Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dunna",
"3": "",
"4": "female mallard; duck"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dwnn",
"t": "dark (red)"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dusnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dusnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "donn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish donn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰews-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "dosan",
"t": "chestnut brown"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dun, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).\nAlternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "dun (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "bawn"
},
{
"word": "durmast oak"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, v1.0, Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Terminal One (Legendary)",
"text": "Where is the nobility in these streets paved with greasy carbon and dun ash?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a brownish grey colour."
],
"links": [
[
"brownish",
"brownish"
],
[
"grey",
"grey"
],
[
"colour",
"colour#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sivo-kafjav",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "сиво-кафяв"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "šedohnědý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"english": "horse",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "plavý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "grijsbruin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "harmaanruskea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "brun gris"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "monacrispro-q̇viteli",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "graubraun"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "of horses",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "falb"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "fakó"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "ordas"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "turangga"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "riabhach"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grigio brunastro"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kula",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "قولا"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "płowy"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serováto-koríčnevyj",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "серова́то-кори́чневый"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "odhar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "pardo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "gråbrun"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "of a brownish grey colour",
"word": "boz"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
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},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "din"
},
"expansion": "din",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1889 [1712], John Arbuthnot, The History of John Bull, London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC, page 71",
"text": "Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York, published 2007, page 102",
"text": "‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding."
],
"links": [
[
"debt",
"debt"
],
[
"insistent",
"insistent"
],
[
"demanding",
"demanding"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1842, A.B.G., “Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate, volume 13, →OCLC, page 251",
"text": "Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An urgent request or demand of payment."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a collector of debts",
"word": "perijä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a collector of debts",
"word": "velkoja"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dun letter"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
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},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
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},
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"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1768, Jonathan Swift, The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse, page 309",
"text": "And hath she sent so soon to dun?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "Folio Society 1973, p. 577",
"text": "Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To ask or beset a debtor for payment."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To ask or beset a debtor for payment."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin, published 2010, page 107",
"text": "Rich bitches who had to be dunned for their milk bills would pay him right now.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
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"tags": [
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],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "upomínat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "urgovat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "vymáhat zaplacení"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "afpersen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "periä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "velkoa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "karhuta"
},
{
"alt": "しゃっきんのさいそく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shakkin no saisoku",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "借金の催促"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to ask for payment",
"word": "cobrar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"word": "tivata"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"word": "perätä"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "przymawiać się"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to harass by continually repeating a request",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "przymówić się"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; likely from the color.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1966, John Harris, An Angler's Entomology, New York: Barnes, →OCLC, page 16",
"text": "Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago."
],
"links": [
[
"mayfly",
"mayfly"
],
[
"subimago",
"subimago"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Fishing"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1676, Charles Cotton, The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream, London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March, page 59",
"text": "We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago."
],
"links": [
[
"fishing",
"fishing#Noun"
],
[
"fly",
"fly#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, fishing) A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"fishing",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
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],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "subimago"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "immature mayfly",
"word": "esiaikuinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "immature mayfly",
"word": "subimago"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Irish",
"English terms borrowed from Scottish Gaelic",
"English terms derived from Irish",
"English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"English terms derived from Scottish Gaelic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ga",
"3": "dún"
},
"expansion": "Irish dún",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gd",
"3": "dùn"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic dùn",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "fortress"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fortress”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "dinas",
"t": "city"
},
"expansion": "Welsh dinas (“city”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "town"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of town",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Irish dún or Scottish Gaelic dùn, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fortress”). Cognate with Welsh dinas (“city”). Doublet of town.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1858, Henry MacLauchlan, Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854, London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC, page 9",
"text": "Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An ancient or medieval fortification; especially a hill-fort in Scotland or Ireland."
],
"links": [
[
"hill-fort",
"hill-fort"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:fort"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Archaeology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, T.J. Clarkson, The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings, Edinburgh: Birlinn",
"text": "Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch."
],
"links": [
[
"archaeology",
"archaeology"
],
[
"roundhouse",
"roundhouse"
],
[
"broch",
"broch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaeology) A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch."
],
"topics": [
"archaeology",
"history",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "doon"
},
{
"word": "dún"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)",
"dun"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "do"
},
"expansion": "do",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See do.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "dun",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "past participle of do",
"word": "done"
}
],
"categories": [
"English eye dialect",
"English informal terms",
"English nonstandard terms",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Now, ya dun it!"
},
{
"ref": "1895 May 20, S.L.N. Foote, “Correspondence”, in International Journal of Medicine and Surgery, volume 8, retrieved 2016-10-13, page 194",
"text": "...a wise old lady exclaimed, \"Why Mrs. M. warn't you orful skeerd wunst when you seed a dog fight? [...] an that ere big yaller dog bit orf your baby's hand that minit; in cors he dun it, so now that settles it.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001 April 1, Robert Frost, Poems by Robert Frost: A Boy's Will and North of Boston, Penguin, →OCLC",
"text": "“Oh, Because I want their dollar.\nI don't want Anything they've not got. I never dun.\nI'm there, and they can pay me if they like.\nI go nowhere on purpose: I happen by.\nSorry there is no cup to give you a drink.[…]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do"
],
"links": [
[
"done",
"done#English"
],
[
"do",
"do#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, informal) Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"informal",
"nonstandard",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "contraction of do + not",
"word": "don't"
}
],
"categories": [
"English contractions",
"English informal terms",
"English nonstandard terms",
"English pronunciation spellings",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1901, Gilbert Parker, The Right of Way, New York and London: Harper, →OCLC",
"text": "Fwhere's he come from, I dun'no'. French or English, I dun'no'. But a gintleman born, I know.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not."
],
"links": [
[
"Pronunciation spelling",
"pronunciation spelling"
],
[
"don't",
"don't#English"
],
[
"do",
"do#English"
],
[
"not",
"not#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, informal) Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not."
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"informal",
"nonstandard",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
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"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_text": "Likely from the color of fish so prepared.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dunned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dated terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1832, James Thacher, History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC, page 317",
"text": "Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cure, as codfish, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with saltgrass or a similar substance."
],
"links": [
[
"cure",
"cure"
],
[
"codfish",
"codfish"
],
[
"salt",
"salt"
],
[
"saltgrass",
"saltgrass"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, dated) To cure, as codfish, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with saltgrass or a similar substance."
],
"tags": [
"dated",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English countable nouns",
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"English nouns",
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"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
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"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 7,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dune"
},
"expansion": "dune",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See dune.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A mound or small hill."
],
"links": [
[
"mound",
"mound"
],
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
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"tags": [
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],
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}
],
"wikipedia": [
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],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
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"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dun dun dun"
}
],
"etymology_number": 8,
"etymology_text": "Imitative.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun",
"name": "en-interj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2009, Carrie Tucker, I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media",
"text": "How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Lisa Dombrowski, The Films of Samuel Fuller: If You Die, I’ll Kill You, page 113",
"text": "Dun, dun! Dun, dun! As the music continues, the long shot of Griff's walk is broken down into repeating tight shots of his face, his legs, and his shifting point of view of Brockie.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Helen Russell, Leap Year: How small steps can make a giant difference",
"text": "'DUN DUN DUN DUN-DUN-DUN-DUN! DUN DUN DUN DUNDUN-DUN-DUN... PRESSURE!' By 2.05 a.m. I am Very Awake Indeed and the catastrophising continues.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020, Spencer Hamilton, The Fear: A Pandemic Horror Novel",
"text": "Whenever that iconic riff in the score cued up—Dun dun ... dun dun ... dun dun dun dun dun-dun-dun-dun ... —Jack's heart would race, and she'd feel the fear on her skin.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Imitating a deep bass note, such as that found in suspenseful music."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn",
"Rhymes:English/ʌn/1 syllable",
"en:Browns",
"en:Greys",
"en:Horse colors",
"en:Mayflies"
],
"etymology_number": 9,
"forms": [
{
"form": "duns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun (plural duns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "dun comma"
},
{
"word": "dun dun"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "Himalayan valley",
"word": "dhoon"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of dhoon (“Himalayan valley”)"
],
"links": [
[
"dhoon",
"dhoon#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dʌn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dʊn/",
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌn"
},
{
"homophone": "done"
},
{
"homophone": "Donn"
},
{
"homophone": "Donne"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunn"
},
{
"homophone": "Dunne"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-dun.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-dun.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dun (disambiguation)"
],
"word": "dun"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-01 using wiktextract (fc4f0c7 and c937495). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.