See dour in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for dour meaning in English (17.8kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dourly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dourness"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dour"
},
"expansion": "Scots dour",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "dūrus",
"4": "",
"5": "hard, stern"
},
"expansion": "Latin dūrus (“hard, stern”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mga",
"3": "dúr"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish dúr",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "dur"
},
"expansion": "French dur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "dur"
},
"expansion": "Catalan dur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "duro"
},
"expansion": "Italian duro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "duro"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese duro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "dur"
},
"expansion": "Romanian dur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "duro"
},
"expansion": "Spanish duro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dure"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of dure",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Scots dour, possibly from Latin dūrus (“hard, stern”), via Middle Irish dúr.\nCompare French dur, Catalan dur, Italian duro, Portuguese duro, Romanian dur, Spanish duro. Doublet of dure.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dourer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "more dour",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "dourest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "most dour",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er",
"2": "more"
},
"expansion": "dour (comparative dourer or more dour, superlative dourest or most dour)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "59 36 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 27 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "54 33 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 27 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 30 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 24 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "69 24 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "54 33 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 29 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 29 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "58 32 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 27 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 28 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 27 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 27 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 23 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 32 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 32 36",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "en:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1961 October, “Editorial: The importance of the \"Roadrailer\"”, in Trains Illustrated, page 577",
"text": "The principal reason is that, in competition with modern road vehicles running over motorways, B.R. has a dour struggle to match the performance of its rivals cost-wise.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2017, chapter 6, in Elizabeth Manton, transl., Utopia for Realists, Kindle edition, Bloomsbury Publishing, translation of Gratis geld voor iedereen by Rutger Bregman, page 149",
"text": "I was reminded of the dour priests and salesmen of the nineteenth century who believed that the plebs wouldn’t be able to handle getting the vote, or a decent wage, or, least of all, leisure, and who backed the seventy-hour workweek as an efficacious instrument in the fight against liquor.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022, Gary Gerstle, chapter 4, in The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order […], New York: Oxford University Press, Part II. The Neoliberal Order, 1970–2020",
"text": "Hayek had contributed the foreword, in which he declared that “he got so fascinated” by the book—high praise from the dour Viennese sage—that he read it from start to finish in one sitting.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Stern, harsh and forbidding."
],
"id": "en-dour-en-adj-X8R-bEPa",
"links": [
[
"Stern",
"stern"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"forbidding",
"forbidding"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "forbidding"
},
{
"word": "harsh"
},
{
"word": "severe"
},
{
"word": "stern"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "strog",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "строг"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "surov",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "суров"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "přísný"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "afschrikwekkend"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "aǔstera"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "severa"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "tyly"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "sévère"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "austère"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rigoriste"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rigoureux"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "severo"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rigoroso"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rigorista"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "mürrisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rau"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "verdrießlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "griesgrämig"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "unwirsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "abweisend"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "austero"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "arcigno"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rigoroso"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "taimaha"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "srogi"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rígido"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "strógij",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "стро́гий"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "suróvyj",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "суро́вый"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "austero"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rigorista"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "riguroso"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "suvoryj",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "суворий"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 3 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "strohyj",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "строгий"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 32 36",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "en:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unyielding and obstinate."
],
"id": "en-dour-en-adj-xOJ9LSNP",
"links": [
[
"Unyielding",
"unyielding"
],
[
"obstinate",
"obstinate"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stubborn"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "zarputilý"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "onverbiddelijk"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "tyly"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "rigide"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "inflexible"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "obstiné"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "entêté"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "têtu"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "unnachgiebig"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "halsstarrig"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "starrköpfig"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "störrisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "rigido"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "indeflessibile"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "inflessibile"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ostinato"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nepreklónnyj",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "непрекло́нный"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "rígido"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "inflexible"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "obstinado"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "terco"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "despiadado"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 32 36",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "en:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expressing gloom or melancholy."
],
"id": "en-dour-en-adj-aERl~QG7",
"links": [
[
"gloom",
"gloom"
],
[
"melancholy",
"melancholy"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dejected"
},
{
"word": "gloomy"
},
{
"word": "melancholic"
},
{
"word": "sullen"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "mračen",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "мрачен"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "namusen",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "намусен"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "depriment"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "zasmušilý"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "stuurs"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "tyly"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "morose"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "taciturne"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "mélancolique"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "lugubre"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "lúgubre"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "düster"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "dumpf"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "trist"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tetro"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "triste"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lugubre"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "cupo"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "tukumaru"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "pōkēkē"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "whakarikiriki"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "ponury"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mráčnyj",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "мра́чный"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "lúgubre"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "taciturno"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "melancólico"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "ponuryj",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "понурий"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 96",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "poxmuryj",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "похмурий"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdʊə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdaʊə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdʊɹ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdaʊɚ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdaʊ.ɚ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdur/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊə(ɹ)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʊə(ɹ)"
},
{
"homophone": "Daur"
},
{
"homophone": "doer"
},
{
"homophone": "door"
},
{
"homophone": "dower (depending on speaker) The traditional Scottish pronunciation of this originally Scottish word is doer."
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-dour.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dour.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dour.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dour.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dour.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "dour"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English terms borrowed from Scots",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle Irish",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:English/aʊə(ɹ)",
"Rhymes:English/aʊə(ɹ)/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/ʊə(ɹ)",
"Rhymes:English/ʊə(ɹ)/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"en:Emotions"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dourly"
},
{
"word": "dourness"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dour"
},
"expansion": "Scots dour",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "dūrus",
"4": "",
"5": "hard, stern"
},
"expansion": "Latin dūrus (“hard, stern”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mga",
"3": "dúr"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish dúr",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "dur"
},
"expansion": "French dur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "dur"
},
"expansion": "Catalan dur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "duro"
},
"expansion": "Italian duro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "duro"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese duro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "dur"
},
"expansion": "Romanian dur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "duro"
},
"expansion": "Spanish duro",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dure"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of dure",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Scots dour, possibly from Latin dūrus (“hard, stern”), via Middle Irish dúr.\nCompare French dur, Catalan dur, Italian duro, Portuguese duro, Romanian dur, Spanish duro. Doublet of dure.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dourer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "more dour",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "dourest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "most dour",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er",
"2": "more"
},
"expansion": "dour (comparative dourer or more dour, superlative dourest or most dour)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1961 October, “Editorial: The importance of the \"Roadrailer\"”, in Trains Illustrated, page 577",
"text": "The principal reason is that, in competition with modern road vehicles running over motorways, B.R. has a dour struggle to match the performance of its rivals cost-wise.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2017, chapter 6, in Elizabeth Manton, transl., Utopia for Realists, Kindle edition, Bloomsbury Publishing, translation of Gratis geld voor iedereen by Rutger Bregman, page 149",
"text": "I was reminded of the dour priests and salesmen of the nineteenth century who believed that the plebs wouldn’t be able to handle getting the vote, or a decent wage, or, least of all, leisure, and who backed the seventy-hour workweek as an efficacious instrument in the fight against liquor.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022, Gary Gerstle, chapter 4, in The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order […], New York: Oxford University Press, Part II. The Neoliberal Order, 1970–2020",
"text": "Hayek had contributed the foreword, in which he declared that “he got so fascinated” by the book—high praise from the dour Viennese sage—that he read it from start to finish in one sitting.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Stern, harsh and forbidding."
],
"links": [
[
"Stern",
"stern"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"forbidding",
"forbidding"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "forbidding"
},
{
"word": "harsh"
},
{
"word": "severe"
},
{
"word": "stern"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Unyielding and obstinate."
],
"links": [
[
"Unyielding",
"unyielding"
],
[
"obstinate",
"obstinate"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stubborn"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expressing gloom or melancholy."
],
"links": [
[
"gloom",
"gloom"
],
[
"melancholy",
"melancholy"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dejected"
},
{
"word": "gloomy"
},
{
"word": "melancholic"
},
{
"word": "sullen"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdʊə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdaʊə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdʊɹ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdaʊɚ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdaʊ.ɚ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdur/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊə(ɹ)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʊə(ɹ)"
},
{
"homophone": "Daur"
},
{
"homophone": "doer"
},
{
"homophone": "door"
},
{
"homophone": "dower (depending on speaker) The traditional Scottish pronunciation of this originally Scottish word is doer."
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-dour.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dour.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dour.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dour.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dour.wav.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "strog",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "строг"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "surov",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "суров"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "přísný"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "afschrikwekkend"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "aǔstera"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "severa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "tyly"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "sévère"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "austère"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rigoriste"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rigoureux"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "severo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rigoroso"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rigorista"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "mürrisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rau"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "verdrießlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "griesgrämig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "unwirsch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "abweisend"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "austero"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "arcigno"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rigoroso"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "taimaha"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "srogi"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rígido"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "strógij",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "стро́гий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "suróvyj",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "суро́вый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "austero"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "rigorista"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"word": "riguroso"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "suvoryj",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "суворий"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "strohyj",
"sense": "stern, harsh and forbidding",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "строгий"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "zarputilý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "onverbiddelijk"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "tyly"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "rigide"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "inflexible"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "obstiné"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "entêté"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "têtu"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "unnachgiebig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "halsstarrig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "starrköpfig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "störrisch"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "rigido"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "indeflessibile"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "inflessibile"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ostinato"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nepreklónnyj",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "непрекло́нный"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "rígido"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "inflexible"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "obstinado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "terco"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "unyielding and obstinate",
"word": "despiadado"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "mračen",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "мрачен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "namusen",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "намусен"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "depriment"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "zasmušilý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "stuurs"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "tyly"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "morose"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "taciturne"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "mélancolique"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "lugubre"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "lúgubre"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "düster"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "dumpf"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "trist"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tetro"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "triste"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lugubre"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "cupo"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "tukumaru"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "pōkēkē"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "whakarikiriki"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "ponury"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mráčnyj",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "мра́чный"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "lúgubre"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "taciturno"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"word": "melancólico"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "ponuryj",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "понурий"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "poxmuryj",
"sense": "expressing gloom or melancholy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "похмурий"
}
],
"word": "dour"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (1b9bfc5 and 0136956). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.