"under-" meaning in All languages combined

See under- on Wiktionary

Prefix [English]

Etymology: From Middle English under-, from Old English under-, from Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”) and *n̥tér (“inside”). For more, see under. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|under-}} Middle English under-, {{inh|en|ang|under-}} Old English under-, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*under}} Proto-Germanic *under, {{inh|en|ine-pro|*n̥dʰér|t=lower}} Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”), {{m|ine-pro|*n̥tér|t=inside}} *n̥tér (“inside”), {{m|en|under}} under Head templates: {{head|en|prefix|head=|sort=}} under-, {{en-prefix}} under-
  1. Beneath, under Tags: morpheme Synonyms (under): hypo-, sub-, infra-
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-cWo7ydMq Disambiguation of 'under': 67 0 16 16 0
  2. (metaphor) To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-zWGNwtQC
  3. Less than, beneath in quantity Tags: morpheme Synonyms (forming a transitive verb): en- Synonyms (less than): hypo-, olig-, meio-
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-cDgrjb64 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with language name categories using raw markup, English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 28 3 36 21 13 Disambiguation of English entries with language name categories using raw markup: 25 4 41 20 10 Disambiguation of English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 25 5 33 25 12 Disambiguation of 'forming a transitive verb': 30 5 45 8 12 Disambiguation of 'less than': 4 3 87 4 2
  4. Deficient, below what is correct, insufficient Tags: morpheme Synonyms (deficient): hypo-, dys-, mal-
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-tAtAWPnm Disambiguation of 'deficient': 3 3 6 84 3
  5. Subordinate to Tags: morpheme Synonyms (subordinate): vice-, sub-
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-xblbBmCB Disambiguation of 'subordinate': 5 4 9 7 75
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Translations (under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently): թեր- (tʻer-) (Armenian), under- (Danish), onder [feminine] (Dutch), sous- (French), unter- (German), υπο- (ypo-) (Greek), ⴰⴷⵓ- (adu-) [masculine] (Moroccan Amazigh), ⵜⴰⴷⵓ- (tadu-) [feminine] (Moroccan Amazigh), ⵉⴷⵓ- (idu-) [masculine, plural] (Moroccan Amazigh), ⵜⵉⴷⵓ- (tidu-) [feminine, plural] (Moroccan Amazigh), under- (Norwegian Bokmål), under- (Norwegian Nynorsk), sub- (Portuguese), под- (pod-) (Russian), недо- (nedo-) (english: insufficient) (Russian), під- (pid-) (Ukrainian), недо- (nedo-) (Ukrainian)
Disambiguation of 'under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently': 27 2 31 39 1

Prefix [Norwegian Bokmål]

Head templates: {{head|nb|prefix}} under-
  1. under- Tags: morpheme Related terms: under
    Sense id: en-under--nb-prefix-13FEGJfF
  2. sub- Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en-under--nb-prefix-TpKaUKvR

Prefix [Norwegian Nynorsk]

Head templates: {{head|nn|prefix}} under-
  1. under- Tags: morpheme Synonyms: poinn- [dialectal] Related terms: under, undervass-
    Sense id: en-under--nn-prefix-13FEGJfF
  2. sub- Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en-under--nn-prefix-TpKaUKvR

Prefix [Old English]

IPA: /ˈun.der/, /ˌun.der/
Etymology: From Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *nter- (“between, among”), akin to Old English under (“under, beneath”), Old High German untar (“between, among”), Latin inter (“between, among”). More at inter-. Etymology templates: {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*under}} Proto-Germanic *under, {{der|ang|ine-pro|*nter-||between, among}} Proto-Indo-European *nter- (“between, among”), {{cog|ang|under||under, beneath}} Old English under (“under, beneath”), {{cog|goh|untar||between, among}} Old High German untar (“between, among”), {{cog|la|inter||between, among}} Latin inter (“between, among”) Head templates: {{head|ang|prefix|head=|sort=}} under-, {{ang-prefix}} under-
  1. between, among Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en-under--ang-prefix-29HWkNKf
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Prefix [Old English]

Etymology: From Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *ndhero- (“lower”), akin to Old English under (“between, among, in the presence of”), Old High German untar (“under”), Latin infra (“below, beneath”). Etymology templates: {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*under}} Proto-Germanic *under, {{der|ang|ine-pro|*ndhero-||lower}} Proto-Indo-European *ndhero- (“lower”), {{cog|ang|under||between, among, in the presence of}} Old English under (“between, among, in the presence of”), {{cog|goh|untar||under}} Old High German untar (“under”), {{cog|la|infra||below, beneath}} Latin infra (“below, beneath”) Head templates: {{head|ang|prefix|head=|sort=}} under-, {{ang-prefix}} under-
  1. beneath Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en-under--ang-prefix-LzymHH6O
  2. subordinate to Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en-under--ang-prefix-iaOhfeNf Categories (other): Old English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Old English entries with incorrect language header: 7 0 93
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Prefix [Swedish]

Head templates: {{head|sv|prefix}} under-
  1. under- Tags: morpheme Related terms: under, undervattens-
    Sense id: en-under--sv-prefix-13FEGJfF
  2. sub- Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en-under--sv-prefix-TpKaUKvR
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Categories (other): Swedish entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Swedish entries with incorrect language header: 0 0

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for under- meaning in All languages combined (12.3kB)

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "over-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "epi-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "sur-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "hyper-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "supra-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "pleo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "telo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "per-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "pur-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “subordinate”",
      "word": "arch-"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "under-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English under-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "under-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English under-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*under"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*n̥dʰér",
        "t": "lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*n̥tér",
        "t": "inside"
      },
      "expansion": "*n̥tér (“inside”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "under"
      },
      "expansion": "under",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English under-, from Old English under-, from Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”) and *n̥tér (“inside”). For more, see under.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "prefix",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "en-prefix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underground, underneath, underpass"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Beneath, under"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-cWo7ydMq",
      "links": [
        [
          "Beneath",
          "beneath"
        ],
        [
          "under",
          "under"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "67 0 16 16 0",
          "sense": "under",
          "word": "hypo-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 0 16 16 0",
          "sense": "under",
          "word": "sub-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 0 16 16 0",
          "sense": "under",
          "word": "infra-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. understand, undergo, underbear, undertake"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-zWGNwtQC",
      "qualifier": "metaphor",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(metaphor) To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "28 3 36 21 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 4 41 20 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 5 33 25 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underadditive, underage, underbound"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Less than, beneath in quantity"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-cDgrjb64",
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "30 5 45 8 12",
          "sense": "forming a transitive verb",
          "word": "en-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 3 87 4 2",
          "sense": "less than",
          "word": "hypo-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 3 87 4 2",
          "sense": "less than",
          "word": "olig-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 3 87 4 2",
          "sense": "less than",
          "word": "meio-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underapply, underbill, underawe"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deficient, below what is correct, insufficient"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-tAtAWPnm",
      "links": [
        [
          "Deficient",
          "deficient"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 6 84 3",
          "sense": "deficient",
          "word": "hypo-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 6 84 3",
          "sense": "deficient",
          "word": "dys-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 6 84 3",
          "sense": "deficient",
          "word": "mal-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. undersecretary, underling, underclass"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Subordinate to"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-xblbBmCB",
      "links": [
        [
          "Subordinate",
          "subordinate"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "5 4 9 7 75",
          "sense": "subordinate",
          "word": "vice-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "5 4 9 7 75",
          "sense": "subordinate",
          "word": "sub-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "tʻer-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "թեր-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "onder"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sous-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "unter-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "ypo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "υπο-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "adu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ⴰⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "tadu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "idu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "ⵉⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "tidu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "ⵜⵉⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sub-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "pod-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "под-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "ru",
      "english": "insufficient",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "nedo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "недо-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "pid-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "під-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "27 2 31 39 1",
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "nedo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "недо-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nb",
        "2": "prefix"
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
  "lang_code": "nb",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "under-"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--nb-prefix-13FEGJfF",
      "links": [
        [
          "under-",
          "under-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "word": "under"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sub-"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--nb-prefix-TpKaUKvR",
      "links": [
        [
          "sub-",
          "sub-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "prefix"
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
  "lang_code": "nn",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "under-"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--nn-prefix-13FEGJfF",
      "links": [
        [
          "under-",
          "under-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "word": "under"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "word": "undervass-"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "tags": [
            "dialectal"
          ],
          "word": "poinn-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sub-"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--nn-prefix-TpKaUKvR",
      "links": [
        [
          "sub-",
          "sub-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*under"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*nter-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "between, among"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *nter- (“between, among”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "under",
        "3": "",
        "4": "under, beneath"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English under (“under, beneath”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "untar",
        "3": "",
        "4": "between, among"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German untar (“between, among”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "inter",
        "3": "",
        "4": "between, among"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin inter (“between, among”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *nter- (“between, among”), akin to Old English under (“under, beneath”), Old High German untar (“between, among”), Latin inter (“between, among”). More at inter-.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "prefix",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "ang-prefix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to understand (originally 'to stand between', 'be near to both sides')",
          "text": "understandan",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to intercept",
          "text": "underscēotan",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "between, among"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--ang-prefix-29HWkNKf",
      "links": [
        [
          "between",
          "between"
        ],
        [
          "among",
          "among"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈun.der/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌun.der/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*under"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ndhero-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ndhero- (“lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "under",
        "3": "",
        "4": "between, among, in the presence of"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English under (“between, among, in the presence of”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "untar",
        "3": "",
        "4": "under"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German untar (“under”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "infra",
        "3": "",
        "4": "below, beneath"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin infra (“below, beneath”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *ndhero- (“lower”), akin to Old English under (“between, among, in the presence of”), Old High German untar (“under”), Latin infra (“below, beneath”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "prefix",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "ang-prefix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "beneath"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--ang-prefix-LzymHH6O",
      "links": [
        [
          "beneath",
          "beneath"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 0 93",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "underling, subordinate",
          "text": "underling",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "subordinate to"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--ang-prefix-iaOhfeNf",
      "links": [
        [
          "subordinate",
          "subordinate"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "_dis": "0 0",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
      "parents": [
        "Entries with incorrect language header",
        "Entry maintenance"
      ],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "prefix"
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Swedish",
  "lang_code": "sv",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "under-"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--sv-prefix-13FEGJfF",
      "links": [
        [
          "under-",
          "under-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "word": "under"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "word": "undervattens-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sub-"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--sv-prefix-TpKaUKvR",
      "links": [
        [
          "sub-",
          "sub-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}
{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "over-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "epi-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "sur-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "hyper-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "supra-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "pleo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "telo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "per-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "pur-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “subordinate”",
      "word": "arch-"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English prefixes",
    "English productive prefixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "under-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English under-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "under-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English under-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*under"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*n̥dʰér",
        "t": "lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*n̥tér",
        "t": "inside"
      },
      "expansion": "*n̥tér (“inside”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "under"
      },
      "expansion": "under",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English under-, from Old English under-, from Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”) and *n̥tér (“inside”). For more, see under.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "prefix",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "en-prefix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underground, underneath, underpass"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Beneath, under"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Beneath",
          "beneath"
        ],
        [
          "under",
          "under"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. understand, undergo, underbear, undertake"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path"
      ],
      "qualifier": "metaphor",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(metaphor) To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underadditive, underage, underbound"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Less than, beneath in quantity"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underapply, underbill, underawe"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deficient, below what is correct, insufficient"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Deficient",
          "deficient"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. undersecretary, underling, underclass"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Subordinate to"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Subordinate",
          "subordinate"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "under",
      "word": "hypo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "under",
      "word": "sub-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "under",
      "word": "infra-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "forming a transitive verb",
      "word": "en-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "less than",
      "word": "hypo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "less than",
      "word": "olig-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "less than",
      "word": "meio-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "deficient",
      "word": "hypo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "deficient",
      "word": "dys-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "deficient",
      "word": "mal-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "subordinate",
      "word": "vice-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "subordinate",
      "word": "sub-"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "tʻer-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "թեր-"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "onder"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sous-"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "unter-"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "ypo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "υπο-"
    },
    {
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "adu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ⴰⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "tadu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "idu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "ⵉⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "tidu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "ⵜⵉⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sub-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "pod-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "под-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "english": "insufficient",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "nedo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "недо-"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "pid-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "під-"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "nedo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "недо-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nb",
        "2": "prefix"
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
  "lang_code": "nb",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "under"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "under-"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "under-",
          "under-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sub-"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sub-",
          "sub-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "prefix"
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
  "lang_code": "nn",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "under"
    },
    {
      "word": "undervass-"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "under-"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "under-",
          "under-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sub-"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sub-",
          "sub-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "poinn-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English prefixes",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*under"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*nter-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "between, among"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *nter- (“between, among”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "under",
        "3": "",
        "4": "under, beneath"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English under (“under, beneath”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "untar",
        "3": "",
        "4": "between, among"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German untar (“between, among”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "inter",
        "3": "",
        "4": "between, among"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin inter (“between, among”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *nter- (“between, among”), akin to Old English under (“under, beneath”), Old High German untar (“between, among”), Latin inter (“between, among”). More at inter-.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "prefix",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "ang-prefix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to understand (originally 'to stand between', 'be near to both sides')",
          "text": "understandan",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to intercept",
          "text": "underscēotan",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "between, among"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "between",
          "between"
        ],
        [
          "among",
          "among"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈun.der/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌun.der/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English prefixes",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*under"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ndhero-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ndhero- (“lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "under",
        "3": "",
        "4": "between, among, in the presence of"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English under (“between, among, in the presence of”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "untar",
        "3": "",
        "4": "under"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German untar (“under”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "infra",
        "3": "",
        "4": "below, beneath"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin infra (“below, beneath”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *ndhero- (“lower”), akin to Old English under (“between, among, in the presence of”), Old High German untar (“under”), Latin infra (“below, beneath”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "prefix",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "ang-prefix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "beneath"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "beneath",
          "beneath"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "underling, subordinate",
          "text": "underling",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "subordinate to"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "subordinate",
          "subordinate"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Swedish lemmas",
    "Swedish prefixes"
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "prefix"
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Swedish",
  "lang_code": "sv",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "under"
    },
    {
      "word": "undervattens-"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "under-"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "under-",
          "under-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sub-"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sub-",
          "sub-#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.