"under-" meaning in English

See under- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Prefix

Etymology: From Middle English under-, from Old English under-, from Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”) and *n̥tér (“inside”). For more, see under. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|under-}} Middle English under-, {{inh|en|ang|under-}} Old English under-, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*under}} Proto-Germanic *under, {{inh|en|ine-pro|*n̥dʰér|t=lower}} Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”) Head templates: {{head|en|prefix|head=|sort=}} under-, {{en-prefix}} under-
  1. Beneath, under Tags: morpheme Synonyms (under): hypo-, sub-, infra-
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-cWo7ydMq Categories (other): Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 5 entries, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 48 3 32 14 3 Disambiguation of Pages with 5 entries: 31 2 37 24 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 42 3 33 16 6 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 33 4 37 20 5 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 39 3 34 19 5 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 35 5 37 18 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 36 4 32 23 5 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 31 4 33 23 9 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 40 3 36 18 3 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 35 3 41 18 4 Disambiguation of 'under': 67 0 16 16 0
  2. (figurative) To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path Tags: figuratively, morpheme
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-zWGNwtQC
  3. Less than, beneath in quantity Tags: morpheme Synonyms (forming a transitive verb): en- Synonyms (less than): hypo-, olig-, meio-
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-cDgrjb64 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 5 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Moroccan Amazigh translations, Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations, Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 31 3 40 23 3 Disambiguation of Pages with 5 entries: 31 2 37 24 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 28 1 44 21 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 26 5 35 25 10 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 33 4 37 20 5 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 39 3 34 19 5 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 35 5 37 18 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 36 4 32 23 5 Disambiguation of Terms with Moroccan Amazigh translations: 26 5 34 25 10 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations: 28 6 37 19 10 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations: 28 2 49 18 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 31 4 33 23 9 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 40 3 36 18 3 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 35 3 41 18 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 28 5 38 19 9 Disambiguation of 'forming a transitive verb': 20 13 30 14 22 Disambiguation of 'less than': 4 3 87 3 2
  4. Deficient, below what is correct, insufficient Tags: morpheme Synonyms (deficient): hypo-, dys-, mal-
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-tAtAWPnm Categories (other): Pages with 5 entries, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations Disambiguation of Pages with 5 entries: 31 2 37 24 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 33 4 37 20 5 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 39 3 34 19 5 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 35 5 37 18 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 36 4 32 23 5 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 31 4 33 23 9 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 40 3 36 18 3 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 35 3 41 18 4 Disambiguation of 'deficient': 3 3 6 85 3
  5. Subordinate to Tags: morpheme Synonyms (subordinate): vice-, sub-
    Sense id: en-under--en-prefix-xblbBmCB Disambiguation of 'subordinate': 5 3 9 7 76
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Translations (under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently): թեր- (tʻer-) (Armenian), under- (Danish), onder [feminine] (Dutch), sous- (French), unter- (German), υπο- (ypo-) (Greek), ⴰⴷⵓ- (adu-) [masculine] (Moroccan Amazigh), ⵜⴰⴷⵓ- (tadu-) [feminine] (Moroccan Amazigh), ⵉⴷⵓ- (idu-) [masculine, plural] (Moroccan Amazigh), ⵜⵉⴷⵓ- (tidu-) [feminine, plural] (Moroccan Amazigh), under- (Norwegian Bokmål), under- (Norwegian Nynorsk), sub- (Portuguese), под- (pod-) (Russian), недо- (nedo-) (english: insufficient) (Russian), sub- (Spanish), infra- (Spanish), so- (Spanish), sota- (Spanish), soto- (Spanish), під- (pid-) (Ukrainian), недо- (nedo-) (Ukrainian)
Disambiguation of 'under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently': 25 2 36 36 1
{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "over-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "epi-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "sur-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "hyper-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "supra-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "pleo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "telo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "per-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "pur-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “subordinate”",
      "word": "arch-"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "under-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English under-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "under-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English under-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*under"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*n̥dʰér",
        "t": "lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English under-, from Old English under-, from Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”) and *n̥tér (“inside”). For more, see under.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "prefix",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "en-prefix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "48 3 32 14 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 2 37 24 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 3 33 16 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Danish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 4 37 20 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "39 3 34 19 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with French translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 5 37 18 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with German translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 4 32 23 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Greek translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 4 33 23 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "40 3 36 18 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 3 41 18 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underground, underneath, underpass"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Beneath, under"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-cWo7ydMq",
      "links": [
        [
          "Beneath",
          "beneath"
        ],
        [
          "under",
          "under"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "67 0 16 16 0",
          "sense": "under",
          "word": "hypo-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 0 16 16 0",
          "sense": "under",
          "word": "sub-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 0 16 16 0",
          "sense": "under",
          "word": "infra-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. understand, undergo, underbear, undertake"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-zWGNwtQC",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figurative) To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 3 40 23 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 2 37 24 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 1 44 21 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 5 35 25 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 4 37 20 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "39 3 34 19 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with French translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 5 37 18 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with German translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 4 32 23 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Greek translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 5 34 25 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Moroccan Amazigh translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 6 37 19 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 2 49 18 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 4 33 23 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "40 3 36 18 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 3 41 18 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 5 38 19 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underadditive, underage, underbound"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Less than, beneath in quantity"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-cDgrjb64",
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "20 13 30 14 22",
          "sense": "forming a transitive verb",
          "word": "en-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 3 87 3 2",
          "sense": "less than",
          "word": "hypo-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 3 87 3 2",
          "sense": "less than",
          "word": "olig-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 3 87 3 2",
          "sense": "less than",
          "word": "meio-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 2 37 24 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 4 37 20 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "39 3 34 19 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with French translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 5 37 18 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with German translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 4 32 23 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Greek translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 4 33 23 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "40 3 36 18 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 3 41 18 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underapply, underbill, underawe"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deficient, below what is correct, insufficient"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-tAtAWPnm",
      "links": [
        [
          "Deficient",
          "deficient"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 6 85 3",
          "sense": "deficient",
          "word": "hypo-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 6 85 3",
          "sense": "deficient",
          "word": "dys-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 6 85 3",
          "sense": "deficient",
          "word": "mal-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. undersecretary, underling, underclass"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Subordinate to"
      ],
      "id": "en-under--en-prefix-xblbBmCB",
      "links": [
        [
          "Subordinate",
          "subordinate"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "5 3 9 7 76",
          "sense": "subordinate",
          "word": "vice-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "5 3 9 7 76",
          "sense": "subordinate",
          "word": "sub-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "tʻer-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "թեր-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "onder"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sous-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "unter-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "ypo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "υπο-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "adu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ⴰⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "tadu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "idu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "ⵉⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "tidu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "ⵜⵉⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sub-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "pod-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "под-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "ru",
      "english": "insufficient",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "nedo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "недо-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sub-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "infra-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "so-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sota-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "soto-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "pid-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "під-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 2 36 36 1",
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "nedo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "недо-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}
{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "over-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "epi-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “under”",
      "word": "sur-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "hyper-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "supra-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “less than”",
      "word": "pleo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "telo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "per-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “deficient”",
      "word": "pur-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “subordinate”",
      "word": "arch-"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English prefixes",
    "English productive prefixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 5 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Terms with Armenian translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Moroccan Amazigh translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "under-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English under-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "under-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English under-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*under"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*n̥dʰér",
        "t": "lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English under-, from Old English under-, from Proto-Germanic *under, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“lower”) and *n̥tér (“inside”). For more, see under.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "prefix",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "under-",
      "name": "en-prefix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "prefix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underground, underneath, underpass"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Beneath, under"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Beneath",
          "beneath"
        ],
        [
          "under",
          "under"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. understand, undergo, underbear, undertake"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figurative) To go from one side to the other; to progress along a path"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underadditive, underage, underbound"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Less than, beneath in quantity"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. underapply, underbill, underawe"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deficient, below what is correct, insufficient"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Deficient",
          "deficient"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "e.g. undersecretary, underling, underclass"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Subordinate to"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Subordinate",
          "subordinate"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "under",
      "word": "hypo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "under",
      "word": "sub-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "under",
      "word": "infra-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "forming a transitive verb",
      "word": "en-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "less than",
      "word": "hypo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "less than",
      "word": "olig-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "less than",
      "word": "meio-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "deficient",
      "word": "hypo-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "deficient",
      "word": "dys-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "deficient",
      "word": "mal-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "subordinate",
      "word": "vice-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "subordinate",
      "word": "sub-"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "tʻer-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "թեր-"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "onder"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sous-"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "unter-"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "ypo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "υπο-"
    },
    {
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "adu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ⴰⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "tadu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "idu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "ⵉⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "zgh",
      "lang": "Moroccan Amazigh",
      "roman": "tidu-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "ⵜⵉⴷⵓ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "under-"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sub-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "pod-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "под-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "english": "insufficient",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "nedo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "недо-"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sub-"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "infra-"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "so-"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "sota-"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "soto-"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "pid-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "під-"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "nedo-",
      "sense": "under (in any sense): insufficient, insufficiently",
      "word": "недо-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "under-"
}

Download raw JSONL data for under- meaning in English (6.9kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.