See retrograde on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for retrograde meaning in All languages combined (50.1kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "anterograde"
},
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde amnesia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde ejaculation"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde inversion"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogradely"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde motion"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogradeness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde neurotransmitter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde perfusion"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "retrograde",
"t": "of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate"
},
"expansion": "retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrō",
"t": "back, backwards; behind; before, formerly"
},
"expansion": "retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gradus",
"t": "pace, step"
},
"expansion": "gradus (“pace, step”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "Retrō"
},
"expansion": "Retrō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "re-",
"pos": "prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’"
},
"expansion": "re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*-trō"
},
"expansion": "*-trō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "intrō",
"t": "to enter, go into"
},
"expansion": "intrō (“to enter, go into”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "gradus"
},
"expansion": "gradus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). Retrō is derived from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’) + *-trō (probably from intrō (“to enter, go into”)); gradus is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”).\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more retrograde",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most retrograde",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "posigrade"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogradation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Directed or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel; retreating."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-pNLe7hzG",
"links": [
[
"Directed",
"direct#Verb"
],
[
"moving",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"normal",
"normal"
],
[
"previous",
"previous"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"travel",
"travel#Noun"
],
[
"retreating",
"retreating#Adjective"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "60 1 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 6 2 1 6",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 1 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 6 2 1 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "upadající"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 1 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 6 2 1 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "zpátečnický"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 1 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 6 2 1 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrogradinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 1 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 6 2 1 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 1 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 6 2 1 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrograd"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 1 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 6 2 1 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográdnyj",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "ретрогра́дный"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 1 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 6 2 1 6",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "bakåtsträvande"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-ODKKXxib",
"links": [
[
"Reverting",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"declining",
"declining#Adjective"
],
[
"regressing",
"regressing#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Zoology",
"orig": "en:Zoology",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.",
"Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-N5jyQkLF",
"links": [
[
"Reverting",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"declining",
"declining#Adjective"
],
[
"regressing",
"regressing#Adjective"
],
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"appear",
"appear"
],
[
"regress",
"regress#Verb"
],
[
"form",
"form#Noun"
],
[
"lifetime",
"lifetime"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.",
"(zoology) Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-OUl6IfqB",
"links": [
[
"order",
"order#Noun"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#Adjective"
],
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Music",
"orig": "en:Music",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Sound",
"Culture",
"Energy",
"Society",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.",
"Having a passage of music played backwards."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-uAj1CtM9",
"links": [
[
"order",
"order#Noun"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#Adjective"
],
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
],
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"Having",
"have#Verb"
],
[
"passage",
"passage"
],
[
"played",
"play#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.",
"(music) Having a passage of music played backwards."
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "6 2 2 1 67 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 8",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "having a passage of music played backwards",
"word": "retrògrad"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "liberal"
},
{
"word": "progressist"
},
{
"word": "reformist"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 8 3 3 7 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 9 3 2 3 2 1 1 10 2 1 0 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 10 2 3 6 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 8 2 2 4 2 2 2 9 2 1 1 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 2 2 6 2 3 6 5 2 6 3 2 3 3 7 3 2 4 3 4 4 8 3 3 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with retro-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 10 2 3 7 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 9 2 2 3 2 2 2 10 2 1 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "retrograde ideas, morals, etc.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of ideas or a person: opposing social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; conservative."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-nqPMWJxs",
"links": [
[
"idea",
"idea"
],
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"opposing",
"oppose"
],
[
"social",
"social#Adjective"
],
[
"reform",
"reform#Noun"
],
[
"favouring",
"favour#Verb"
],
[
"maintenance",
"maintenance"
],
[
"status quo",
"status quo"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reactionary"
},
{
"word": "traditionalist"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-Z7YSrlWS",
"links": [
[
"Involving",
"involve"
],
[
"return",
"return#Noun"
],
[
"retracing",
"retracing#Noun"
],
[
"course",
"course#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic)",
"Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-KzhE0jUL",
"links": [
[
"Counterproductive",
"counterproductive"
],
[
"desired",
"desired#Adjective"
],
[
"outcome",
"outcome"
],
[
"contradictory",
"contradictory"
],
[
"contrary",
"contrary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic)",
"Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 2 7 2 61 6 6 1 4 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "counterproductive to a desired outcome",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "direct"
},
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astronomy",
"orig": "en:Astronomy",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Space",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body's spin."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-NGsMgA7N",
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"celestial body",
"celestial body"
],
[
"orbiting",
"orbit#Verb"
],
[
"spin",
"spin#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(astronomy)",
"Of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body's spin."
],
"topics": [
"astronomy",
"natural-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 48 27 1 2 3",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 48 27 1 2 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxíng",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "逆行"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 48 27 1 2 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrográdní"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 48 27 1 2 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "zpětný"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 48 27 1 2 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrogradinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 48 27 1 2 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 48 27 1 2 3",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "aphairetikós",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "ἀφαιρετικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 48 27 1 2 3",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâzgašti",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "بازگشتی"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with collocations",
"parents": [
"Terms with collocations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astrology",
"orig": "en:Astrology",
"parents": [
"Divination",
"Pseudoscience",
"Occult",
"Sciences",
"Forteana",
"Religion",
"All topics",
"Culture",
"Fundamental",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astronomy",
"orig": "en:Astronomy",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Space",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Mercury retrograde",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2018 March 22, Wilder Davies, “Mercury Is Entering Retrograde Again. This Is Why So Many People Care”, in Time",
"text": "The inauspicious connotations of Mercury retrograde are actually quite old, evidenced in an ancient branch of astrology known as horary astrology.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-~BiD3dto",
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"seem",
"seem"
],
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(astronomy)",
"(also astrology, often postpositive) Of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"often",
"postpositional"
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"astronomy",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"natural-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 2 6 1 3 26 49 2 2 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "retrograden",
"sense": "of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement",
"word": "ретрограден"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "en:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-tImtr7fF",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"metamorphic",
"metamorphic"
],
[
"change",
"change#Noun"
],
[
"resulting",
"result#Verb"
],
[
"decrease",
"decrease#Noun"
],
[
"pressure",
"pressure#Noun"
],
[
"temperature",
"temperature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 79 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature",
"word": "retrográdní"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "en:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-vNMEKawx",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"amnesia",
"amnesia"
],
[
"relating",
"relate"
],
[
"period",
"period#Noun"
],
[
"leading up",
"lead up"
],
[
"episode",
"episode"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Poetry",
"orig": "en:Poetry",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Literature",
"Culture",
"Entertainment",
"Writing",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Communication",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of verse: reading the same forwards or backwards; palindromic."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-iAhjdsir",
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"verse",
"verse#Noun"
],
[
"reading",
"read#Verb"
],
[
"same",
"same"
],
[
"forwards",
"forwards"
],
[
"palindromic",
"palindromic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry, archaic) Of verse: reading the same forwards or backwards; palindromic."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 36 37 1 2 5 1 2 4 4 1 3 3",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "reverting to an inferior or less developed state — see also declining, regressing",
"word": "retrògrad"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "retrograde",
"t": "of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate"
},
"expansion": "retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrō",
"t": "back, backwards; behind; before, formerly"
},
"expansion": "retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gradus",
"t": "pace, step"
},
"expansion": "gradus (“pace, step”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "Retrō"
},
"expansion": "Retrō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "re-",
"pos": "prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’"
},
"expansion": "re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*-trō"
},
"expansion": "*-trō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "intrō",
"t": "to enter, go into"
},
"expansion": "intrō (“to enter, go into”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "gradus"
},
"expansion": "gradus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). Retrō is derived from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’) + *-trō (probably from intrō (“to enter, go into”)); gradus is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”).\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more retrograde",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most retrograde",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"In a reverse direction; backwards."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adv-6Ay17Pma",
"links": [
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "retrogradely"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "retrograde",
"t": "of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate"
},
"expansion": "retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrō",
"t": "back, backwards; behind; before, formerly"
},
"expansion": "retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gradus",
"t": "pace, step"
},
"expansion": "gradus (“pace, step”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "Retrō"
},
"expansion": "Retrō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "re-",
"pos": "prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’"
},
"expansion": "re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*-trō"
},
"expansion": "*-trō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "intrō",
"t": "to enter, go into"
},
"expansion": "intrō (“to enter, go into”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "gradus"
},
"expansion": "gradus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). Retrō is derived from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’) + *-trō (probably from intrō (“to enter, go into”)); gradus is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”).\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "retrogrades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (plural retrogrades)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-vti9ll2E",
"links": [
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"intended",
"intended#Adjective"
],
[
"normal",
"normal#Adjective"
],
[
"motion",
"motion#Noun"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astrology",
"orig": "en:Astrology",
"parents": [
"Divination",
"Pseudoscience",
"Occult",
"Sciences",
"Forteana",
"Religion",
"All topics",
"Culture",
"Fundamental",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.",
"The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-L0l7kkwi",
"links": [
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"intended",
"intended#Adjective"
],
[
"normal",
"normal#Adjective"
],
[
"motion",
"motion#Noun"
],
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"apparent",
"apparent"
],
[
"planet",
"planet"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.",
"(astrology) The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 8 3 3 7 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 9 3 2 3 2 1 1 10 2 1 0 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 10 2 3 6 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 8 2 2 4 2 2 2 9 2 1 1 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 2 2 6 2 3 6 5 2 6 3 2 3 3 7 3 2 4 3 4 4 8 3 3 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with retro-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 10 2 3 7 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 9 2 2 3 2 2 2 10 2 1 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; a conservative."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-E9yWwdXM",
"links": [
[
"opposes",
"oppose"
],
[
"social",
"social#Adjective"
],
[
"reform",
"reform#Noun"
],
[
"favouring",
"favour#Verb"
],
[
"maintenance",
"maintenance"
],
[
"status quo",
"status quo"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"US",
"informal"
],
"word": "mossback"
},
{
"word": "mossyback"
},
{
"word": "reactionary"
},
{
"word": "traditionalist"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 3 84 9 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "reakcioner",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "реакционер"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 84 9 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 84 9 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográd",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ретрогра́д"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 84 9 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográdka",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ретрогра́дка"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-1y1Pprty",
"links": [
[
"renege",
"renege"
],
[
"agreement",
"agreement"
],
[
"switches",
"switch#Verb"
],
[
"loyalties",
"loyalty"
],
[
"rebel",
"rebel#Noun"
],
[
"renegade",
"renegade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Music",
"orig": "en:Music",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Sound",
"Culture",
"Energy",
"Society",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-eAucLET~",
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"reversal",
"reversal"
],
[
"melody",
"melody"
],
[
"played",
"play#Verb"
],
[
"first",
"first"
],
[
"original",
"original#Adjective"
],
[
"last",
"last#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first."
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 4 17 6 68",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxíng",
"sense": "reversal of a melody",
"word": "逆行"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "retrograded"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograder",
"t": "to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograder"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograder",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradī"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrōgradior",
"t": "to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion"
},
"expansion": "retrōgradior (“to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrogradare"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrogradare",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrogradari"
},
"expansion": "retrogradari",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrogredere"
},
"expansion": "retrogredere",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrō",
"t": "back, backwards; behind; before, formerly"
},
"expansion": "retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gradior",
"t": "to step, walk; to advance, go"
},
"expansion": "gradior (“to step, walk; to advance, go”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”) (modern French rétrograder), and from its etymon Latin retrōgradī, the present active infinitive of retrōgradior (“to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion”) (compare Late Latin retrogradare, retrogradari, retrogredere), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradior (“to step, walk; to advance, go”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "retrogrades",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograding",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograded",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograded",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (third-person singular simple present retrogrades, present participle retrograding, simple past and past participle retrograded)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogress"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogression"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogressive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geography",
"orig": "en:Geography",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-KlnA5Kj4",
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
],
[
"cause",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"land",
"land#Noun"
],
[
"feature",
"feature#Noun"
],
[
"coastline",
"coastline"
],
[
"waterfall",
"waterfall"
],
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"retrogradation",
"retrogradation"
],
[
"travel",
"travel#Verb"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"upstream",
"upstream"
],
[
"erosion",
"erosion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(geography) To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "en:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-oWzOCX1z",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"change",
"change#Noun"
],
[
"minerals",
"mineral#Noun"
],
[
"rocks",
"rock#Noun"
],
[
"metamorphically",
"metamorphically"
],
[
"decrease",
"decrease#Noun"
],
[
"pressure",
"pressure#Noun"
],
[
"temperature",
"temperature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(geology) To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-CaO0OCMr",
"links": [
[
"revert",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(obsolete) To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-H7p2bcZM",
"links": [
[
"decline",
"decline#Adjective"
],
[
"regress",
"regress#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astrology",
"orig": "en:Astrology",
"parents": [
"Divination",
"Pseudoscience",
"Occult",
"Sciences",
"Forteana",
"Religion",
"All topics",
"Culture",
"Fundamental",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astronomy",
"orig": "en:Astronomy",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Space",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 8 3 3 7 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 9 3 2 3 2 1 1 10 2 1 0 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 10 2 3 6 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 8 2 2 4 2 2 2 9 2 1 1 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 2 2 6 2 3 6 5 2 6 3 2 3 3 7 3 2 4 3 4 4 8 3 3 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with retro-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 10 2 3 7 7 2 5 6 3 2 2 9 2 2 3 2 2 2 10 2 1 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-oXJU~N6F",
"links": [
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"celestial body",
"celestial body"
],
[
"planet",
"planet"
],
[
"show",
"show#Verb"
],
[
"seem",
"seem"
],
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(astrology, astronomy) Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"astronomy",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"natural-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 4 1 2 77 3 0 0 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of a celestial body: to show retrogradation",
"word": "retrogradare"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geography",
"orig": "en:Geography",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-uXa7ZzFH",
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(geography) Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "en:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To retreat or withdraw from a position."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-xpAzI~pR",
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"retreat",
"retreat#Verb"
],
[
"withdraw",
"withdraw"
],
[
"position",
"position#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(military) To retreat or withdraw from a position."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 2 4 4 6 1 69 10 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(military) to retreat or withdraw from a position",
"word": "vetäytyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 4 4 6 1 69 10 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâzgaštan",
"sense": "(military) to retreat or withdraw from a position",
"word": "بازگشتن"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1845, Joseph C. Neal, “The Moral of Goslyne Greene, who was Born to a Fortune”, in The Gift: A Christmas, New Year, and Birthday Present, Philadelphia, Pa.: Carey and Hart, →OCLC, page 68",
"text": "A dabble in the stocks does not always turn out profitably; cotton is sometimes heavy on our hands, and real estate will sulkily retrograde, when, by the calculation, it ought to have advanced.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To move backwards; to recede."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-KGeTI5ao",
"links": [
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"recede",
"recede"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(obsolete)",
"To move backwards; to recede."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Of the telling of an incident, etc.: to move to an earlier time."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-jOwp7tz4",
"links": [
[
"telling",
"telling#Noun"
],
[
"incident",
"incident#Noun"
],
[
"earlier",
"early"
],
[
"time",
"time#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(obsolete)",
"Of the telling of an incident, etc.: to move to an earlier time."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n## strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular\n## strong nominative/accusative plural\n## weak nominative all-gender singular\n## weak accusative feminine/neuter singular",
"strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-de-adj-BEpSEUL5",
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n## strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular\n## strong nominative/accusative plural\n## weak nominative all-gender singular\n## weak accusative feminine/neuter singular",
"strong nominative/accusative plural"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-de-adj-fYyl-pcS",
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 21 37 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n## strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular\n## strong nominative/accusative plural\n## weak nominative all-gender singular\n## weak accusative feminine/neuter singular",
"weak nominative all-gender singular"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-de-adj-VuArL9WA",
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n## strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular\n## strong nominative/accusative plural\n## weak nominative all-gender singular\n## weak accusative feminine/neuter singular",
"weak accusative feminine/neuter singular"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-de-adj-irVsj8mV",
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "De-retrograde.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/De-retrograde.ogg/De-retrograde.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/De-retrograde.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 3 1 2 6 2 2 4 5 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 6 2 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 9 6 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogrado"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine plural of retrogrado"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-it-adj-97BF9rS0",
"links": [
[
"retrogrado",
"retrogrado#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧gra‧de"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogradar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"first/third-person singular present subjunctive"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-es-verb-DuPDsXj6",
"links": [
[
"retrogradar",
"retrogradar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogradar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-es-verb-VGKlHaBc",
"links": [
[
"retrogradar",
"retrogradar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/retɾoˈɡɾade/"
},
{
"ipa": "[re.t̪ɾoˈɣ̞ɾa.ð̞e]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ade"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "anterograde"
},
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰredʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms prefixed with retro-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English verbs",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "retrograde amnesia"
},
{
"word": "retrograde ejaculation"
},
{
"word": "retrograde inversion"
},
{
"word": "retrogradely"
},
{
"word": "retrograde motion"
},
{
"word": "retrogradeness"
},
{
"word": "retrograde neurotransmitter"
},
{
"word": "retrograde perfusion"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "retrograde",
"t": "of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate"
},
"expansion": "retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrō",
"t": "back, backwards; behind; before, formerly"
},
"expansion": "retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gradus",
"t": "pace, step"
},
"expansion": "gradus (“pace, step”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "Retrō"
},
"expansion": "Retrō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "re-",
"pos": "prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’"
},
"expansion": "re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*-trō"
},
"expansion": "*-trō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "intrō",
"t": "to enter, go into"
},
"expansion": "intrō (“to enter, go into”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "gradus"
},
"expansion": "gradus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). Retrō is derived from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’) + *-trō (probably from intrō (“to enter, go into”)); gradus is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”).\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more retrograde",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most retrograde",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "posigrade"
},
{
"word": "retrogradation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Directed or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel; retreating."
],
"links": [
[
"Directed",
"direct#Verb"
],
[
"moving",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"normal",
"normal"
],
[
"previous",
"previous"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"travel",
"travel#Noun"
],
[
"retreating",
"retreating#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing."
],
"links": [
[
"Reverting",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"declining",
"declining#Adjective"
],
[
"regressing",
"regressing#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Zoology"
],
"glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.",
"Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime."
],
"links": [
[
"Reverting",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"declining",
"declining#Adjective"
],
[
"regressing",
"regressing#Adjective"
],
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"appear",
"appear"
],
[
"regress",
"regress#Verb"
],
[
"form",
"form#Noun"
],
[
"lifetime",
"lifetime"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.",
"(zoology) Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse."
],
"links": [
[
"order",
"order#Noun"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#Adjective"
],
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Music"
],
"glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.",
"Having a passage of music played backwards."
],
"links": [
[
"order",
"order#Noun"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#Adjective"
],
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
],
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"Having",
"have#Verb"
],
[
"passage",
"passage"
],
[
"played",
"play#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.",
"(music) Having a passage of music played backwards."
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "liberal"
},
{
"word": "progressist"
},
{
"word": "reformist"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "retrograde ideas, morals, etc.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of ideas or a person: opposing social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; conservative."
],
"links": [
[
"idea",
"idea"
],
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"opposing",
"oppose"
],
[
"social",
"social#Adjective"
],
[
"reform",
"reform#Noun"
],
[
"favouring",
"favour#Verb"
],
[
"maintenance",
"maintenance"
],
[
"status quo",
"status quo"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reactionary"
},
{
"word": "traditionalist"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel."
],
"links": [
[
"Involving",
"involve"
],
[
"return",
"return#Noun"
],
[
"retracing",
"retracing#Noun"
],
[
"course",
"course#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic)",
"Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary."
],
"links": [
[
"Counterproductive",
"counterproductive"
],
[
"desired",
"desired#Adjective"
],
[
"outcome",
"outcome"
],
[
"contradictory",
"contradictory"
],
[
"contrary",
"contrary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic)",
"Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "direct"
},
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
"en:Astronomy"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body's spin."
],
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"celestial body",
"celestial body"
],
[
"orbiting",
"orbit#Verb"
],
[
"spin",
"spin#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(astronomy)",
"Of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body's spin."
],
"topics": [
"astronomy",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with collocations",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Astrology",
"en:Astronomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Mercury retrograde",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2018 March 22, Wilder Davies, “Mercury Is Entering Retrograde Again. This Is Why So Many People Care”, in Time",
"text": "The inauspicious connotations of Mercury retrograde are actually quite old, evidenced in an ancient branch of astrology known as horary astrology.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"seem",
"seem"
],
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(astronomy)",
"(also astrology, often postpositive) Of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"often",
"postpositional"
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"astronomy",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"natural-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
"en:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"metamorphic",
"metamorphic"
],
[
"change",
"change#Noun"
],
[
"resulting",
"result#Verb"
],
[
"decrease",
"decrease#Noun"
],
[
"pressure",
"pressure#Noun"
],
[
"temperature",
"temperature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"amnesia",
"amnesia"
],
[
"relating",
"relate"
],
[
"period",
"period#Noun"
],
[
"leading up",
"lead up"
],
[
"episode",
"episode"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"en:Poetry"
],
"glosses": [
"Of verse: reading the same forwards or backwards; palindromic."
],
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"verse",
"verse#Noun"
],
[
"reading",
"read#Verb"
],
[
"same",
"same"
],
[
"forwards",
"forwards"
],
[
"palindromic",
"palindromic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry, archaic) Of verse: reading the same forwards or backwards; palindromic."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "upadající"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "zpátečnický"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrogradinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrograd"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográdnyj",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "ретрогра́дный"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "bakåtsträvande"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "reverting to an inferior or less developed state — see also declining, regressing",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "having a passage of music played backwards",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "counterproductive to a desired outcome",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrograde"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxíng",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "逆行"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrográdní"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "zpětný"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrogradinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "aphairetikós",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "ἀφαιρετικός"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâzgašti",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "بازگشتی"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "retrograden",
"sense": "of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement",
"word": "ретрограден"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature",
"word": "retrográdní"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰredʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms prefixed with retro-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English verbs",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "retrograde",
"t": "of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate"
},
"expansion": "retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrō",
"t": "back, backwards; behind; before, formerly"
},
"expansion": "retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gradus",
"t": "pace, step"
},
"expansion": "gradus (“pace, step”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "Retrō"
},
"expansion": "Retrō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "re-",
"pos": "prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’"
},
"expansion": "re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*-trō"
},
"expansion": "*-trō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "intrō",
"t": "to enter, go into"
},
"expansion": "intrō (“to enter, go into”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "gradus"
},
"expansion": "gradus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). Retrō is derived from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’) + *-trō (probably from intrō (“to enter, go into”)); gradus is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”).\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more retrograde",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most retrograde",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"In a reverse direction; backwards."
],
"links": [
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "retrogradely"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰredʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms prefixed with retro-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English verbs",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "retrograde",
"t": "of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate"
},
"expansion": "retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrō",
"t": "back, backwards; behind; before, formerly"
},
"expansion": "retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gradus",
"t": "pace, step"
},
"expansion": "gradus (“pace, step”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "Retrō"
},
"expansion": "Retrō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "re-",
"pos": "prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’"
},
"expansion": "re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*-trō"
},
"expansion": "*-trō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "intrō",
"t": "to enter, go into"
},
"expansion": "intrō (“to enter, go into”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "gradus"
},
"expansion": "gradus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). Retrō is derived from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’) + *-trō (probably from intrō (“to enter, go into”)); gradus is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”).\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "retrogrades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (plural retrogrades)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion."
],
"links": [
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"intended",
"intended#Adjective"
],
[
"normal",
"normal#Adjective"
],
[
"motion",
"motion#Noun"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Astrology"
],
"glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.",
"The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"links": [
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"intended",
"intended#Adjective"
],
[
"normal",
"normal#Adjective"
],
[
"motion",
"motion#Noun"
],
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"apparent",
"apparent"
],
[
"planet",
"planet"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.",
"(astrology) The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"One who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; a conservative."
],
"links": [
[
"opposes",
"oppose"
],
[
"social",
"social#Adjective"
],
[
"reform",
"reform#Noun"
],
[
"favouring",
"favour#Verb"
],
[
"maintenance",
"maintenance"
],
[
"status quo",
"status quo"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"US",
"informal"
],
"word": "mossback"
},
{
"word": "mossyback"
},
{
"word": "reactionary"
},
{
"word": "traditionalist"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade."
],
"links": [
[
"renege",
"renege"
],
[
"agreement",
"agreement"
],
[
"switches",
"switch#Verb"
],
[
"loyalties",
"loyalty"
],
[
"rebel",
"rebel#Noun"
],
[
"renegade",
"renegade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Music"
],
"glosses": [
"The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first."
],
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"reversal",
"reversal"
],
[
"melody",
"melody"
],
[
"played",
"play#Verb"
],
[
"first",
"first"
],
[
"original",
"original#Adjective"
],
[
"last",
"last#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first."
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "reakcioner",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "реакционер"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográd",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ретрогра́д"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográdka",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ретрогра́дка"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxíng",
"sense": "reversal of a melody",
"word": "逆行"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms prefixed with retro-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English verbs",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "retrograded"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograder",
"t": "to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograder"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograder",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradī"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrōgradior",
"t": "to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion"
},
"expansion": "retrōgradior (“to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrogradare"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrogradare",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrogradari"
},
"expansion": "retrogradari",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrogredere"
},
"expansion": "retrogredere",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "retrō",
"t": "back, backwards; behind; before, formerly"
},
"expansion": "retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gradior",
"t": "to step, walk; to advance, go"
},
"expansion": "gradior (“to step, walk; to advance, go”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”) (modern French rétrograder), and from its etymon Latin retrōgradī, the present active infinitive of retrōgradior (“to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion”) (compare Late Latin retrogradare, retrogradari, retrogredere), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradior (“to step, walk; to advance, go”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "retrogrades",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograding",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograded",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograded",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (third-person singular simple present retrogrades, present participle retrograding, simple past and past participle retrograded)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "retrogress"
},
{
"word": "retrogression"
},
{
"word": "retrogressive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Geography"
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
],
[
"cause",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"land",
"land#Noun"
],
[
"feature",
"feature#Noun"
],
[
"coastline",
"coastline"
],
[
"waterfall",
"waterfall"
],
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"retrogradation",
"retrogradation"
],
[
"travel",
"travel#Verb"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"upstream",
"upstream"
],
[
"erosion",
"erosion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(geography) To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"change",
"change#Noun"
],
[
"minerals",
"mineral#Noun"
],
[
"rocks",
"rock#Noun"
],
[
"metamorphically",
"metamorphically"
],
[
"decrease",
"decrease#Noun"
],
[
"pressure",
"pressure#Noun"
],
[
"temperature",
"temperature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(geology) To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state."
],
"links": [
[
"revert",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(obsolete) To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress."
],
"links": [
[
"decline",
"decline#Adjective"
],
[
"regress",
"regress#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"en:Astrology",
"en:Astronomy"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"links": [
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"celestial body",
"celestial body"
],
[
"planet",
"planet"
],
[
"show",
"show#Verb"
],
[
"seem",
"seem"
],
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(astrology, astronomy) Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"astronomy",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"natural-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"en:Geography"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(geography) Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"en:Military"
],
"glosses": [
"To retreat or withdraw from a position."
],
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"retreat",
"retreat#Verb"
],
[
"withdraw",
"withdraw"
],
[
"position",
"position#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(military) To retreat or withdraw from a position."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1845, Joseph C. Neal, “The Moral of Goslyne Greene, who was Born to a Fortune”, in The Gift: A Christmas, New Year, and Birthday Present, Philadelphia, Pa.: Carey and Hart, →OCLC, page 68",
"text": "A dabble in the stocks does not always turn out profitably; cotton is sometimes heavy on our hands, and real estate will sulkily retrograde, when, by the calculation, it ought to have advanced.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To move backwards; to recede."
],
"links": [
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"recede",
"recede"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(obsolete)",
"To move backwards; to recede."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Of the telling of an incident, etc.: to move to an earlier time."
],
"links": [
[
"telling",
"telling#Noun"
],
[
"incident",
"incident#Noun"
],
[
"earlier",
"early"
],
[
"time",
"time#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(obsolete)",
"Of the telling of an incident, etc.: to move to an earlier time."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of a celestial body: to show retrogradation",
"word": "retrogradare"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(military) to retreat or withdraw from a position",
"word": "vetäytyä"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâzgaštan",
"sense": "(military) to retreat or withdraw from a position",
"word": "بازگشتن"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"German adjective forms",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German non-lemma forms",
"German terms with audio links",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n## strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular\n## strong nominative/accusative plural\n## weak nominative all-gender singular\n## weak accusative feminine/neuter singular",
"strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular"
],
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n## strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular\n## strong nominative/accusative plural\n## weak nominative all-gender singular\n## weak accusative feminine/neuter singular",
"strong nominative/accusative plural"
],
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n## strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular\n## strong nominative/accusative plural\n## weak nominative all-gender singular\n## weak accusative feminine/neuter singular",
"weak nominative all-gender singular"
],
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n## strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular\n## strong nominative/accusative plural\n## weak nominative all-gender singular\n## weak accusative feminine/neuter singular",
"weak accusative feminine/neuter singular"
],
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:\n"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "De-retrograde.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/De-retrograde.ogg/De-retrograde.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/De-retrograde.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian adjective forms",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian non-lemma forms",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogrado"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine plural of retrogrado"
],
"links": [
[
"retrogrado",
"retrogrado#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ade",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ade/4 syllables",
"Spanish 4-syllable words",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧gra‧de"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogradar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"first/third-person singular present subjunctive"
],
"links": [
[
"retrogradar",
"retrogradar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogradar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"retrogradar",
"retrogradar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/retɾoˈɡɾade/"
},
{
"ipa": "[re.t̪ɾoˈɣ̞ɾa.ð̞e]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ade"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.