See retrograde on Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "anterograde"
},
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde amnesia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde ejaculation"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde inversion"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogradely"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde motion"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogradeness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde neurotransmitter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrograde perfusion"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "retro-",
"3": "-grade",
"id2": "direction"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, retro- + -grade",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more retrograde",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most retrograde",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "posigrade"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogradation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Directed or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel; retreating."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-pNLe7hzG",
"links": [
[
"Directed",
"direct#Verb"
],
[
"moving",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"normal",
"normal"
],
[
"previous",
"previous"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"travel",
"travel#Noun"
],
[
"retreating",
"retreating#Adjective"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "63 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 5 5 2 1 6",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 5 5 2 1 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "upadající"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 5 5 2 1 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "zpátečnický"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 5 5 2 1 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrogradinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 5 5 2 1 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 5 5 2 1 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrograd"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 5 5 2 1 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográdnyj",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "ретрогра́дный"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 5 5 2 1 6",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "bakåtsträvande"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-ODKKXxib",
"links": [
[
"Reverting",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"declining",
"declining#Adjective"
],
[
"regressing",
"regressing#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Zoology",
"orig": "en:Zoology",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 8 3 5 7 4 2 7 8 5 8 9 6 3 4 6 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.",
"Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-N5jyQkLF",
"links": [
[
"Reverting",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"declining",
"declining#Adjective"
],
[
"regressing",
"regressing#Adjective"
],
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"appear",
"appear"
],
[
"regress",
"regress#Verb"
],
[
"form",
"form#Noun"
],
[
"lifetime",
"lifetime"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.",
"(zoology) Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-OUl6IfqB",
"links": [
[
"order",
"order#Noun"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#Adjective"
],
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Music",
"orig": "en:Music",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Sound",
"Culture",
"Energy",
"Society",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.",
"Having a passage of music played backwards."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-uAj1CtM9",
"links": [
[
"order",
"order#Noun"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#Adjective"
],
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
],
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"Having",
"have#Verb"
],
[
"passage",
"passage"
],
[
"played",
"play#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.",
"(music) Having a passage of music played backwards."
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 2 3 1 68 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 9",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "having a passage of music played backwards",
"word": "retrògrad"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "liberal"
},
{
"word": "progressist"
},
{
"word": "reformist"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 4 13 4 2 4 5 3 9 9 6 3 4 7 7 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 5 10 4 3 3 5 3 9 10 6 3 4 7 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 8 2 4 13 3 2 4 5 3 8 9 5 3 4 7 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 5 1 3 10 3 1 3 4 2 6 7 4 2 3 6 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 1 1 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "retrograde ideas, morals, etc.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 74:",
"text": "Such retrograde people still exist, resisting modernity, dragging their feet.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1991 December 1, Rudy Grillo, “Who's The Top?”, in Gay Community News, volume 19, number 20, page 8:",
"text": "[…] in the form of the pussyfooted Alexis Smith. While referring to [Cole] Porter's 1946 film (alleged) biography, Night and Day, she mentions there were \"certain aspects of the story which at that time they could not do.\" Was \"certain aspects\" a euphemism for gay? Smith's misplaced politeness here is truly retrograde.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of ideas or a person: opposing social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; conservative."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-nqPMWJxs",
"links": [
[
"idea",
"idea"
],
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"opposing",
"oppose"
],
[
"social",
"social#Adjective"
],
[
"reform",
"reform#Noun"
],
[
"favouring",
"favour#Verb"
],
[
"maintenance",
"maintenance"
],
[
"status quo",
"status quo"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reactionary"
},
{
"word": "traditionalist"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-Z7YSrlWS",
"links": [
[
"Involving",
"involve"
],
[
"return",
"return#Noun"
],
[
"retracing",
"retracing#Noun"
],
[
"course",
"course#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic)",
"Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:",
"text": "In going back to school in Wittenberg, / It is most retrograde to our desire: / And we beseech you, bend you to remain",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-KzhE0jUL",
"links": [
[
"Counterproductive",
"counterproductive"
],
[
"desired",
"desired#Adjective"
],
[
"outcome",
"outcome"
],
[
"contradictory",
"contradictory"
],
[
"contrary",
"contrary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic)",
"Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 2 3 1 80 1 2 1 2 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "counterproductive to a desired outcome",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "direct"
},
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astronomy",
"orig": "en:Astronomy",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Space",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body's spin."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-NGsMgA7N",
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"celestial body",
"celestial body"
],
[
"orbiting",
"orbit#Verb"
],
[
"spin",
"spin#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(astronomy)",
"Of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body's spin."
],
"topics": [
"astronomy",
"natural-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 58 21 1 2 2",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 58 21 1 2 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxíng",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "逆行"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 58 21 1 2 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrográdní"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 58 21 1 2 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "zpětný"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 58 21 1 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrogradinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 58 21 1 2 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 58 21 1 2 2",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "aphairetikós",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "ἀφαιρετικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 58 21 1 2 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâzgašti",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "بازگشتی"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with collocations",
"parents": [
"Terms with collocations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astrology",
"orig": "en:Astrology",
"parents": [
"Divination",
"Obsolete scientific theories",
"Pseudoscience",
"Occult",
"History of science",
"Sciences",
"Forteana",
"Supernatural",
"History",
"All topics",
"Folklore",
"Fundamental",
"Culture",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astronomy",
"orig": "en:Astronomy",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Space",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 8 3 5 7 4 2 7 8 5 8 9 6 3 4 6 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Mercury retrograde",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2018 March 22, Wilder Davies, “Mercury Is Entering Retrograde Again. This Is Why So Many People Care”, in Time:",
"text": "The inauspicious connotations of Mercury retrograde are actually quite old, evidenced in an ancient branch of astrology known as horary astrology.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-~BiD3dto",
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"seem",
"seem"
],
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(astronomy)",
"(also astrology, often postpositive) Of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"often",
"postpositional"
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"astronomy",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"natural-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 20 61 2 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "retrograden",
"sense": "of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement",
"word": "ретрограден"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 20 61 2 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement",
"word": "perääntyvä"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "en:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-tImtr7fF",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"metamorphic",
"metamorphic"
],
[
"change",
"change#Noun"
],
[
"resulting",
"result#Verb"
],
[
"decrease",
"decrease#Noun"
],
[
"pressure",
"pressure#Noun"
],
[
"temperature",
"temperature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 81 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature",
"word": "retrográdní"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "en:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 5 4 4 7 4 3 6 5 4 11 6 4 5 6 7 6 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with retro-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 6 4 4 7 4 3 6 7 5 8 8 6 4 5 9 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 5 10 4 3 3 5 3 9 10 6 3 4 7 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 4 8 5 2 4 5 3 10 11 6 3 3 7 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 2 3 6 3 2 3 3 2 7 8 5 2 2 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 1 1 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 6 7 5 2 4 5 3 12 11 6 4 4 6 6 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 5 6 6 2 4 5 4 11 11 6 3 3 6 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 8 3 5 7 4 2 7 8 5 8 9 6 3 4 6 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 2 5 6 5 1 4 5 3 13 12 7 3 3 6 6 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 4 8 5 2 4 5 3 10 11 6 3 3 7 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-vNMEKawx",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"amnesia",
"amnesia"
],
[
"relating",
"relate"
],
[
"period",
"period#Noun"
],
[
"leading up",
"lead up"
],
[
"episode",
"episode"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Poetry",
"orig": "en:Poetry",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Literature",
"Culture",
"Entertainment",
"Writing",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Communication",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 5 1 4 6 4 1 3 4 3 8 9 4 2 2 6 4 3 4 3 1 1 4 3 1 0 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 6 4 4 7 4 3 6 7 5 8 8 6 4 5 9 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 5 10 4 3 3 5 3 9 10 6 3 4 7 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 4 8 5 2 4 5 3 10 11 6 3 3 7 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 2 3 6 3 2 3 3 2 7 8 5 2 2 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 1 1 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 6 7 5 2 4 5 3 12 11 6 4 4 6 6 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 5 6 6 2 4 5 4 11 11 6 3 3 6 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 4 1 3 4 4 1 3 3 2 8 9 6 2 2 4 4 3 4 4 2 1 4 3 1 1 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 8 3 5 7 4 2 7 8 5 8 9 6 3 4 6 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 2 5 6 5 1 4 5 3 13 12 7 3 3 6 6 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 2 4 8 5 2 4 5 3 10 11 6 3 3 7 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of verse: reading the same forwards or backwards; palindromic."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adj-iAhjdsir",
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"verse",
"verse#Noun"
],
[
"reading",
"read#Verb"
],
[
"same",
"same"
],
[
"forwards",
"forwards"
],
[
"palindromic",
"palindromic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry, archaic) Of verse: reading the same forwards or backwards; palindromic."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 37 38 1 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 5",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "reverting to an inferior or less developed state — see also declining, regressing",
"word": "retrògrad"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "retro-",
"3": "-grade",
"id2": "direction"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, retro- + -grade",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more retrograde",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most retrograde",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 4 1 3 4 3 1 9 8 2 8 7 16 3 7 5 5 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -grade (direction)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a reverse direction; backwards."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-adv-6Ay17Pma",
"links": [
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "retrogradely"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "retro-",
"3": "-grade",
"id2": "direction"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, retro- + -grade",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "retrogrades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (plural retrogrades)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-vti9ll2E",
"links": [
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"intended",
"intended#Adjective"
],
[
"normal",
"normal#Adjective"
],
[
"motion",
"motion#Noun"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astrology",
"orig": "en:Astrology",
"parents": [
"Divination",
"Obsolete scientific theories",
"Pseudoscience",
"Occult",
"History of science",
"Sciences",
"Forteana",
"Supernatural",
"History",
"All topics",
"Folklore",
"Fundamental",
"Culture",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.",
"The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-L0l7kkwi",
"links": [
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"intended",
"intended#Adjective"
],
[
"normal",
"normal#Adjective"
],
[
"motion",
"motion#Noun"
],
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"apparent",
"apparent"
],
[
"planet",
"planet"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.",
"(astrology) The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "13 82 2 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement",
"word": "perääntyminen"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 5 6 4 4 7 4 3 6 7 5 8 8 6 4 5 9 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; a conservative."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-E9yWwdXM",
"links": [
[
"opposes",
"oppose"
],
[
"social",
"social#Adjective"
],
[
"reform",
"reform#Noun"
],
[
"favouring",
"favour#Verb"
],
[
"maintenance",
"maintenance"
],
[
"status quo",
"status quo"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"US",
"informal"
],
"word": "mossback"
},
{
"word": "mossyback"
},
{
"word": "reactionary"
},
{
"word": "traditionalist"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 81 12 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "reakcioner",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "реакционер"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 81 12 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 81 12 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográd",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ретрогра́д"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 81 12 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográdka",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ретрогра́дка"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-1y1Pprty",
"links": [
[
"renege",
"renege"
],
[
"agreement",
"agreement"
],
[
"switches",
"switch#Verb"
],
[
"loyalties",
"loyalty"
],
[
"rebel",
"rebel#Noun"
],
[
"renegade",
"renegade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Music",
"orig": "en:Music",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Sound",
"Culture",
"Energy",
"Society",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-noun-eAucLET~",
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"reversal",
"reversal"
],
[
"melody",
"melody"
],
[
"played",
"play#Verb"
],
[
"first",
"first"
],
[
"original",
"original#Adjective"
],
[
"last",
"last#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first."
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 3 2 2 91",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxíng",
"sense": "reversal of a melody",
"word": "逆行"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "retrograded"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograder",
"t": "to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograder"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograder",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradī"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrogradare"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrogradare",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”) (modern French rétrograder), and from its etymon Latin retrōgradī, the present active infinitive of retrōgradior (“to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion”) (compare Late Latin retrogradare, retrogradari, retrogredere), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradior (“to step, walk; to advance, go”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "retrogrades",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograding",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograded",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograded",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (third-person singular simple present retrogrades, present participle retrograding, simple past and past participle retrograded)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogress"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogression"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "retrogressive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geography",
"orig": "en:Geography",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-KlnA5Kj4",
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
],
[
"cause",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"land",
"land#Noun"
],
[
"feature",
"feature#Noun"
],
[
"coastline",
"coastline"
],
[
"waterfall",
"waterfall"
],
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"retrogradation",
"retrogradation"
],
[
"travel",
"travel#Verb"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"upstream",
"upstream"
],
[
"erosion",
"erosion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(geography) To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "en:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-oWzOCX1z",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"change",
"change#Noun"
],
[
"minerals",
"mineral#Noun"
],
[
"rocks",
"rock#Noun"
],
[
"metamorphically",
"metamorphically"
],
[
"decrease",
"decrease#Noun"
],
[
"pressure",
"pressure#Noun"
],
[
"temperature",
"temperature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(geology) To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-CaO0OCMr",
"links": [
[
"revert",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(obsolete) To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1862 July – 1863 August, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], Romola. […], volume III, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1863, →OCLC, book III, page 260:",
"text": "[…] Monna Brigida, who had retrograded to false hair in Romola's absence, but now drew it off again and declared she would not mind being gray, if her dear child would stay with her.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-H7p2bcZM",
"links": [
[
"decline",
"decline#Adjective"
],
[
"regress",
"regress#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astrology",
"orig": "en:Astrology",
"parents": [
"Divination",
"Obsolete scientific theories",
"Pseudoscience",
"Occult",
"History of science",
"Sciences",
"Forteana",
"Supernatural",
"History",
"All topics",
"Folklore",
"Fundamental",
"Culture",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astronomy",
"orig": "en:Astronomy",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Space",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-oXJU~N6F",
"links": [
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"celestial body",
"celestial body"
],
[
"planet",
"planet"
],
[
"show",
"show#Verb"
],
[
"seem",
"seem"
],
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(astrology, astronomy) Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"astronomy",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"natural-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 3 2 2 80 2 0 0 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a celestial body: to show retrogradation",
"word": "perääntyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 3 2 2 80 2 0 0 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of a celestial body: to show retrogradation",
"word": "retrogradare"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geography",
"orig": "en:Geography",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-uXa7ZzFH",
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(geography) Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "en:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To retreat or withdraw from a position."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-xpAzI~pR",
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"retreat",
"retreat#Verb"
],
[
"withdraw",
"withdraw"
],
[
"position",
"position#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(military) To retreat or withdraw from a position."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 2 4 3 5 1 69 10 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(military) to retreat or withdraw from a position",
"word": "vetäytyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 4 3 5 1 69 10 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâzgaštan",
"sense": "(military) to retreat or withdraw from a position",
"word": "بازگشتن"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1845, Joseph C. Neal, “The Moral of Goslyne Greene, who was Born to a Fortune”, in The Gift: A Christmas, New Year, and Birthday Present, Philadelphia, Pa.: Carey and Hart, →OCLC, page 68:",
"text": "A dabble in the stocks does not always turn out profitably; cotton is sometimes heavy on our hands, and real estate will sulkily retrograde, when, by the calculation, it ought to have advanced.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To move backwards; to recede."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-KGeTI5ao",
"links": [
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"recede",
"recede"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(obsolete)",
"To move backwards; to recede."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 4 5 1 4 6 4 1 3 4 3 8 9 4 2 2 6 4 3 4 3 1 1 4 3 1 0 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 3 3 2 8 8 4 2 2 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 4 3 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 2 3 6 3 2 3 3 2 7 8 5 2 2 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 1 1 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 4 1 3 4 4 1 3 3 2 8 9 6 2 2 4 4 3 4 4 2 1 4 3 1 1 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 4 1 3 4 4 1 2 3 2 9 8 5 2 2 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 4 3 2 1 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of the telling of an incident, etc.: to move to an earlier time."
],
"id": "en-retrograde-en-verb-jOwp7tz4",
"links": [
[
"telling",
"telling#Noun"
],
[
"incident",
"incident#Noun"
],
[
"earlier",
"early"
],
[
"time",
"time#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(obsolete)",
"Of the telling of an incident, etc.: to move to an earlier time."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:",
"strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-de-adj-YI17b8Zn",
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:",
"strong nominative/accusative plural"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-de-adj-6qTEWSmm",
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 15 52 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:",
"weak nominative all-gender singular"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-de-adj-djnLotV1",
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:",
"weak accusative feminine/neuter singular"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-de-adj-h16~HJhD",
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "De-retrograde.ogg",
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],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 6 7 3 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 1 0 3 1 12 11 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogrado"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine plural of retrogrado"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-it-adj-97BF9rS0",
"links": [
[
"retrogrado",
"retrogrado#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧gra‧de"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 6 7 3 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 1 0 3 1 12 11 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 2 2 2 7 8 4 1 1 3 4 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 0 9 0 0 4 0 9 13 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogradar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:",
"first/third-person singular present subjunctive"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-es-verb-kztITSBH",
"links": [
[
"retrogradar",
"retrogradar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogradar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:",
"third-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-retrograde-es-verb-TH3q4Azm",
"links": [
[
"retrogradar",
"retrogradar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/retɾoˈɡɾade/"
},
{
"ipa": "[re.t̪ɾoˈɣ̞ɾa.ð̞e]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ade"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "anterograde"
},
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰredʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms prefixed with retro-",
"English terms suffixed with -grade (direction)",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "retrograde amnesia"
},
{
"word": "retrograde ejaculation"
},
{
"word": "retrograde inversion"
},
{
"word": "retrogradely"
},
{
"word": "retrograde motion"
},
{
"word": "retrogradeness"
},
{
"word": "retrograde neurotransmitter"
},
{
"word": "retrograde perfusion"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "retro-",
"3": "-grade",
"id2": "direction"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, retro- + -grade",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more retrograde",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most retrograde",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "posigrade"
},
{
"word": "retrogradation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Directed or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel; retreating."
],
"links": [
[
"Directed",
"direct#Verb"
],
[
"moving",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"normal",
"normal"
],
[
"previous",
"previous"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"travel",
"travel#Noun"
],
[
"retreating",
"retreating#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing."
],
"links": [
[
"Reverting",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"declining",
"declining#Adjective"
],
[
"regressing",
"regressing#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Zoology"
],
"glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.",
"Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime."
],
"links": [
[
"Reverting",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"declining",
"declining#Adjective"
],
[
"regressing",
"regressing#Adjective"
],
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"appear",
"appear"
],
[
"regress",
"regress#Verb"
],
[
"form",
"form#Noun"
],
[
"lifetime",
"lifetime"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.",
"(zoology) Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse."
],
"links": [
[
"order",
"order#Noun"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#Adjective"
],
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Music"
],
"glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.",
"Having a passage of music played backwards."
],
"links": [
[
"order",
"order#Noun"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#Adjective"
],
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
],
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"Having",
"have#Verb"
],
[
"passage",
"passage"
],
[
"played",
"play#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Of the order of something: inverse, reverse.",
"(music) Having a passage of music played backwards."
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "liberal"
},
{
"word": "progressist"
},
{
"word": "reformist"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "retrograde ideas, morals, etc.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 74:",
"text": "Such retrograde people still exist, resisting modernity, dragging their feet.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1991 December 1, Rudy Grillo, “Who's The Top?”, in Gay Community News, volume 19, number 20, page 8:",
"text": "[…] in the form of the pussyfooted Alexis Smith. While referring to [Cole] Porter's 1946 film (alleged) biography, Night and Day, she mentions there were \"certain aspects of the story which at that time they could not do.\" Was \"certain aspects\" a euphemism for gay? Smith's misplaced politeness here is truly retrograde.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of ideas or a person: opposing social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; conservative."
],
"links": [
[
"idea",
"idea"
],
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"opposing",
"oppose"
],
[
"social",
"social#Adjective"
],
[
"reform",
"reform#Noun"
],
[
"favouring",
"favour#Verb"
],
[
"maintenance",
"maintenance"
],
[
"status quo",
"status quo"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reactionary"
},
{
"word": "traditionalist"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel."
],
"links": [
[
"Involving",
"involve"
],
[
"return",
"return#Noun"
],
[
"retracing",
"retracing#Noun"
],
[
"course",
"course#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic)",
"Involving a return to or a retracing of a previous course of travel."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:",
"text": "In going back to school in Wittenberg, / It is most retrograde to our desire: / And we beseech you, bend you to remain",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary."
],
"links": [
[
"Counterproductive",
"counterproductive"
],
[
"desired",
"desired#Adjective"
],
[
"outcome",
"outcome"
],
[
"contradictory",
"contradictory"
],
[
"contrary",
"contrary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic)",
"Counterproductive to a desired outcome; contradictory, contrary."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "direct"
},
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
"en:Astronomy"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body's spin."
],
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"celestial body",
"celestial body"
],
[
"orbiting",
"orbit#Verb"
],
[
"spin",
"spin#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(astronomy)",
"Of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body's spin."
],
"topics": [
"astronomy",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with collocations",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Astrology",
"en:Astronomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Mercury retrograde",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2018 March 22, Wilder Davies, “Mercury Is Entering Retrograde Again. This Is Why So Many People Care”, in Time:",
"text": "The inauspicious connotations of Mercury retrograde are actually quite old, evidenced in an ancient branch of astrology known as horary astrology.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"seem",
"seem"
],
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(astronomy)",
"(also astrology, often postpositive) Of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"often",
"postpositional"
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"astronomy",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"natural-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "prograde"
}
],
"categories": [
"en:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"metamorphic",
"metamorphic"
],
[
"change",
"change#Noun"
],
[
"resulting",
"result#Verb"
],
[
"decrease",
"decrease#Noun"
],
[
"pressure",
"pressure#Noun"
],
[
"temperature",
"temperature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"amnesia",
"amnesia"
],
[
"relating",
"relate"
],
[
"period",
"period#Noun"
],
[
"leading up",
"lead up"
],
[
"episode",
"episode"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"en:Poetry"
],
"glosses": [
"Of verse: reading the same forwards or backwards; palindromic."
],
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"verse",
"verse#Noun"
],
[
"reading",
"read#Verb"
],
[
"same",
"same"
],
[
"forwards",
"forwards"
],
[
"palindromic",
"palindromic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry, archaic) Of verse: reading the same forwards or backwards; palindromic."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "upadající"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "zpátečnický"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrogradinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "retrograd"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográdnyj",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "ретрогра́дный"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "or moving backwards in relation to the normal or previous direction of travel",
"word": "bakåtsträvande"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "reverting to an inferior or less developed state — see also declining, regressing",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "having a passage of music played backwards",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "counterproductive to a desired outcome",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrograde"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxíng",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "逆行"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrográdní"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "zpětný"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "retrogradinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "aphairetikós",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "ἀφαιρετικός"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâzgašti",
"sense": "of a celestial body orbiting another: in the opposite direction to the orbited body’s spin",
"word": "بازگشتی"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "retrograden",
"sense": "of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement",
"word": "ретрограден"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a celestial body: seeming to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement",
"word": "perääntyvä"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature",
"word": "retrográdní"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰredʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms prefixed with retro-",
"English terms suffixed with -grade (direction)",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "retro-",
"3": "-grade",
"id2": "direction"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, retro- + -grade",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more retrograde",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most retrograde",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"In a reverse direction; backwards."
],
"links": [
[
"reverse",
"reverse#Adjective"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "retrogradely"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰredʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms prefixed with retro-",
"English terms suffixed with -grade (direction)",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "retrograd"
},
"expansion": "Middle English retrograd",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograde"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograde",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "retrograde",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change"
},
"expansion": "Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograde"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograde",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradus",
"t": "of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrōgradus",
"t": "reverse; palindromic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "retro-",
"3": "-grade",
"id2": "direction"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, retro- + -grade",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.\nThe adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "retrogrades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (plural retrogrades)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion."
],
"links": [
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"intended",
"intended#Adjective"
],
[
"normal",
"normal#Adjective"
],
[
"motion",
"motion#Noun"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Astrology"
],
"glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.",
"The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"links": [
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"intended",
"intended#Adjective"
],
[
"normal",
"normal#Adjective"
],
[
"motion",
"motion#Noun"
],
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"apparent",
"apparent"
],
[
"planet",
"planet"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A movement backwards or opposite to the intended or normal motion.",
"(astrology) The apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"One who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo; a conservative."
],
"links": [
[
"opposes",
"oppose"
],
[
"social",
"social#Adjective"
],
[
"reform",
"reform#Noun"
],
[
"favouring",
"favour#Verb"
],
[
"maintenance",
"maintenance"
],
[
"status quo",
"status quo"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"US",
"informal"
],
"word": "mossback"
},
{
"word": "mossyback"
},
{
"word": "reactionary"
},
{
"word": "traditionalist"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade."
],
"links": [
[
"renege",
"renege"
],
[
"agreement",
"agreement"
],
[
"switches",
"switch#Verb"
],
[
"loyalties",
"loyalty"
],
[
"rebel",
"rebel#Noun"
],
[
"renegade",
"renegade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) One who reneges on an agreement, or switches loyalties; a rebel, a renegade."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Music"
],
"glosses": [
"The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first."
],
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"reversal",
"reversal"
],
[
"melody",
"melody"
],
[
"played",
"play#Verb"
],
[
"first",
"first"
],
[
"original",
"original#Adjective"
],
[
"last",
"last#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) The reversal of a melody so that what is played first in the original melody is played last, and what is played last in the original melody is played first."
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "apparent movement of a planet across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement",
"word": "perääntyminen"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "reakcioner",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "реакционер"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rétrograde"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográd",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ретрогра́д"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "retrográdka",
"sense": "one who opposes social reform, favouring the maintenance of the status quo — see also conservative",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ретрогра́дка"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxíng",
"sense": "reversal of a melody",
"word": "逆行"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Persian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "retrograded"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "retrograder",
"t": "to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period"
},
"expansion": "Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rétrograder"
},
"expansion": "French rétrograder",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "retrōgradī"
},
"expansion": "Latin retrōgradī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "retrogradare"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin retrogradare",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰredʰ-",
"t": "to go; to walk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”) (modern French rétrograder), and from its etymon Latin retrōgradī, the present active infinitive of retrōgradior (“to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion”) (compare Late Latin retrogradare, retrogradari, retrogredere), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradior (“to step, walk; to advance, go”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "retrogrades",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograding",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograded",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "retrograded",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "retrograde (third-person singular simple present retrogrades, present participle retrograding, simple past and past participle retrograded)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧grade"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "retrogress"
},
{
"word": "retrogression"
},
{
"word": "retrogressive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Geography"
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
],
[
"cause",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"land",
"land#Noun"
],
[
"feature",
"feature#Noun"
],
[
"coastline",
"coastline"
],
[
"waterfall",
"waterfall"
],
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"retrogradation",
"retrogradation"
],
[
"travel",
"travel#Verb"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"upstream",
"upstream"
],
[
"erosion",
"erosion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(geography) To cause (a land feature such as a coastline or waterfall) to undergo retrogradation, that is, to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"change",
"change#Noun"
],
[
"minerals",
"mineral#Noun"
],
[
"rocks",
"rock#Noun"
],
[
"metamorphically",
"metamorphically"
],
[
"decrease",
"decrease#Noun"
],
[
"pressure",
"pressure#Noun"
],
[
"temperature",
"temperature"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(geology) To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state."
],
"links": [
[
"revert",
"revert#Verb"
],
[
"inferior",
"inferior#Adjective"
],
[
"less",
"less"
],
[
"developed",
"developed#Adjective"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(obsolete) To cause (someone or something) to revert to an inferior or less developed state."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1862 July – 1863 August, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], Romola. […], volume III, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1863, →OCLC, book III, page 260:",
"text": "[…] Monna Brigida, who had retrograded to false hair in Romola's absence, but now drew it off again and declared she would not mind being gray, if her dear child would stay with her.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress."
],
"links": [
[
"decline",
"decline#Adjective"
],
[
"regress",
"regress#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"To revert to an inferior or less developed state; to decline, to regress."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"en:Astrology",
"en:Astronomy"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"links": [
[
"astrology",
"astrology"
],
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"celestial body",
"celestial body"
],
[
"planet",
"planet"
],
[
"show",
"show#Verb"
],
[
"seem",
"seem"
],
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
],
[
"ordinary",
"ordinary"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(astrology, astronomy) Of a celestial body, especially a planet: to show retrogradation; to seem to move across the sky in the opposite direction from its ordinary movement."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"astrology",
"astronomy",
"human-sciences",
"mysticism",
"natural-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"en:Geography"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(geography) Of a land feature: to travel in the direction of the land or upstream due to erosion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"en:Military"
],
"glosses": [
"To retreat or withdraw from a position."
],
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"retreat",
"retreat#Verb"
],
[
"withdraw",
"withdraw"
],
[
"position",
"position#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(military) To retreat or withdraw from a position."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1845, Joseph C. Neal, “The Moral of Goslyne Greene, who was Born to a Fortune”, in The Gift: A Christmas, New Year, and Birthday Present, Philadelphia, Pa.: Carey and Hart, →OCLC, page 68:",
"text": "A dabble in the stocks does not always turn out profitably; cotton is sometimes heavy on our hands, and real estate will sulkily retrograde, when, by the calculation, it ought to have advanced.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To move backwards; to recede."
],
"links": [
[
"move",
"move#Verb"
],
[
"backwards",
"backwards"
],
[
"recede",
"recede"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(obsolete)",
"To move backwards; to recede."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Of the telling of an incident, etc.: to move to an earlier time."
],
"links": [
[
"telling",
"telling#Noun"
],
[
"incident",
"incident#Noun"
],
[
"earlier",
"early"
],
[
"time",
"time#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"(obsolete)",
"Of the telling of an incident, etc.: to move to an earlier time."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-retrograde.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a celestial body: to show retrogradation",
"word": "perääntyä"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of a celestial body: to show retrogradation",
"word": "retrogradare"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(military) to retreat or withdraw from a position",
"word": "vetäytyä"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâzgaštan",
"sense": "(military) to retreat or withdraw from a position",
"word": "بازگشتن"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"German adjective forms",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German non-lemma forms",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:",
"strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular"
],
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:",
"strong nominative/accusative plural"
],
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:",
"weak nominative all-gender singular"
],
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrograd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrograd:",
"weak accusative feminine/neuter singular"
],
"links": [
[
"retrograd",
"retrograd#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "De-retrograde.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/De-retrograde.ogg/De-retrograde.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/De-retrograde.ogg"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian adjective forms",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian non-lemma forms",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogrado"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine plural of retrogrado"
],
"links": [
[
"retrogrado",
"retrogrado#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ade",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ade/4 syllables",
"Spanish 4-syllable words",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "retrograde",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧tro‧gra‧de"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogradar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:",
"first/third-person singular present subjunctive"
],
"links": [
[
"retrogradar",
"retrogradar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "retrogradar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of retrogradar:",
"third-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"retrogradar",
"retrogradar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/retɾoˈɡɾade/"
},
{
"ipa": "[re.t̪ɾoˈɣ̞ɾa.ð̞e]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ade"
}
],
"word": "retrograde"
}
Download raw JSONL data for retrograde meaning in All languages combined (41.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.