See -pa on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cho",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Choctaw",
"lang_code": "cho",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Choctaw entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"this, these"
],
"id": "en--pa-cho-suffix-dxILiGLF",
"links": [
[
"this",
"this"
],
[
"these",
"these"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(demonstrative) this, these"
],
"related": [
{
"english": "that",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"tags": [
"demonstrative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Related to the locative suffix -pan.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nci",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To say once, twice, thrice, etc. they say in the following manner: Once. ceppa. / Twice. oppa. / Thrice. yexpa. / […] / And so on for all the other numbers, lesser and greater, placing at the end this syllable: pa.",
"ref": "1571, Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, f. 120v:",
"text": "¶Para dezir vna vez, foz vezes, tres vezes . &c. dizen deſta manera. / ¶Vnavez. ceppa. / Dosvezes. oppa. / Tres vezes. yexpa. / […] / ¶Y aſsi de todos los otros numeros menores y / mayores, poniendo alcabo eſta ſyllaba,pa.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "ēyi (“three”) → ēxpa (“thrice”)"
},
{
"text": "mācuilli (“five”) → mācuilpa (“five times”)"
},
{
"text": "chicōme (“seven”) → chicōppa (“seven times”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"times; forms adverbial numerals."
],
"id": "en--pa-nci-suffix-gg73adf2",
"links": [
[
"time",
"time"
],
[
"adverbial numerals",
"adverbial number#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-pa]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nci",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Mēxihco (“Mexico, Mexico City”) → Mēxihcopa (“to Mexico, from Mexico”)"
},
{
"text": "cān (“where”) → cāmpa (“where to”)"
},
{
"text": "-huīc (“facing”) → -pahuīc (“in the direction of”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"directions; Signifies direction or movement relative to an object, both from and to depending on directional context or affixes on the verb."
],
"id": "en--pa-nci-suffix-lom8J2uo",
"links": [
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"from",
"from#English"
],
[
"to",
"to#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-pa]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-pas"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-pa",
"id": "clitic",
"pos": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic) (see it for more).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "particle",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-pä",
"5": "linguistic notation",
"6": "-pA",
"cat2": "clitics",
"cat3": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"var": "pä"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "fi-clitic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "enclitic particle"
},
"expansion": "(enclitic particle)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "particle",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-kin"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-kaan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-han"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-ko"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-s"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ooh lots of flowers are there!",
"text": "Tuollapa on paljon kukkia!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "How beautiful you are!",
"text": "Oletpa sinä kaunis!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses that the speaker is surprised at or astonished by something."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-jyULDZqY",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 19 1 3 4 12 8 4 22 2 1 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 17 3 5 5 12 8 4 18 3 2 20 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 17 1 3 4 13 14 3 20 2 1 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Please, clear the plates off the table.",
"text": "Korjaapa lautaset pois pöydästä.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Kindly do these tasks.",
"text": "Teepä nämä tehtävät.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Let's do them then.",
"text": "Tehdäänpä ne sitten.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Give this model a try.",
"text": "Kokeilkaapa tätä mallia.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "(informal usage)\nSitä sanotaan että matematiikka on helppoa, vaan yrittäkääpä ymmärtää sitä itse!\nThey say that maths is easy, yet you try understand it yourself!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"please, kindly (appended to an imperative verb form in order to soften the command or request or turn it into a suggestion, or passive to form an urging hortative)"
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-fi:please",
"links": [
[
"please",
"please"
],
[
"kindly",
"kindly"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:please"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, it's not like there was much that could have been done.",
"text": "Eipä siinä paljoa ollut tehtävissä.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Well, I hadn't thought of that.",
"text": "Tuotapa en ollut tullut ajatelleeksi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses admission or concession, possibly in a way that expresses defeat."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-cSBHyv14",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "But imagine, if you like, a world where climate change did not exist.",
"text": "Mutta kuvittelepa maailma, jossa ei olisi ilmastonmuutosta.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"if you like (used in giving a non-concrete instruction)"
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-fi:if_you_like",
"links": [
[
"if you like",
"if you like"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:if-you-like"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, our dog can sing!",
"text": "Meidänpä koira osaa laulaa!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses that the speaker is proud of something, also to boast or brag about something."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-suoCOY2t",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 19 1 3 4 12 8 4 22 2 1 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 17 3 5 5 12 8 4 18 3 2 20 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 17 1 3 4 13 14 3 20 2 1 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I think I'll go home.",
"text": "Taidanpa lähteä kotiin.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "So you chose to go home, huh.",
"text": "Taisitpa sitten lähteä kotiin.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-xbJRGclP",
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"informal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 17 1 3 4 13 14 3 20 2 1 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Hey, go put the plates on the table.",
"text": "Laitapas lautaset pöytään.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Hey, go straighten up your room.",
"text": "Siistipäs huoneesi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When appended to a second-person imperative with the particle -s, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-fi:command",
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#Finnish"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:command"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "10 5 2 5 3 19 41 2 3 1 4 5",
"sense": "when surprised at something, stronger than -pa",
"word": "-han"
}
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I wish I had seized that opportunity.",
"text": "Olisinpa tarttunut tilaisuuteen.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Wish I had some beer.",
"text": "Oispa kaljaa.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)"
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-zQ9lq9um",
"links": [
[
"wish",
"wish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with conditional) I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with conditional"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 19 1 3 4 12 8 4 22 2 1 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 17 3 5 5 12 8 4 18 3 2 20 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 17 1 3 4 13 14 3 20 2 1 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "How inconsiderate of me.",
"text": "Olinpa ajattelematon.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Just saying!",
"text": "Sanonpahan vaan!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Adds a general emphatic tone, the exact meaning of which depends on the tone of voice."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-fbvATe-Q",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Yes I did! (for example, as a response to someone saying the speaker did not do their homework)",
"text": "Teinpä(s)!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-vsyznR62",
"links": [
[
"childish",
"childish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(possibly childish) Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-han"
}
],
"tags": [
"childish",
"enclitic",
"particle",
"possibly"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "You have to do it, whether you like it or not.",
"text": "Se sinun pitää tehdä, pidätpä siitä tai et.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"whether (no matter whether or not), no matter (if, what)"
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-uPcnxRK6",
"links": [
[
"whether",
"whether"
],
[
"no matter",
"no matter"
]
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 10 3 12 2 4 4 10 6 3 13 2 2 17 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 19 1 3 4 12 8 4 22 2 1 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 17 3 5 5 12 8 4 18 3 2 20 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 17 1 3 4 13 14 3 20 2 1 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I mean, who would want to be with me anyway.",
"text": "Kukapa minun kanssa haluaisi muutenkaan olla.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"With interrogatives and conditional verbs, used to form self-deprecating, often rhetorical questions."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-agdg8fWc",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ̝]"
},
{
"ipa": "/-pːɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pːɑ̝]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The original strong grade of the present active participle suffix -va.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"10": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"11": "",
"12": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"13": "linguistic notation",
"14": "-pA",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{comp}}}",
"17": "",
"18": "{{{sup}}}",
"2": "suffixes",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-pä",
"5": "",
"6": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"7": "",
"8": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"f3nolink": "1",
"f4nolink": "1",
"f5nolink": "1",
"f6nolink": "1",
"f7nolink": "1",
"f8nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective",
"2": "noun",
"var": "pä"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "fi-suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "käydä (“to be suitable”) + -pa → käypä (“current, going; valid; popular; suitable, fitting”) (doublet of käyvä (“that which or who suits, goes”))"
},
{
"text": "syödä (“to eat”) + -pa → syöpä (“cancer”) (doublet of syövä (“that which or who eats”))"
},
{
"text": "juoda (“to drink”) + -pa → juopa (“streak”) (doublet of juova (“that which or who drinks”))"
},
{
"text": "suoda (“to give, allow, permit, grant”) + -pa → -suopa (“quality of having an intent or will towards others”, in pahansuopa (“malevolent”)) (doublet of suova (“that which or who allows or permits”))"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives or nouns of a very limited amount of verbs."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-suffix-vLNp1PG-",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"morpheme",
"particle",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ̝]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Garo",
"lang_code": "grt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Garo entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 3 4 1 5 1 1 1 3 2 1 5 1 0 6 1 24 1 1 10 11 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 4 5 1 6 1 1 1 4 3 1 6 1 0 7 1 20 0 1 9 9 0 0 1 7 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rakampa"
},
{
"word": "rasongpa"
}
],
"glosses": [
"male human"
],
"id": "en--pa-grt-suffix-l2sumFco",
"links": [
[
"male",
"male"
],
[
"human",
"human"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -pa",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-pa. Cognates include Finnish -pa.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "particle",
"3": "front vowel variant",
"4": "-pä",
"cat2": "clitics"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel variant -pä)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I saw him, well, he was so ugly!",
"text": "Miä häntä näin, no, olipa hää ruma!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses surprise or disappointment."
],
"id": "en--pa-izh-particle-1r3xB69y"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ingrian clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ingrian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ingrian particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "There is a new Izhorian school in Vistino. Well, I didn't see it myself, but Anna saw it and told me.",
"text": "Viistinaas ono uus ižoralain škoulu. Miä itse häntä en nähtpä, mut Annu näki ja miulle saoi.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "If only in this world, if only for an hour, if only for one hour she'd live, as needed,",
"ref": "1937, N. A. Iljin, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (kolmas osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 108:",
"text": "Vaik täs maailmaas, vaikkapa tunnin, vaik yhen tunnin olis elänt, kuin pittää,",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses admission or concession."
],
"id": "en--pa-izh-particle-wP92PbpO"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ]",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhx",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Mecayapan Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhx",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mecayapan Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "chijchixpa"
},
{
"word": "chixchixpa"
},
{
"word": "cocoda̱ꞌpa"
},
{
"word": "dixpa"
},
{
"word": "dotzpa"
},
{
"word": "gajgachpa"
},
{
"word": "guetzpa"
},
{
"word": "huajhuajpa"
},
{
"word": "huo̱pa"
},
{
"word": "jejjejpa"
},
{
"word": "lejlejpa"
},
{
"word": "michpa"
},
{
"word": "mohuaspa"
},
{
"word": "mo̱huaspa"
},
{
"word": "quitotpa"
},
{
"word": "tameypa"
},
{
"word": "totpa"
},
{
"word": "totzpa"
},
{
"word": "trictricpatoꞌ"
},
{
"word": "tziꞌtziꞌpa"
},
{
"word": "xo̱rpa"
},
{
"word": "ñe̱ñe̱ꞌpatoꞌ"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms onomatopoeic verbs."
],
"id": "en--pa-nhx-suffix-E-upAW~W",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pjt",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Pitjantjatjara",
"lang_code": "pjt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pitjantjatjara entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Epenthetic suffix added when the word would otherwise end in a consonant"
],
"id": "en--pa-pjt-suffix-s4H83Jag",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pɐ]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Quechua",
"lang_code": "qu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Quechua entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "your name",
"text": "qampa sutiyki",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Genitive marker following consonants, except for Ayacucho; see Usage notes. See also: -p."
],
"id": "en--pa-qu-suffix-tj~qS~gs",
"links": [
[
"Genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"-p",
"-p#Quechua"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Quechua links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Quechua entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "qillqay (“to write”) → qillqapay (“to rewrite”)"
},
{
"text": "waqtay (“to beat”) → waqtapay (“to beat into pieces”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates a repetitive action. Once more. See also: -paya"
],
"id": "en--pa-qu-suffix-NwOAXVxy",
"links": [
[
"repetitive",
"repetitive#English"
],
[
"-paya",
"-paya#Quechua"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pa/"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-pi"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -va"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "-b"
},
"expansion": "Veps: -b",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: -b"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Võro: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Votic: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: -va"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-ŋa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ŋa",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-pa. Aikio (2022) argues that the proprietive denominal adjectivizer seen in Finnic languages originates from a Proto-Uralic *-ŋa, making it unrelated to the present (active) participle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pa / *-pä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-pa / *-pä"
},
"expansion": "*-pa / *-pä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-suffix-lDzMaub6",
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 31 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 16 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 6 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from nouns."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-suffix-WrpxK~ep",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa",
"id1": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -pa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -pa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ba",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -ba (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bà",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bé",
"3": "",
"4": "without; but"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bé (“without; but”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "bat"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kpv",
"2": "пӧ"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Zyrian пӧ (pö)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "udm",
"2": "пе"
},
"expansion": "Udmurt пе (pe)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Often connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian пӧ (pö), Udmurt пе (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "particle"
},
"expansion": "*-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An emphatic particle."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-particle-9DAPTEnM",
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cho",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Choctaw",
"lang_code": "cho",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"english": "that",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Choctaw entries with incorrect language header",
"Choctaw lemmas",
"Choctaw suffixes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"this, these"
],
"links": [
[
"this",
"this"
],
[
"these",
"these"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(demonstrative) this, these"
],
"tags": [
"demonstrative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Classical Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Classical Nahuatl lemmas",
"Classical Nahuatl suffixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Related to the locative suffix -pan.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nci",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Classical Nahuatl terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To say once, twice, thrice, etc. they say in the following manner: Once. ceppa. / Twice. oppa. / Thrice. yexpa. / […] / And so on for all the other numbers, lesser and greater, placing at the end this syllable: pa.",
"ref": "1571, Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, f. 120v:",
"text": "¶Para dezir vna vez, foz vezes, tres vezes . &c. dizen deſta manera. / ¶Vnavez. ceppa. / Dosvezes. oppa. / Tres vezes. yexpa. / […] / ¶Y aſsi de todos los otros numeros menores y / mayores, poniendo alcabo eſta ſyllaba,pa.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "ēyi (“three”) → ēxpa (“thrice”)"
},
{
"text": "mācuilli (“five”) → mācuilpa (“five times”)"
},
{
"text": "chicōme (“seven”) → chicōppa (“seven times”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"times; forms adverbial numerals."
],
"links": [
[
"time",
"time"
],
[
"adverbial numerals",
"adverbial number#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-pa]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Classical Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Classical Nahuatl lemmas",
"Classical Nahuatl suffixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nci",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Mēxihco (“Mexico, Mexico City”) → Mēxihcopa (“to Mexico, from Mexico”)"
},
{
"text": "cān (“where”) → cāmpa (“where to”)"
},
{
"text": "-huīc (“facing”) → -pahuīc (“in the direction of”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"directions; Signifies direction or movement relative to an object, both from and to depending on directional context or affixes on the verb."
],
"links": [
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"from",
"from#English"
],
[
"to",
"to#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-pa]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Finnish adjective-forming suffixes",
"Finnish clitics",
"Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"Finnish lemmas",
"Finnish noun-forming suffixes",
"Finnish particles",
"Finnish rare terms",
"Finnish suffixes",
"Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-pas"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-pa",
"id": "clitic",
"pos": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic) (see it for more).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "particle",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-pä",
"5": "linguistic notation",
"6": "-pA",
"cat2": "clitics",
"cat3": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"var": "pä"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "fi-clitic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "enclitic particle"
},
"expansion": "(enclitic particle)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "particle",
"related": [
{
"word": "-kin"
},
{
"word": "-kaan"
},
{
"word": "-han"
},
{
"word": "-ko"
},
{
"word": "-s"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ooh lots of flowers are there!",
"text": "Tuollapa on paljon kukkia!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "How beautiful you are!",
"text": "Oletpa sinä kaunis!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses that the speaker is surprised at or astonished by something."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Please, clear the plates off the table.",
"text": "Korjaapa lautaset pois pöydästä.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Kindly do these tasks.",
"text": "Teepä nämä tehtävät.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Let's do them then.",
"text": "Tehdäänpä ne sitten.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Give this model a try.",
"text": "Kokeilkaapa tätä mallia.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "(informal usage)\nSitä sanotaan että matematiikka on helppoa, vaan yrittäkääpä ymmärtää sitä itse!\nThey say that maths is easy, yet you try understand it yourself!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"please, kindly (appended to an imperative verb form in order to soften the command or request or turn it into a suggestion, or passive to form an urging hortative)"
],
"links": [
[
"please",
"please"
],
[
"kindly",
"kindly"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:please"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, it's not like there was much that could have been done.",
"text": "Eipä siinä paljoa ollut tehtävissä.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Well, I hadn't thought of that.",
"text": "Tuotapa en ollut tullut ajatelleeksi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses admission or concession, possibly in a way that expresses defeat."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "But imagine, if you like, a world where climate change did not exist.",
"text": "Mutta kuvittelepa maailma, jossa ei olisi ilmastonmuutosta.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"if you like (used in giving a non-concrete instruction)"
],
"links": [
[
"if you like",
"if you like"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:if-you-like"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, our dog can sing!",
"text": "Meidänpä koira osaa laulaa!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses that the speaker is proud of something, also to boast or brag about something."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish informal terms",
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I think I'll go home.",
"text": "Taidanpa lähteä kotiin.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "So you chose to go home, huh.",
"text": "Taisitpa sitten lähteä kotiin.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"informal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Hey, go put the plates on the table.",
"text": "Laitapas lautaset pöytään.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Hey, go straighten up your room.",
"text": "Siistipäs huoneesi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When appended to a second-person imperative with the particle -s, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone."
],
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#Finnish"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:command"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I wish I had seized that opportunity.",
"text": "Olisinpa tarttunut tilaisuuteen.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Wish I had some beer.",
"text": "Oispa kaljaa.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)"
],
"links": [
[
"wish",
"wish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with conditional) I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with conditional"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "How inconsiderate of me.",
"text": "Olinpa ajattelematon.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Just saying!",
"text": "Sanonpahan vaan!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Adds a general emphatic tone, the exact meaning of which depends on the tone of voice."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish childish terms",
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Yes I did! (for example, as a response to someone saying the speaker did not do their homework)",
"text": "Teinpä(s)!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation."
],
"links": [
[
"childish",
"childish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(possibly childish) Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-han"
}
],
"tags": [
"childish",
"enclitic",
"particle",
"possibly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "You have to do it, whether you like it or not.",
"text": "Se sinun pitää tehdä, pidätpä siitä tai et.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"whether (no matter whether or not), no matter (if, what)"
],
"links": [
[
"whether",
"whether"
],
[
"no matter",
"no matter"
]
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I mean, who would want to be with me anyway.",
"text": "Kukapa minun kanssa haluaisi muutenkaan olla.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"With interrogatives and conditional verbs, used to form self-deprecating, often rhetorical questions."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ̝]"
},
{
"ipa": "/-pːɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pːɑ̝]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "when surprised at something, stronger than -pa",
"word": "-han"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Finnish adjective-forming suffixes",
"Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"Finnish lemmas",
"Finnish noun-forming suffixes",
"Finnish rare terms",
"Finnish suffixes",
"Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The original strong grade of the present active participle suffix -va.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"10": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"11": "",
"12": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"13": "linguistic notation",
"14": "-pA",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{comp}}}",
"17": "",
"18": "{{{sup}}}",
"2": "suffixes",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-pä",
"5": "",
"6": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"7": "",
"8": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"f3nolink": "1",
"f4nolink": "1",
"f5nolink": "1",
"f6nolink": "1",
"f7nolink": "1",
"f8nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective",
"2": "noun",
"var": "pä"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "fi-suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "käydä (“to be suitable”) + -pa → käypä (“current, going; valid; popular; suitable, fitting”) (doublet of käyvä (“that which or who suits, goes”))"
},
{
"text": "syödä (“to eat”) + -pa → syöpä (“cancer”) (doublet of syövä (“that which or who eats”))"
},
{
"text": "juoda (“to drink”) + -pa → juopa (“streak”) (doublet of juova (“that which or who drinks”))"
},
{
"text": "suoda (“to give, allow, permit, grant”) + -pa → -suopa (“quality of having an intent or will towards others”, in pahansuopa (“malevolent”)) (doublet of suova (“that which or who allows or permits”))"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives or nouns of a very limited amount of verbs."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"morpheme",
"particle",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ̝]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rakampa"
},
{
"word": "rasongpa"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Garo",
"lang_code": "grt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Garo entries with incorrect language header",
"Garo lemmas",
"Garo nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"male human"
],
"links": [
[
"male",
"male"
],
[
"human",
"human"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ingrian clitics",
"Ingrian entries with incorrect language header",
"Ingrian lemmas",
"Ingrian particles",
"Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -pa",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-pa. Cognates include Finnish -pa.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "particle",
"3": "front vowel variant",
"4": "-pä",
"cat2": "clitics"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel variant -pä)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ingrian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I saw him, well, he was so ugly!",
"text": "Miä häntä näin, no, olipa hää ruma!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses surprise or disappointment."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ingrian terms with quotations",
"Ingrian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "There is a new Izhorian school in Vistino. Well, I didn't see it myself, but Anna saw it and told me.",
"text": "Viistinaas ono uus ižoralain škoulu. Miä itse häntä en nähtpä, mut Annu näki ja miulle saoi.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "If only in this world, if only for an hour, if only for one hour she'd live, as needed,",
"ref": "1937, N. A. Iljin, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (kolmas osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 108:",
"text": "Vaik täs maailmaas, vaikkapa tunnin, vaik yhen tunnin olis elänt, kuin pittää,",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses admission or concession."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ]",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "chijchixpa"
},
{
"word": "chixchixpa"
},
{
"word": "cocoda̱ꞌpa"
},
{
"word": "dixpa"
},
{
"word": "dotzpa"
},
{
"word": "gajgachpa"
},
{
"word": "guetzpa"
},
{
"word": "huajhuajpa"
},
{
"word": "huo̱pa"
},
{
"word": "jejjejpa"
},
{
"word": "lejlejpa"
},
{
"word": "michpa"
},
{
"word": "mohuaspa"
},
{
"word": "mo̱huaspa"
},
{
"word": "quitotpa"
},
{
"word": "tameypa"
},
{
"word": "totpa"
},
{
"word": "totzpa"
},
{
"word": "trictricpatoꞌ"
},
{
"word": "tziꞌtziꞌpa"
},
{
"word": "xo̱rpa"
},
{
"word": "ñe̱ñe̱ꞌpatoꞌ"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhx",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Mecayapan Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhx",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mecayapan Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Mecayapan Nahuatl lemmas",
"Mecayapan Nahuatl suffixes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms onomatopoeic verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pjt",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Pitjantjatjara",
"lang_code": "pjt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pitjantjatjara entries with incorrect language header",
"Pitjantjatjara lemmas",
"Pitjantjatjara suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Epenthetic suffix added when the word would otherwise end in a consonant"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pɐ]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic adjective-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic particles",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms borrowed from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-pi"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -va"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "-b"
},
"expansion": "Veps: -b",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: -b"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Võro: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Votic: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: -va"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-ŋa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ŋa",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-pa. Aikio (2022) argues that the proprietive denominal adjectivizer seen in Finnic languages originates from a Proto-Uralic *-ŋa, making it unrelated to the present (active) participle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pa / *-pä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-pa / *-pä"
},
"expansion": "*-pa / *-pä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective."
],
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic particles",
"Proto-Finnic terms borrowed from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Baltic languages"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa",
"id1": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -pa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -pa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ba",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -ba (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bà",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bé",
"3": "",
"4": "without; but"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bé (“without; but”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "bat"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kpv",
"2": "пӧ"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Zyrian пӧ (pö)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "udm",
"2": "пе"
},
"expansion": "Udmurt пе (pe)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Often connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian пӧ (pö), Udmurt пе (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "particle"
},
"expansion": "*-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An emphatic particle."
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Quechua entries with incorrect language header",
"Quechua lemmas",
"Quechua suffixes"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Quechua",
"lang_code": "qu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Quechua terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "your name",
"text": "qampa sutiyki",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Genitive marker following consonants, except for Ayacucho; see Usage notes. See also: -p."
],
"links": [
[
"Genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"-p",
"-p#Quechua"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Quechua links with redundant target parameters"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "qillqay (“to write”) → qillqapay (“to rewrite”)"
},
{
"text": "waqtay (“to beat”) → waqtapay (“to beat into pieces”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates a repetitive action. Once more. See also: -paya"
],
"links": [
[
"repetitive",
"repetitive#English"
],
[
"-paya",
"-paya#Quechua"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pa/"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -pa meaning in All languages combined (23.4kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: linguistic notation -pA",
"path": [
"-pa"
],
"section": "Finnish",
"subsection": "particle",
"title": "-pa",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: linguistic notation -pA",
"path": [
"-pa"
],
"section": "Finnish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-pa",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: front vowel variant -pä",
"path": [
"-pa"
],
"section": "Ingrian",
"subsection": "particle",
"title": "-pa",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (32c88e6 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.