See -pa on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -pa meaning in All languages combined (22.7kB)
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cho",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Choctaw",
"lang_code": "cho",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Choctaw entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"this, these"
],
"id": "en--pa-cho-suffix-dxILiGLF",
"links": [
[
"this",
"this"
],
[
"these",
"these"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(demonstrative) this, these"
],
"related": [
{
"english": "that",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"tags": [
"demonstrative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "-pan"
},
"expansion": "-pan",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Related to the locative suffix -pan.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nci",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To say once, twice, thrice, etc. they say in the following manner: Once. ceppa. / Twice. oppa. / Thrice. yexpa. / […] / And so on for all the other numbers, lesser and greater, placing at the end this syllable: pa.",
"ref": "1571, Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, f. 120v",
"text": "¶Para dezir vna vez, foz vezes, tres vezes . &c. dizen deſta manera. / ¶Vnavez. ceppa. / Dosvezes. oppa. / Tres vezes. yexpa. / […] / ¶Y aſsi de todos los otros numeros menores y / mayores, poniendo alcabo eſta ſyllaba,pa.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "ēyi (“three”) → ēxpa (“thrice”)"
},
{
"text": "mācuilli (“five”) → mācuilpa (“five times”)"
},
{
"text": "chicōme (“seven”) → chicōppa (“seven times”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"times; forms adverbial numerals."
],
"id": "en--pa-nci-suffix-gg73adf2",
"links": [
[
"time",
"time"
],
[
"adverbial numerals",
"adverbial number#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-pa]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nci",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Mēxihco (“Mexico, Mexico City”) → Mēxihcopa (“to Mexico, from Mexico”)"
},
{
"text": "cān (“where”) → cāmpa (“where to”)"
},
{
"text": "-huīc (“facing”) → -pahuīc (“in the direction of”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"directions; Signifies direction or movement relative to an object, both from and to depending on directional context or affixes on the verb."
],
"id": "en--pa-nci-suffix-lom8J2uo",
"links": [
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"from",
"from#English"
],
[
"to",
"to#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-pa]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-pas"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-pa",
"id": "clitic",
"pos": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic) (see it for more).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "particle",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-pä",
"5": "linguistic notation",
"6": "-pA",
"cat2": "clitics",
"cat3": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"var": "pä"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "fi-clitic"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "particle",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-kin"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-kaan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-han"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-ko"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "-s"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ooh lots of flowers are there!",
"text": "Tuollapa on paljon kukkia!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "How beautiful you are!",
"text": "Oletpa sinä kaunis!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses that the speaker is surprised at or astonished by something."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-jyULDZqY",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Please, clear the plates off the table.",
"text": "Korjaapa lautaset pois pöydästä.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Kindly do these tasks.",
"text": "Teepä nämä tehtävät.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Let's do them then.",
"text": "Tehdäänpä ne sitten.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Give this model a try.",
"text": "Kokeilkaapa tätä mallia.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They say that maths is easy, yet you try understand it yourself!",
"ref": "(informal usage)",
"text": "Sitä sanotaan että matematiikka on helppoa, vaan yrittäkääpä ymmärtää sitä itse!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"please, kindly (appended to an imperative verb form in order to soften the command or request or turn it into a suggestion, or passive to form an urging hortative)"
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-fi:please",
"links": [
[
"please",
"please"
],
[
"kindly",
"kindly"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:please"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, it's not like there was much that could have been done.",
"text": "Eipä siinä paljoa ollut tehtävissä.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Well, I hadn't thought of that.",
"text": "Tuotapa en ollut tullut ajatelleeksi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses admission or concession, possibly in a way that expresses defeat."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-cSBHyv14",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "But imagine, if you like, a world where climate change did not exist.",
"text": "Mutta kuvittelepa maailma, jossa ei olisi ilmastonmuutosta.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"if you like (used in giving a non-concrete instruction)"
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-fi:if_you_like",
"links": [
[
"if you like",
"if you like"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:if-you-like"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, our dog can sing!",
"text": "Meidänpä koira osaa laulaa!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses that the speaker is proud of something, also to boast or brag about something."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-suoCOY2t",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I think I'll go home.",
"text": "Taidanpa lähteä kotiin.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "So you chose to go home, huh.",
"text": "Taisitpa sitten lähteä kotiin.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-xbJRGclP",
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"informal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Hey, go put the plates on the table.",
"text": "Laitapas lautaset pöytään.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Hey, go straighten up your room.",
"text": "Siistipäs huoneesi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When appended to a second-person imperative with the particle -s, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-fi:command",
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#Finnish"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:command"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "10 5 2 5 3 19 41 2 3 1 4 5",
"sense": "when surprised at something, stronger than -pa",
"word": "-han"
}
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 13 14 3 4 9 6 21 12 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 12 16 3 3 9 6 21 12 1 1 14 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 12 13 3 4 9 12 20 11 1 1 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I wish I had seized that opportunity.",
"text": "Olisinpa tarttunut tilaisuuteen.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Wish I had some beer.",
"text": "Oispa kaljaa.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)"
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-zQ9lq9um",
"links": [
[
"wish",
"wish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with conditional) I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with conditional"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "How inconsiderate of me.",
"text": "Olinpa ajattelematon.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Just saying!",
"text": "Sanonpahan vaan!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Adds a general emphatic tone, the exact meaning of which depends on the tone of voice."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-fbvATe-Q",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Yes I did! (as a response to someone saying the speaker did not do their homework, for example)",
"text": "Teinpä(s)!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-vsyznR62",
"links": [
[
"childish",
"childish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(possibly childish) Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-han"
}
],
"tags": [
"childish",
"enclitic",
"particle",
"possibly"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "You have to do it, whether you like it or not.",
"text": "Se sinun pitää tehdä, pidätpä siitä tai et.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"whether (no matter whether or not), no matter (if, what)"
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-uPcnxRK6",
"links": [
[
"whether",
"whether"
],
[
"no matter",
"no matter"
]
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I mean, who would want to be with me anyway.",
"text": "Kukapa minun kanssa haluaisi muutenkaan olla.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"With interrogatives and conditional verbs, used to form self-deprecating, often rhetorical questions."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-particle-agdg8fWc",
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ̝]"
},
{
"ipa": "/-pːɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pːɑ̝]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "-va",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nThe original strong grade of the present active participle suffix -va.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"10": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"11": "",
"12": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"13": "linguistic notation",
"14": "-pA",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{comp}}}",
"17": "",
"18": "{{{sup}}}",
"2": "suffixes",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-pä",
"5": "",
"6": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"7": "",
"8": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"f3nolink": "1",
"f4nolink": "1",
"f5nolink": "1",
"f6nolink": "1",
"f7nolink": "1",
"f8nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective",
"2": "noun",
"var": "pä"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "fi-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "käydä (“to be suitable”) + -pa → käypä (“current, going; valid; popular; suitable, fitting”) (doublet of käyvä (“that which or who suits, goes”))"
},
{
"text": "syödä (“to eat”) + -pa → syöpä (“cancer”) (doublet of syövä (“that which or who eats”))"
},
{
"text": "juoda (“to drink”) + -pa → juopa (“streak”) (doublet of juova (“that which or who drinks”))"
},
{
"text": "suoda (“to give, allow, permit, grant”) + -pa → -suopa (“quality of having an intent or will towards others”, in pahansuopa (“malevolent”)) (doublet of suova (“that which or who allows or permits”))"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives or nouns of a very limited amount of verbs."
],
"id": "en--pa-fi-suffix-vLNp1PG-",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ̝]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Garo",
"lang_code": "grt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Garo entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rakampa"
},
{
"word": "rasongpa"
}
],
"glosses": [
"male human"
],
"id": "en--pa-grt-suffix-l2sumFco",
"links": [
[
"male",
"male"
],
[
"human",
"human"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -pa",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-pa. Cognates include Finnish -pa.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "particle",
"3": "front vowel variant",
"4": "-pä",
"cat2": "clitics"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel variant -pä)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ingrian clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses surprise or disappointment."
],
"id": "en--pa-izh-particle-1r3xB69y"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ingrian clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ingrian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ingrian particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses admission or concession."
],
"id": "en--pa-izh-particle-wP92PbpO"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ]",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhx",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Mecayapan Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhx",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mecayapan Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "chijchixpa"
},
{
"word": "chixchixpa"
},
{
"word": "cocoda̱ꞌpa"
},
{
"word": "dixpa"
},
{
"word": "dotzpa"
},
{
"word": "gajgachpa"
},
{
"word": "guetzpa"
},
{
"word": "huajhuajpa"
},
{
"word": "huo̱pa"
},
{
"word": "jejjejpa"
},
{
"word": "lejlejpa"
},
{
"word": "michpa"
},
{
"word": "mohuaspa"
},
{
"word": "mo̱huaspa"
},
{
"word": "quitotpa"
},
{
"word": "tameypa"
},
{
"word": "totpa"
},
{
"word": "totzpa"
},
{
"word": "trictricpatoꞌ"
},
{
"word": "tziꞌtziꞌpa"
},
{
"word": "xo̱rpa"
},
{
"word": "ñe̱ñe̱ꞌpatoꞌ"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms onomatopoeic verbs."
],
"id": "en--pa-nhx-suffix-E-upAW~W",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pjt",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Pitjantjatjara",
"lang_code": "pjt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pitjantjatjara entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Epenthetic suffix added when the word would otherwise end in a consonant"
],
"id": "en--pa-pjt-suffix-s4H83Jag",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pɐ]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Quechua",
"lang_code": "qu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Quechua entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "qampa sutiyki (\"your name\")"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Genitive marker following consonants. See also: -p"
],
"id": "en--pa-qu-suffix-y4X2pQzd",
"links": [
[
"-p",
"-p#Quechua"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Quechua links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Quechua entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "qillqay (“to write”) → qillqapay (“to rewrite”)"
},
{
"text": "waqtay (“to beat”) → waqtapay (“to beat into pieces”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates a repetitive action. Once more. See also: -paya"
],
"id": "en--pa-qu-suffix-NwOAXVxy",
"links": [
[
"repetitive",
"repetitive#English"
],
[
"-paya",
"-paya#Quechua"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-pi"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -va",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa",
"id": "participial"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "m"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -va"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: -va",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "m"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "-b"
},
"expansion": "Veps: -b",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: -b"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Võro: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Votic: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: -va"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Proto-Uralic *-pa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pa / *-pä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-pa / *-pä"
},
"expansion": "*-pa / *-pä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 61 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-suffix-lDzMaub6",
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from nouns."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-suffix-WrpxK~ep",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa",
"id1": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -pa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -pa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ba",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -ba (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bà",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bé",
"3": "",
"4": "without; but"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bé (“without; but”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰe"
},
"expansion": "*bʰe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "bat"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kpv",
"2": "",
"tr": "pö"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Zyrian [script needed] (pö)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "udm",
"2": "",
"tr": "pe"
},
"expansion": "Udmurt [script needed] (pe)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nOften connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian [script needed] (pö), Udmurt [script needed] (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "particle"
},
"expansion": "*-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 37 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An emphatic particle."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-particle-9DAPTEnM",
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cho",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Choctaw",
"lang_code": "cho",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"english": "that",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Choctaw entries with incorrect language header",
"Choctaw lemmas",
"Choctaw suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"this, these"
],
"links": [
[
"this",
"this"
],
[
"these",
"these"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(demonstrative) this, these"
],
"tags": [
"demonstrative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Classical Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Classical Nahuatl lemmas",
"Classical Nahuatl suffixes",
"Classical Nahuatl terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "-pan"
},
"expansion": "-pan",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Related to the locative suffix -pan.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nci",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Classical Nahuatl terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To say once, twice, thrice, etc. they say in the following manner: Once. ceppa. / Twice. oppa. / Thrice. yexpa. / […] / And so on for all the other numbers, lesser and greater, placing at the end this syllable: pa.",
"ref": "1571, Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, f. 120v",
"text": "¶Para dezir vna vez, foz vezes, tres vezes . &c. dizen deſta manera. / ¶Vnavez. ceppa. / Dosvezes. oppa. / Tres vezes. yexpa. / […] / ¶Y aſsi de todos los otros numeros menores y / mayores, poniendo alcabo eſta ſyllaba,pa.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "ēyi (“three”) → ēxpa (“thrice”)"
},
{
"text": "mācuilli (“five”) → mācuilpa (“five times”)"
},
{
"text": "chicōme (“seven”) → chicōppa (“seven times”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"times; forms adverbial numerals."
],
"links": [
[
"time",
"time"
],
[
"adverbial numerals",
"adverbial number#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-pa]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Classical Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Classical Nahuatl lemmas",
"Classical Nahuatl suffixes",
"Classical Nahuatl terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nci",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nci",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Mēxihco (“Mexico, Mexico City”) → Mēxihcopa (“to Mexico, from Mexico”)"
},
{
"text": "cān (“where”) → cāmpa (“where to”)"
},
{
"text": "-huīc (“facing”) → -pahuīc (“in the direction of”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"directions; Signifies direction or movement relative to an object, both from and to depending on directional context or affixes on the verb."
],
"links": [
[
"direction",
"direction"
],
[
"from",
"from#English"
],
[
"to",
"to#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-pa]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Finnish adjective-forming suffixes",
"Finnish clitics",
"Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"Finnish lemmas",
"Finnish noun-forming suffixes",
"Finnish particles",
"Finnish rare terms",
"Finnish suffixes",
"Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-pas"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-pa",
"id": "clitic",
"pos": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic) (see it for more).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "particle",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-pä",
"5": "linguistic notation",
"6": "-pA",
"cat2": "clitics",
"cat3": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"var": "pä"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "fi-clitic"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "particle",
"related": [
{
"word": "-kin"
},
{
"word": "-kaan"
},
{
"word": "-han"
},
{
"word": "-ko"
},
{
"word": "-s"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ooh lots of flowers are there!",
"text": "Tuollapa on paljon kukkia!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "How beautiful you are!",
"text": "Oletpa sinä kaunis!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses that the speaker is surprised at or astonished by something."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Please, clear the plates off the table.",
"text": "Korjaapa lautaset pois pöydästä.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Kindly do these tasks.",
"text": "Teepä nämä tehtävät.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Let's do them then.",
"text": "Tehdäänpä ne sitten.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Give this model a try.",
"text": "Kokeilkaapa tätä mallia.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They say that maths is easy, yet you try understand it yourself!",
"ref": "(informal usage)",
"text": "Sitä sanotaan että matematiikka on helppoa, vaan yrittäkääpä ymmärtää sitä itse!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"please, kindly (appended to an imperative verb form in order to soften the command or request or turn it into a suggestion, or passive to form an urging hortative)"
],
"links": [
[
"please",
"please"
],
[
"kindly",
"kindly"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:please"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, it's not like there was much that could have been done.",
"text": "Eipä siinä paljoa ollut tehtävissä.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Well, I hadn't thought of that.",
"text": "Tuotapa en ollut tullut ajatelleeksi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses admission or concession, possibly in a way that expresses defeat."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "But imagine, if you like, a world where climate change did not exist.",
"text": "Mutta kuvittelepa maailma, jossa ei olisi ilmastonmuutosta.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"if you like (used in giving a non-concrete instruction)"
],
"links": [
[
"if you like",
"if you like"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:if-you-like"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, our dog can sing!",
"text": "Meidänpä koira osaa laulaa!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses that the speaker is proud of something, also to boast or brag about something."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish informal terms",
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I think I'll go home.",
"text": "Taidanpa lähteä kotiin.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "So you chose to go home, huh.",
"text": "Taisitpa sitten lähteä kotiin.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"informal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Hey, go put the plates on the table.",
"text": "Laitapas lautaset pöytään.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Hey, go straighten up your room.",
"text": "Siistipäs huoneesi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When appended to a second-person imperative with the particle -s, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone."
],
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#Finnish"
]
],
"senseid": [
"fi:command"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I wish I had seized that opportunity.",
"text": "Olisinpa tarttunut tilaisuuteen.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Wish I had some beer.",
"text": "Oispa kaljaa.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)"
],
"links": [
[
"wish",
"wish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with conditional) I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with conditional"
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "How inconsiderate of me.",
"text": "Olinpa ajattelematon.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Just saying!",
"text": "Sanonpahan vaan!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Adds a general emphatic tone, the exact meaning of which depends on the tone of voice."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish childish terms",
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Yes I did! (as a response to someone saying the speaker did not do their homework, for example)",
"text": "Teinpä(s)!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation."
],
"links": [
[
"childish",
"childish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(possibly childish) Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-han"
}
],
"tags": [
"childish",
"enclitic",
"particle",
"possibly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "You have to do it, whether you like it or not.",
"text": "Se sinun pitää tehdä, pidätpä siitä tai et.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"whether (no matter whether or not), no matter (if, what)"
],
"links": [
[
"whether",
"whether"
],
[
"no matter",
"no matter"
]
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Finnish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I mean, who would want to be with me anyway.",
"text": "Kukapa minun kanssa haluaisi muutenkaan olla.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"With interrogatives and conditional verbs, used to form self-deprecating, often rhetorical questions."
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"particle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ̝]"
},
{
"ipa": "/-pːɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pːɑ̝]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "when surprised at something, stronger than -pa",
"word": "-han"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Finnish adjective-forming suffixes",
"Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"Finnish lemmas",
"Finnish noun-forming suffixes",
"Finnish rare terms",
"Finnish suffixes",
"Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "-va",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nThe original strong grade of the present active participle suffix -va.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"10": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"11": "",
"12": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"13": "linguistic notation",
"14": "-pA",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{comp}}}",
"17": "",
"18": "{{{sup}}}",
"2": "suffixes",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-pä",
"5": "",
"6": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"7": "",
"8": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"f3nolink": "1",
"f4nolink": "1",
"f5nolink": "1",
"f6nolink": "1",
"f7nolink": "1",
"f8nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective",
"2": "noun",
"var": "pä"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)",
"name": "fi-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "käydä (“to be suitable”) + -pa → käypä (“current, going; valid; popular; suitable, fitting”) (doublet of käyvä (“that which or who suits, goes”))"
},
{
"text": "syödä (“to eat”) + -pa → syöpä (“cancer”) (doublet of syövä (“that which or who eats”))"
},
{
"text": "juoda (“to drink”) + -pa → juopa (“streak”) (doublet of juova (“that which or who drinks”))"
},
{
"text": "suoda (“to give, allow, permit, grant”) + -pa → -suopa (“quality of having an intent or will towards others”, in pahansuopa (“malevolent”)) (doublet of suova (“that which or who allows or permits”))"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives or nouns of a very limited amount of verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ̝]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "rakampa"
},
{
"word": "rasongpa"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Garo",
"lang_code": "grt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Garo entries with incorrect language header",
"Garo lemmas",
"Garo nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"male human"
],
"links": [
[
"male",
"male"
],
[
"human",
"human"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ingrian clitics",
"Ingrian entries with incorrect language header",
"Ingrian lemmas",
"Ingrian particles",
"Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -pa",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-pa. Cognates include Finnish -pa.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "particle",
"3": "front vowel variant",
"4": "-pä",
"cat2": "clitics"
},
"expansion": "-pa (front vowel variant -pä)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses surprise or disappointment."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses admission or concession."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-pɑ/",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-pɑ]",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "chijchixpa"
},
{
"word": "chixchixpa"
},
{
"word": "cocoda̱ꞌpa"
},
{
"word": "dixpa"
},
{
"word": "dotzpa"
},
{
"word": "gajgachpa"
},
{
"word": "guetzpa"
},
{
"word": "huajhuajpa"
},
{
"word": "huo̱pa"
},
{
"word": "jejjejpa"
},
{
"word": "lejlejpa"
},
{
"word": "michpa"
},
{
"word": "mohuaspa"
},
{
"word": "mo̱huaspa"
},
{
"word": "quitotpa"
},
{
"word": "tameypa"
},
{
"word": "totpa"
},
{
"word": "totzpa"
},
{
"word": "trictricpatoꞌ"
},
{
"word": "tziꞌtziꞌpa"
},
{
"word": "xo̱rpa"
},
{
"word": "ñe̱ñe̱ꞌpatoꞌ"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhx",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Mecayapan Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhx",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mecayapan Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Mecayapan Nahuatl lemmas",
"Mecayapan Nahuatl suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms onomatopoeic verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pjt",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Pitjantjatjara",
"lang_code": "pjt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pitjantjatjara entries with incorrect language header",
"Pitjantjatjara lemmas",
"Pitjantjatjara suffixes",
"Pitjantjatjara terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"Epenthetic suffix added when the word would otherwise end in a consonant"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pɐ]"
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Finnic adjective-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic particles",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms borrowed from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"Requests for native script for Komi-Zyrian terms",
"Requests for native script for Udmurt terms"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-pi"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -va",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa",
"id": "participial"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "m"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -va"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: -va",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "m"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "-b"
},
"expansion": "Veps: -b",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: -b"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Võro: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Votic: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: -va"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Proto-Uralic *-pa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pa / *-pä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-pa / *-pä"
},
"expansion": "*-pa / *-pä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective."
],
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic particles",
"Proto-Finnic terms borrowed from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Baltic languages",
"Requests for native script for Komi-Zyrian terms",
"Requests for native script for Udmurt terms"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa",
"id1": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -pa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -pa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ba",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -ba (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bà",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bé",
"3": "",
"4": "without; but"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bé (“without; but”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰe"
},
"expansion": "*bʰe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "bat"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kpv",
"2": "",
"tr": "pö"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Zyrian [script needed] (pö)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "udm",
"2": "",
"tr": "pe"
},
"expansion": "Udmurt [script needed] (pe)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nOften connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian [script needed] (pö), Udmurt [script needed] (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "particle"
},
"expansion": "*-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An emphatic particle."
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Quechua entries with incorrect language header",
"Quechua lemmas",
"Quechua suffixes"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Quechua",
"lang_code": "qu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "qampa sutiyki (\"your name\")"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Genitive marker following consonants. See also: -p"
],
"links": [
[
"-p",
"-p#Quechua"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Quechua links with redundant target parameters"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "qillqay (“to write”) → qillqapay (“to rewrite”)"
},
{
"text": "waqtay (“to beat”) → waqtapay (“to beat into pieces”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates a repetitive action. Once more. See also: -paya"
],
"links": [
[
"repetitive",
"repetitive#English"
],
[
"-paya",
"-paya#Quechua"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.