See -pa in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-pi"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -va"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "-b"
},
"expansion": "Veps: -b",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: -b"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Võro: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Votic: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: -va"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-ŋa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ŋa",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-pa. Aikio (2022) argues that the proprietive denominal adjectivizer seen in Finnic languages originates from a Proto-Uralic *-ŋa, making it unrelated to the present (active) participle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pa / *-pä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-pa / *-pä"
},
"expansion": "*-pa / *-pä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-suffix-lDzMaub6",
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 31 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 16 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 6 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from nouns."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-suffix-WrpxK~ep",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa",
"id1": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -pa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -pa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ba",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -ba (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bà",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bé",
"3": "",
"4": "without; but"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bé (“without; but”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "bat"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kpv",
"2": "пӧ"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Zyrian пӧ (pö)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "udm",
"2": "пе"
},
"expansion": "Udmurt пе (pe)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Often connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian пӧ (pö), Udmurt пе (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "particle"
},
"expansion": "*-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An emphatic particle."
],
"id": "en--pa-urj-fin-pro-particle-9DAPTEnM",
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic adjective-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic particles",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms borrowed from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-pi"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -va"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "-b"
},
"expansion": "Veps: -b",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: -b"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "-v"
},
"expansion": "Võro: -v",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: -v"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "-va"
},
"expansion": "Votic: -va",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: -va"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-pa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-pa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-ŋa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ŋa",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-pa. Aikio (2022) argues that the proprietive denominal adjectivizer seen in Finnic languages originates from a Proto-Uralic *-ŋa, making it unrelated to the present (active) participle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-pa / *-pä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-pa / *-pä"
},
"expansion": "*-pa / *-pä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective."
],
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic particles",
"Proto-Finnic terms borrowed from Baltic languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Baltic languages"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-pa",
"id1": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -pa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-pa"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -pa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -pa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ba",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -ba (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bà",
"3": "",
"4": "just, namely"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bé",
"3": "",
"4": "without; but"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bé (“without; but”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "bat"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kpv",
"2": "пӧ"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Zyrian пӧ (pö)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "udm",
"2": "пе"
},
"expansion": "Udmurt пе (pe)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Often connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian пӧ (pö), Udmurt пе (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "particle"
},
"expansion": "*-pa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An emphatic particle."
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-pa"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -pa meaning in Proto-Finnic (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (32c88e6 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.