See -∅ on Wiktionary
{
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{
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"2": "suffix"
},
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"lang_code": "mul",
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"linguistic",
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"morphology",
"morphology"
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"(linguistic morphology) A representation of the zero suffix."
],
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],
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"human-sciences",
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{
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{
"english": "I am drinking tea",
"text": "тысаюткык (тысаю-ткы-к)",
"type": "example"
},
{
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[
2,
7
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
15
]
],
"english": "I drank tea",
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"type": "example"
}
],
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"A zero suffix that is the absence of the imperfective suffix -ткы- marks the perfective aspect."
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[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
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[
"-ткы-",
"-ткы-#English"
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{
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}
],
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{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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11,
12
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],
"english": "\"knife\"",
"text": "вала (вала-Ø)",
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{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
19
]
],
"english": "\"husband\"",
"text": "ӄылавул (ӄылавулa-Ø)",
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"A zero suffix that is the absence of a nominal ending such as -ӈа or -ын."
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[
"-ӈа",
"-ӈа#English"
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[
"-ын",
"-ын#English"
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"The positive degree ending for adjectives."
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[
"zero suffix",
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{
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{
"ipa": "[-]"
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],
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{
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[
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"Appendix:Finnish adverbial cases#k-lative"
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],
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{
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"morpheme"
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],
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{
"ipa": "/-ˣ/"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"args": {
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],
"etymology_text": "Apocope of the final vowel in the nominative singular form.",
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{
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{
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{
"text": "Latin catholicus → Katholik (compare Kathole with -e)"
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],
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],
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"text": "das Haus → dem Haus, (archaic or poetic) dem Hause (but usually with -e in zu Hause and aus dem Hause)"
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],
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"tags": [
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"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
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[
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[
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[
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[
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"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"(optionally) a form of the subjunctive/imperative suffix -j in the second-person singular definite short forms of most verbs"
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"topics": [
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"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)"
],
"id": "en--∅-hu-suffix-Wr521k01",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "hu",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "hu:Linguistics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 6 6 6 6 6 2 1 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 1 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 7 7 7 7 7 1 0 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)",
"also with a long stem vowel in some sz-stem verbs (tesz → tégy, vesz → végy, visz → vígy), though the long form is more common for these verbs"
],
"id": "en--∅-hu-suffix-nMEGSpyh",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
],
[
"tesz",
"tesz#Hungarian"
],
[
"tégy",
"tégy#Hungarian"
],
[
"vesz",
"vesz#Hungarian"
],
[
"végy",
"végy#Hungarian"
],
[
"visz",
"visz#Hungarian"
],
[
"vígy",
"vígy#Hungarian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)",
"also with a long stem vowel in some sz-stem verbs (tesz → tégy, vesz → végy, visz → vígy), though the long form is more common for these verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "hu",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "hu:Linguistics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 6 6 6 6 6 2 1 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 1 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 7 7 7 7 7 1 0 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the second-person singular indicative present at the end of certain verbs (van → vagy and dialectally megy → mégy)"
],
"id": "en--∅-hu-suffix-aTF4oL2z",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
],
[
"van",
"van#Hungarian"
],
[
"vagy",
"vagy#Hungarian"
],
[
"megy",
"megy#Hungarian"
],
[
"mégy",
"mégy#Hungarian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"(rare) the second-person singular indicative present at the end of certain verbs (van → vagy and dialectally megy → mégy)"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"rare"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "hu",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "hu:Linguistics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 6 6 6 6 6 2 1 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 1 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 7 7 7 7 7 1 0 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the nominative singular form of nouns, adjectives, numerals, (present, past, and future) participles, and pronouns"
],
"id": "en--∅-hu-suffix-QK0Aabzk",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the nominative singular form of nouns, adjectives, numerals, (present, past, and future) participles, and pronouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "hu",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "hu:Linguistics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 6 6 6 6 6 2 1 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 1 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 7 7 7 7 7 1 0 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the accusative suffix after first- and second-person possessive suffixes, chiefly in the singular, as well as in engem and téged"
],
"id": "en--∅-hu-suffix-VBIQhEn5",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
],
[
"engem",
"engem#Hungarian"
],
[
"téged",
"téged#Hungarian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"(optionally) the accusative suffix after first- and second-person possessive suffixes, chiefly in the singular, as well as in engem and téged"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "hu",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "hu:Linguistics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 6 6 6 6 6 2 1 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 1 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 7 7 7 7 7 1 0 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 2 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the positive degree of adjectives"
],
"id": "en--∅-hu-suffix-UKplmmLc",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the positive degree of adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "From the fact that no true third person pronoun existed, so it was not put word-finally like other personal markers such as -в (-v), -ч (-ç), etc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xal",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"lang_code": "xal",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used as a third-person copula, meaning ‘He/she/it/they is/are …’"
],
"id": "en--∅-xal-suffix-bP1EeHM3",
"links": [
[
"He",
"He#English"
],
[
"she",
"she#English"
],
[
"it",
"it#English"
],
[
"they",
"they#English"
],
[
"is",
"is#English"
],
[
"are",
"are#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(predicative) Used as a third-person copula, meaning ‘He/she/it/they is/are …’"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "болх"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 52 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kalmyk terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He/she/it says",
"roman": "En kelnä",
"text": "Эн келнә",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A third-person singular verbal suffix."
],
"id": "en--∅-xal-suffix-nXOZVfia",
"raw_glosses": [
"(predicative) A third-person singular verbal suffix."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"predicative"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Root form of the verb (without the -х (-x) suffix in the dictionary form).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xal",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"lang_code": "xal",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 28 58",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kalmyk entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Speak!",
"roman": "Kel!",
"text": "Кел!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates the imperative."
],
"id": "en--∅-xal-suffix-8G~qvqJi",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ə/"
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"etymology_text": "Used where -и (-i) would imply the palatalization of с (s) to ш (š) or ц (c) to ч (č).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "mn-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mongolian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mongolian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mongolian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Alternative form: -и (-i)"
},
{
"text": "Russian фу́нкция (fúnkcija, “function”) + -∅ → Mongolian функц (funkc, “function”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix used in place of Russian -ия (-ija) in loanwords with stems ending in с (s) or ц (c)."
],
"id": "en--∅-mn-suffix-Rc5wDAgX",
"links": [
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
],
[
"-ия",
"-ия#Russian"
],
[
"loanword",
"loanword#English"
],
[
"stem",
"stem#English"
],
[
"с",
"с#Mongolian"
],
[
"ц",
"ц#Mongolian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "кни́га (kníga, “book”) + -∅ → книг (knig, “…of [the] books”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ме́сто (mésto, “place”) + -∅ → мест (mest, “…of [the] places”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates the genitive plural of first-declension and neuter second-declension nouns"
],
"id": "en--∅-ru-suffix-TYmysreX",
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"first-declension",
"w:Russian_declension#First_declension"
],
[
"neuter second-declension",
"w:Russian_declension#Second_declension_–_neuter_nouns"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Indicates the genitive plural of first-declension and neuter second-declension nouns:"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "выходи́ть (vyxodítʹ, “to exit”) + -∅ → вы́ход (výxod, “exit”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbal suffix: (for some verbs)"
],
"id": "en--∅-ru-suffix-RLlYYRe9",
"links": [
[
"Deverbal",
"w:Deverbal"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sms",
"2": "smi-pro",
"3": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *-ō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Samic *-ō.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sms",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Skolt Sami",
"lang_code": "sms",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Skolt Sami entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Skolt Sami terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms result or action nouns from verbs."
],
"id": "en--∅-sms-suffix-YkLy-uhl",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Alutor entries with incorrect language header",
"Alutor lemmas",
"Alutor suffixes",
"Alutor terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "alr",
"2": "suffix",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Alutor",
"lang_code": "alr",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "∅-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Alutor terms with usage examples",
"Requests for transliteration of Alutor usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I am drinking tea",
"text": "тысаюткык (тысаю-ткы-к)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
2,
7
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
15
]
],
"english": "I drank tea",
"text": "тысаюк (тысаю-Ø-к)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix that is the absence of the imperfective suffix -ткы- marks the perfective aspect."
],
"links": [
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
],
[
"-ткы-",
"-ткы-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Alutor terms with usage examples",
"Requests for transliteration of Alutor usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
12
]
],
"english": "\"knife\"",
"text": "вала (вала-Ø)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
19
]
],
"english": "\"husband\"",
"text": "ӄылавул (ӄылавулa-Ø)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix that is the absence of a nominal ending such as -ӈа or -ын."
],
"links": [
[
"-ӈа",
"-ӈа#English"
],
[
"-ын",
"-ын#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Estonian entries with incorrect language header",
"Estonian lemmas",
"Estonian suffixes",
"Estonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Estonian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-n",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-n",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-n"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-n",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-n"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -n",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-n. Cognate with Finnish -n.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix."
],
"links": [
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix.",
"The genitive singular ending for nominals."
],
"links": [
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"Finnish lemmas",
"Finnish suffixes",
"Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Finnish terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Finnish terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Unmarked.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "suffix",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix.",
"The nominative singular ending for nominals."
],
"links": [
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix.",
"The third-person singular ending for past tense verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix.",
"The positive degree ending for adjectives."
],
"links": [
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-]"
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"Finnish lemmas",
"Finnish suffixes",
"Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Finnish terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Finnish terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "k-lative"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-k",
"id": "lative"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-k",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-k.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "suffix",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The k-lative suffix."
],
"links": [
[
"k-lative",
"Appendix:Finnish adverbial cases#k-lative"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˣ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-(ʔ)]"
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"Finnish lemmas",
"Finnish suffixes",
"Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Finnish terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Finnish terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "verb ending"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-k",
"id": "verb ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-k",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-k"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-k",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-k, from Proto-Uralic *-k.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "suffix",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The second-person singular imperative ending."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The connegative ending."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˣ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-(ʔ)]"
},
{
"ipa": "/-/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-]"
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German suffixes",
"German terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "personal noun suffix"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Apocope of the final vowel in the nominative singular form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "deriving personal nouns",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Latin catholicus → Katholik (compare Kathole with -e)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -e (“deriving personal nouns”)"
],
"links": [
[
"-e",
"-e#German:_personal_noun_suffix"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German suffixes",
"German terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Apocope of -e (“dative singular ending”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"German poetic terms",
"German terms with archaic senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "das Haus → dem Haus, (archaic or poetic) dem Hause (but usually with -e in zu Hause and aus dem Hause)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"raw_tags": [
"of omission"
],
"tags": [
"symbol"
],
"word": "’"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"hu:Linguistics"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "but not in the subjunctive",
"word": "verbs in the indicative and conditional moods"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"third-person singular indefinite form of verbs in the indicative and conditional moods (but not in the subjunctive)"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"third-person singular indefinite form of verbs in the indicative and conditional moods (but not in the subjunctive)"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indefinite",
"morpheme",
"singular",
"third-person"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"hu:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"a form of the subjunctive/imperative suffix -j in the second-person singular definite short forms of most verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
],
[
"-j",
"-j#Hungarian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"(optionally) a form of the subjunctive/imperative suffix -j in the second-person singular definite short forms of most verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"hu:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"hu:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)",
"also with a long stem vowel in some sz-stem verbs (tesz → tégy, vesz → végy, visz → vígy), though the long form is more common for these verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
],
[
"tesz",
"tesz#Hungarian"
],
[
"tégy",
"tégy#Hungarian"
],
[
"vesz",
"vesz#Hungarian"
],
[
"végy",
"végy#Hungarian"
],
[
"visz",
"visz#Hungarian"
],
[
"vígy",
"vígy#Hungarian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)",
"also with a long stem vowel in some sz-stem verbs (tesz → tégy, vesz → végy, visz → vígy), though the long form is more common for these verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian terms with rare senses",
"hu:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the second-person singular indicative present at the end of certain verbs (van → vagy and dialectally megy → mégy)"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
],
[
"van",
"van#Hungarian"
],
[
"vagy",
"vagy#Hungarian"
],
[
"megy",
"megy#Hungarian"
],
[
"mégy",
"mégy#Hungarian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"(rare) the second-person singular indicative present at the end of certain verbs (van → vagy and dialectally megy → mégy)"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"rare"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"hu:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the nominative singular form of nouns, adjectives, numerals, (present, past, and future) participles, and pronouns"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the nominative singular form of nouns, adjectives, numerals, (present, past, and future) participles, and pronouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"hu:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the accusative suffix after first- and second-person possessive suffixes, chiefly in the singular, as well as in engem and téged"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
],
[
"engem",
"engem#Hungarian"
],
[
"téged",
"téged#Hungarian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"(optionally) the accusative suffix after first- and second-person possessive suffixes, chiefly in the singular, as well as in engem and téged"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"hu:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the positive degree of adjectives"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:",
"the positive degree of adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Kalmyk entries with incorrect language header",
"Kalmyk lemmas",
"Kalmyk suffixes",
"Kalmyk terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "From the fact that no true third person pronoun existed, so it was not put word-finally like other personal markers such as -в (-v), -ч (-ç), etc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xal",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"lang_code": "xal",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used as a third-person copula, meaning ‘He/she/it/they is/are …’"
],
"links": [
[
"He",
"He#English"
],
[
"she",
"she#English"
],
[
"it",
"it#English"
],
[
"they",
"they#English"
],
[
"is",
"is#English"
],
[
"are",
"are#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(predicative) Used as a third-person copula, meaning ‘He/she/it/they is/are …’"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "болх"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Kalmyk terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He/she/it says",
"roman": "En kelnä",
"text": "Эн келнә",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A third-person singular verbal suffix."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(predicative) A third-person singular verbal suffix."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"predicative"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Kalmyk entries with incorrect language header",
"Kalmyk lemmas",
"Kalmyk suffixes",
"Kalmyk terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Root form of the verb (without the -х (-x) suffix in the dictionary form).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xal",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"lang_code": "xal",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Kalmyk terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Speak!",
"roman": "Kel!",
"text": "Кел!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates the imperative."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ə/"
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"etymology_text": "Used where -и (-i) would imply the palatalization of с (s) to ш (š) or ц (c) to ч (č).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "mn-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mongolian entries with incorrect language header",
"Mongolian lemmas",
"Mongolian suffixes",
"Mongolian terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Mongolian terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Alternative form: -и (-i)"
},
{
"text": "Russian фу́нкция (fúnkcija, “function”) + -∅ → Mongolian функц (funkc, “function”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A zero suffix used in place of Russian -ия (-ija) in loanwords with stems ending in с (s) or ц (c)."
],
"links": [
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
],
[
"-ия",
"-ия#Russian"
],
[
"loanword",
"loanword#English"
],
[
"stem",
"stem#English"
],
[
"с",
"с#Mongolian"
],
[
"ц",
"ц#Mongolian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"Russian lemmas",
"Russian suffixes",
"Russian terms in nonstandard scripts"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Russian links with redundant target parameters",
"Russian terms in nonstandard scripts"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "кни́га (kníga, “book”) + -∅ → книг (knig, “…of [the] books”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ме́сто (mésto, “place”) + -∅ → мест (mest, “…of [the] places”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates the genitive plural of first-declension and neuter second-declension nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"first-declension",
"w:Russian_declension#First_declension"
],
[
"neuter second-declension",
"w:Russian_declension#Second_declension_–_neuter_nouns"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Indicates the genitive plural of first-declension and neuter second-declension nouns:"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Russian terms in nonstandard scripts"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "выходи́ть (vyxodítʹ, “to exit”) + -∅ → вы́ход (výxod, “exit”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbal suffix: (for some verbs)"
],
"links": [
[
"Deverbal",
"w:Deverbal"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sms",
"2": "smi-pro",
"3": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *-ō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Samic *-ō.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sms",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Skolt Sami",
"lang_code": "sms",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Skolt Sami entries with incorrect language header",
"Skolt Sami lemmas",
"Skolt Sami noun-forming suffixes",
"Skolt Sami suffixes",
"Skolt Sami terms derived from Proto-Samic",
"Skolt Sami terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Skolt Sami terms inherited from Proto-Samic"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms result or action nouns from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-∅",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "∅-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
"Translingual lemmas",
"Translingual suffixes",
"mul:Linguistic morphology"
],
"glosses": [
"A representation of the zero suffix."
],
"links": [
[
"linguistic",
"linguistic"
],
[
"morphology",
"morphology"
],
[
"zero suffix",
"zero suffix#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistic morphology) A representation of the zero suffix."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistic-morphology",
"linguistics",
"morphology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "-∅"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -∅ meaning in All languages combined (19.9kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: not represented in writing",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "Estonian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: not represented in writing",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "Finnish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: not represented in writing",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "Finnish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: not represented in writing",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "Finnish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: not represented in writing",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "German",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: not represented in writing",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "German",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: optionally",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "Hungarian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: optionally",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "Hungarian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: optionally",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "Hungarian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: optionally",
"path": [
"-∅"
],
"section": "Hungarian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-∅",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-20 using wiktextract (a4e883e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.