See malus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "bonus"
},
{
"word": "probus"
},
{
"word": "rēctus"
},
{
"word": "integer"
},
{
"word": "castus"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "carmen malum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "male"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "maledīcō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malefaciō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malitia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malum in sē"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bourguignon: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-cha",
"2": "mau"
},
"expansion": "Champenois: mau",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Champenois: mau"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "mul"
},
"expansion": "Dalmatian: mul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dalmatian: mul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "mâl"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: mâl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: mâl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "malo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: malo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: malo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "mêl"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: mêl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: mêl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Old French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mal",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: mal\nOccitan: mal",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: mal\nOccitan: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "mao"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: mao\nGalician: mao\nPortuguese: mau (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: mao\nGalician: mao\nPortuguese: mau (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "mal",
"3": "mel"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: mal, mel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: mal, mel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "malu",
"3": "malosu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: malu, malosu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: malu, malosu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "mal",
"3": "malo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: mal, malo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: mal, malo (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "malus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*malos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *malos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallom"
},
"expansion": "Oscan mallom",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-",
"t": "false, bad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "mell",
"id": "destruction",
"t": "destruction"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish mell (“destruction”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλεος",
"t": "idle, unhappy"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "mẽlas",
"3": "",
"4": "lie"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βλάσφημος",
"3": "",
"4": "jinx"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mal-",
"t": "small"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "small"
},
"expansion": "English small",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλας",
"3": "",
"4": "black, dark"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀",
"3": "",
"4": "treacherous"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "मल",
"3": "",
"4": "dirtiness, impurity"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *malos, related to Oscan mallom and mallud (“bad”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”), cognate with Old Irish mell (“destruction”), Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”), Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”), and the first element of Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”), in which case it would then be cognate with English small.\nOriginally associated with Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”), but support for this is waning. Also compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”) and Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mala",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "peior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pessimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "malus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malos",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus",
"adv": "male",
"comp": "peior",
"sup": "pessimus"
},
"expansion": "malus (feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative peior, superlative pessimus, adverb male); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 6 3 3 5 8 5 21 2 13 18 4",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Pome fruits",
"orig": "la:Pome fruits",
"parents": [
"Rose family plants",
"Shrubs",
"Trees",
"Rosales order plants",
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]",
"text": "Abī in malam crucem, malum cruciātum.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Trouble, bad business.",
"text": "Mala rēs.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Old age.",
"text": "Mala aetās.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant, distressing, painful, nasty, bad"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-la:bad",
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"distressing",
"distressing"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"nasty",
"nasty"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:bad"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ugly face.",
"text": "Mala faciēs.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant to the senses, sight, smell, taste, touch"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-Z3IvIsAl",
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"senses",
"senses"
],
[
"sight",
"sight"
],
[
"smell",
"smell"
],
[
"taste",
"taste"
],
[
"touch",
"touch"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "An evil and wicked man.",
"text": "Malus et nēquam homō.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).",
"text": "Dolus malus.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, evil, wicked, mischievous"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-CRndYP3n",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"wicked",
"wicked"
],
[
"mischievous",
"mischievous"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "improbus"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "nēquam"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "malignus"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelerātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "perversus"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "prāvus"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "vitiōsus"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelestus"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 3 79 5 1 4 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "facinorōsus"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A bad habit.",
"text": "Consuētūdō mala.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To whisper evil spells, incantations.",
"text": "Mala vōta, carmina susurrāre.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"destructive, hurtful, noxious, evil"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-YSMCHz8Z",
"links": [
[
"destructive",
"destructive"
],
[
"hurtful",
"hurtful"
],
[
"noxious",
"noxious"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Abuses.",
"text": "Mala verba.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unkind, hostile, abusive"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-evBN0wzn",
"links": [
[
"unkind",
"unkind"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"abusive",
"abusive"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.",
"text": "Mala tempestās.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To bring bad reputation, ill fame.",
"text": "Malam fāmam ferre.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Under evil auspices. (literally, “Under bad birds.”)",
"text": "Malīs avibus.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.",
"text": "Reliquiae malae pugnae.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"associated with bad luck, unlucky, unfavourable, unfortunate, adverse, evil"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj--fNicsBP",
"links": [
[
"bad luck",
"bad luck"
],
[
"unlucky",
"unlucky"
],
[
"unfavourable",
"unfavourable"
],
[
"unfortunate",
"unfortunate"
],
[
"adverse",
"adverse"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 7 4 2 5 6 17 15 4 7 20 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 2 6 9 9 18 7 7 9 7 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "la:Ethics",
"parents": [
"Philosophy",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A bad lot (of persons).",
"text": "Mala merx/mers.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To be out of one's mind.",
"text": "Malā mente esse.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The worst poet.",
"text": "Pessimus poēta.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poor in condition or capacity, inept"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-GXkoP-8U",
"links": [
[
"poor",
"poor"
],
[
"condition",
"condition"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
],
[
"inept",
"inept"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "nocīvus"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "Malus"
},
"expansion": "Translingual: Malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Translingual: Malus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "mer"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: mer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: mer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "melo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: melo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: melo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruq",
"2": "mer"
},
"expansion": "Megleno-Romanian: mer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Megleno-Romanian: mer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "măr"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: măr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: măr"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "malus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μηλέα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μᾶλον",
"3": "",
"4": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*mēlus",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 7 4 2 5 6 17 15 4 7 20 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 6 3 3 5 8 5 21 2 13 18 4",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Pome fruits",
"orig": "la:Pome fruits",
"parents": [
"Rose family plants",
"Shrubs",
"Trees",
"Rosales order plants",
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "mālus grānāta"
},
{
"word": "mālus domestica"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.",
"text": "Malus bifera.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.",
"text": "Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.",
"text": "Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae."
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-la:apple",
"links": [
[
"apple tree",
"apple tree"
],
[
"Malus",
"Malus"
],
[
"Rosaceae",
"Rosaceae#Translingual"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "mālum"
},
{
"word": "mēlō"
},
{
"word": "mēlopepō"
}
],
"senseid": [
"la:apple"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmaː.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*mastaz",
"t": "rod, bar, mast"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mastaz (“rod, bar, mast”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "maide",
"t": "stick"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish maide (“stick”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mh₂sd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sd-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*mostъ",
"t": "bridge"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *mostъ (“bridge”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Proto-Germanic *mastaz (“rod, bar, mast”) and Middle Irish maide (“stick”). Schrijver and De Vaan tentatively reconstruct Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sd-, possibly from a root *meh₂s- shared with mās (“male”). Another possible cognate is Proto-Slavic *mostъ (“bridge”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"expansion": "mālus m (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 8 7 0 3 9 7 3 34 7 4 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Ship parts",
"orig": "la:Ship parts",
"parents": [
"Nautical",
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To fasten the sails to the masts.",
"text": "Antemnas ad malos destinare.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "He has ordered the mast to be erected.",
"text": "Malum erigi imperavit.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The masts are lifted.",
"text": "Attolli malos.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a mast of a ship"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-qqOVkZQd",
"links": [
[
"mast",
"mast"
],
[
"ship",
"ship"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 12 3 16 4 4 3 1 5 6 3 2 2 13 16 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 6 3 3 5 8 5 21 2 13 18 4",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Pome fruits",
"orig": "la:Pome fruits",
"parents": [
"Rose family plants",
"Shrubs",
"Trees",
"Rosales order plants",
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-M1EXjosf",
"links": [
[
"standard",
"standard"
],
[
"pole",
"pole"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 12 3 16 4 4 3 1 5 6 3 2 2 13 16 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 10 2 14 3 3 2 0 4 5 3 1 1 17 23 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 4 7 11 14 5 1 1 19 26 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 7 4 2 5 6 17 15 4 7 20 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 6 3 3 5 8 5 21 2 13 18 4",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Pome fruits",
"orig": "la:Pome fruits",
"parents": [
"Rose family plants",
"Shrubs",
"Trees",
"Rosales order plants",
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the beam in the middle of a winepress"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-9O5~mZLT",
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"winepress",
"winepress"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Beams of the towers.",
"text": "Turrium mali.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They equaled the height of our towers … by the beams of their towers spliced together",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22",
"text": "nostrarum turrium altitudinem … commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the corner beams of a tower"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-cgp8Xh6e",
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmaː.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "bonus"
},
{
"word": "probus"
},
{
"word": "rēctus"
},
{
"word": "integer"
},
{
"word": "castus"
}
],
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)mel-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "carmen malum"
},
{
"word": "male"
},
{
"word": "maledīcō"
},
{
"word": "malefaciō"
},
{
"word": "malitās"
},
{
"word": "malitia"
},
{
"word": "malum in sē"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bourguignon: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-cha",
"2": "mau"
},
"expansion": "Champenois: mau",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Champenois: mau"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "mul"
},
"expansion": "Dalmatian: mul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dalmatian: mul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "mâl"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: mâl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: mâl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "malo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: malo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: malo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "mêl"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: mêl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: mêl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Old French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mal",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: mal\nOccitan: mal",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: mal\nOccitan: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "mao"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: mao\nGalician: mao\nPortuguese: mau (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: mao\nGalician: mao\nPortuguese: mau (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "mal",
"3": "mel"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: mal, mel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: mal, mel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "malu",
"3": "malosu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: malu, malosu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: malu, malosu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "mal",
"3": "malo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: mal, malo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: mal, malo (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "malus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*malos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *malos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallom"
},
"expansion": "Oscan mallom",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-",
"t": "false, bad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "mell",
"id": "destruction",
"t": "destruction"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish mell (“destruction”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλεος",
"t": "idle, unhappy"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "mẽlas",
"3": "",
"4": "lie"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βλάσφημος",
"3": "",
"4": "jinx"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mal-",
"t": "small"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "small"
},
"expansion": "English small",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλας",
"3": "",
"4": "black, dark"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀",
"3": "",
"4": "treacherous"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "मल",
"3": "",
"4": "dirtiness, impurity"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *malos, related to Oscan mallom and mallud (“bad”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”), cognate with Old Irish mell (“destruction”), Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”), Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”), and the first element of Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”), in which case it would then be cognate with English small.\nOriginally associated with Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”), but support for this is waning. Also compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”) and Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mala",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "peior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pessimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "malus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malos",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus",
"adv": "male",
"comp": "peior",
"sup": "pessimus"
},
"expansion": "malus (feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative peior, superlative pessimus, adverb male); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]",
"text": "Abī in malam crucem, malum cruciātum.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Trouble, bad business.",
"text": "Mala rēs.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Old age.",
"text": "Mala aetās.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant, distressing, painful, nasty, bad"
],
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"distressing",
"distressing"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"nasty",
"nasty"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:bad"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ugly face.",
"text": "Mala faciēs.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant to the senses, sight, smell, taste, touch"
],
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"senses",
"senses"
],
[
"sight",
"sight"
],
[
"smell",
"smell"
],
[
"taste",
"taste"
],
[
"touch",
"touch"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "An evil and wicked man.",
"text": "Malus et nēquam homō.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).",
"text": "Dolus malus.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, evil, wicked, mischievous"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"wicked",
"wicked"
],
[
"mischievous",
"mischievous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A bad habit.",
"text": "Consuētūdō mala.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To whisper evil spells, incantations.",
"text": "Mala vōta, carmina susurrāre.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"destructive, hurtful, noxious, evil"
],
"links": [
[
"destructive",
"destructive"
],
[
"hurtful",
"hurtful"
],
[
"noxious",
"noxious"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Abuses.",
"text": "Mala verba.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unkind, hostile, abusive"
],
"links": [
[
"unkind",
"unkind"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"abusive",
"abusive"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.",
"text": "Mala tempestās.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To bring bad reputation, ill fame.",
"text": "Malam fāmam ferre.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Under evil auspices. (literally, “Under bad birds.”)",
"text": "Malīs avibus.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.",
"text": "Reliquiae malae pugnae.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"associated with bad luck, unlucky, unfavourable, unfortunate, adverse, evil"
],
"links": [
[
"bad luck",
"bad luck"
],
[
"unlucky",
"unlucky"
],
[
"unfavourable",
"unfavourable"
],
[
"unfortunate",
"unfortunate"
],
[
"adverse",
"adverse"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A bad lot (of persons).",
"text": "Mala merx/mers.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To be out of one's mind.",
"text": "Malā mente esse.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The worst poet.",
"text": "Pessimus poēta.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poor in condition or capacity, inept"
],
"links": [
[
"poor",
"poor"
],
[
"condition",
"condition"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
],
[
"inept",
"inept"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "improbus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "nēquam"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "malignus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelerātus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "perversus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "prāvus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "vitiōsus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelestus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "facinorōsus"
},
{
"word": "nocīvus"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "mālus grānāta"
},
{
"word": "mālus domestica"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "Malus"
},
"expansion": "Translingual: Malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Translingual: Malus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "mer"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: mer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: mer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "melo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: melo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: melo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruq",
"2": "mer"
},
"expansion": "Megleno-Romanian: mer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Megleno-Romanian: mer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "măr"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: măr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: măr"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "malus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μηλέα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μᾶλον",
"3": "",
"4": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*mēlus",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "mālum"
},
{
"word": "mēlō"
},
{
"word": "mēlopepō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.",
"text": "Malus bifera.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.",
"text": "Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.",
"text": "Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae."
],
"links": [
[
"apple tree",
"apple tree"
],
[
"Malus",
"Malus"
],
[
"Rosaceae",
"Rosaceae#Translingual"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:apple"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmaː.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*mastaz",
"t": "rod, bar, mast"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mastaz (“rod, bar, mast”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "maide",
"t": "stick"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish maide (“stick”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mh₂sd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sd-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*mostъ",
"t": "bridge"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *mostъ (“bridge”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Proto-Germanic *mastaz (“rod, bar, mast”) and Middle Irish maide (“stick”). Schrijver and De Vaan tentatively reconstruct Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sd-, possibly from a root *meh₂s- shared with mās (“male”). Another possible cognate is Proto-Slavic *mostъ (“bridge”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"expansion": "mālus m (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To fasten the sails to the masts.",
"text": "Antemnas ad malos destinare.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "He has ordered the mast to be erected.",
"text": "Malum erigi imperavit.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The masts are lifted.",
"text": "Attolli malos.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a mast of a ship"
],
"links": [
[
"mast",
"mast"
],
[
"ship",
"ship"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached"
],
"links": [
[
"standard",
"standard"
],
[
"pole",
"pole"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the beam in the middle of a winepress"
],
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"winepress",
"winepress"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Beams of the towers.",
"text": "Turrium mali.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They equaled the height of our towers … by the beams of their towers spliced together",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22",
"text": "nostrarum turrium altitudinem … commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the corner beams of a tower"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmaː.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for malus meaning in Latin (23.1kB)
{
"called_from": "linkages/371",
"msg": "unrecognized linkage prefix: (hurtful): nocīvus desc=hurtful rest=nocīvus cls=romanization cls2=romanization e1=True e2=False",
"path": [
"malus"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "malus",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.