See malus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "bonus"
},
{
"word": "probus"
},
{
"word": "rēctus"
},
{
"word": "integer"
},
{
"word": "castus"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "carmen malum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "male"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "maledīcō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malefaciō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malitia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malum in sē"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "malu"
},
{
"lang": "Bourguignon",
"lang_code": "roa-brg",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "mau"
},
{
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "dlm",
"word": "mul"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "mâl"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "malo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "mal"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "mal"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "mal"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "mal"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "mao"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "mau"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "mao"
},
{
"lang": "Romansch",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"lang": "Romansch",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "mel"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "malu"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "malosu"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "malu"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "malo"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*malos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *malos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallom"
},
"expansion": "Oscan mallom",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-",
"t": "false, bad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "mell",
"id": "destruction",
"t": "destruction"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish mell (“destruction”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλεος",
"t": "idle, unhappy"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "mẽlas",
"3": "",
"4": "lie"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βλάσφημος",
"3": "",
"4": "jinx"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mal-",
"t": "small"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "small"
},
"expansion": "English small",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλας",
"3": "",
"4": "black, dark"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀",
"3": "",
"4": "treacherous"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "मल",
"3": "",
"4": "dirtiness, impurity"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *malos, related to Oscan mallom and mallud (“bad”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”), cognate with Old Irish mell (“destruction”), Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”), Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”), and the first element of Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”), in which case it would then be cognate with English small.\nEarlier associated with Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”), but support for this is waning. Also compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”) and Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mala",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "peior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pessimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "malus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malos",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Old-Latin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus",
"adv": "male",
"comp": "peior",
"sup": "pessimus"
},
"expansion": "malus (feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative peior, superlative pessimus, adverb male); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
12
],
[
21,
26
]
],
"english": "Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]",
"text": "Abī in malam crucem, malum cruciātum.",
"translation": "Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
9,
12
]
],
"english": "Trouble, bad business.",
"text": "Mala rēs.",
"translation": "Trouble, bad business.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "Old age.",
"text": "Mala aetās.",
"translation": "Old age.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant, distressing, painful, nasty, bad"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-la:bad",
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"distressing",
"distressing"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"nasty",
"nasty"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:bad"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "Ugly face.",
"text": "Mala faciēs.",
"translation": "Ugly face.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant to the senses, sight, smell, taste, touch"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-Z3IvIsAl",
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"senses",
"senses"
],
[
"sight",
"sight"
],
[
"smell",
"smell"
],
[
"taste",
"taste"
],
[
"touch",
"touch"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
3,
7
]
],
"english": "An evil and wicked man.",
"text": "Malus et nēquam homō.",
"translation": "An evil and wicked man.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
11
]
],
"english": "Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).",
"text": "Dolus malus.",
"translation": "Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "An evil mind, an evil heart.\n(In other words, what one says and does reveal that person’s inner character.)",
"ref": "166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 164",
"text": "Mala mēns, malus animus.",
"translation": "An evil mind, an evil heart.\n(In other words, what one says and does reveal that person’s inner character.)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, evil, wicked, mischievous"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-CRndYP3n",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"wicked",
"wicked"
],
[
"mischievous",
"mischievous"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "improbus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "nēquam"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "malignus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelerātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "perversus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "prāvus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "vitiōsus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelestus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "facinorōsus"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 8 2 18 4 21 3 2 2 26 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
2,
5
]
],
"english": "A bad habit.",
"text": "Consuētūdō mala.",
"translation": "A bad habit.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
36
]
],
"english": "To whisper evil spells, incantations.",
"text": "Mala vōta, carmina susurrāre.",
"translation": "To whisper evil spells, incantations.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"destructive, hurtful, noxious, evil"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-YSMCHz8Z",
"links": [
[
"destructive",
"destructive"
],
[
"hurtful",
"hurtful"
],
[
"noxious",
"noxious"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"english": "Abuses.",
"text": "Mala verba.",
"translation": "Abuses.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unkind, hostile, abusive"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-evBN0wzn",
"links": [
[
"unkind",
"unkind"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"abusive",
"abusive"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 8 2 18 4 21 3 2 2 26 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
29
]
],
"english": "Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.",
"text": "Mala tempestās.",
"translation": "Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
9,
12
],
[
25,
28
]
],
"english": "To bring bad reputation, ill fame.",
"text": "Malam fāmam ferre.",
"translation": "To bring bad reputation, ill fame.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
10
]
],
"english": "Under evil auspices.",
"literal_meaning": "Under bad birds.",
"text": "Malīs avibus.",
"translation": "Under evil auspices.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
15,
36
]
],
"english": "Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.",
"text": "Reliquiae malae pugnae.",
"translation": "Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"associated with bad luck, unlucky, unfavourable, unfortunate, adverse, evil"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj--fNicsBP",
"links": [
[
"bad luck",
"bad luck"
],
[
"unlucky",
"unlucky"
],
[
"unfavourable",
"unfavourable"
],
[
"unfortunate",
"unfortunate"
],
[
"adverse",
"adverse"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 10 0 7 6 11 17 9 9 11 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "la:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
2,
5
]
],
"english": "A bad lot (of persons).",
"text": "Mala merx/mers.",
"translation": "A bad lot (of persons).",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"english": "To be out of one's mind.",
"text": "Malā mente esse.",
"translation": "To be out of one's mind.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
8
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"english": "The worst poet.",
"text": "Pessimus poēta.",
"translation": "The worst poet.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poor in condition or capacity, inept"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-GXkoP-8U",
"links": [
[
"poor",
"poor"
],
[
"condition",
"condition"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
],
[
"inept",
"inept"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈma.ɫʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "nocīvus"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"word": "Malus"
},
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "mer"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "melo"
},
{
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"lang_code": "ruq",
"word": "mer"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "măr"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μηλέα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μᾶλον",
"3": "",
"4": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*mēlus",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Latin",
"vulgar"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "mālus grānāta"
},
{
"word": "mālus domestica"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
3,
13
]
],
"english": "An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.",
"text": "Malus bifera.",
"translation": "An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
25
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
48,
59
]
],
"english": "And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.",
"text": "Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.",
"translation": "And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
42,
47
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
47,
57
]
],
"english": "The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.",
"text": "Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.",
"translation": "The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae."
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-la:apple",
"links": [
[
"apple tree",
"apple tree"
],
[
"Malus",
"Malus"
],
[
"Rosaceae",
"Rosaceae#Translingual"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "mālum"
},
{
"word": "mēlō"
},
{
"word": "mēlopepō"
}
],
"senseid": [
"la:apple"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.ɫʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*mazdo-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *mazdo-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*mh₂sdo-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sdo-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*mastaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mastaz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "maide",
"t": "stick"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish maide (“stick”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. De Vaan suggests that the term could derive from Proto-Italic *mazdo-, itself perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sdo-. However, De Vaan notes that a comparison with Proto-Germanic *mastaz and Middle Irish maide (“stick”) requires a pre-form *mādos with a shift of d to l. Schrijver, alternatively, connects the term with mās (“male”) The uncertain etymology allows for the possibility of a substrate origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"expansion": "mālus m (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 10 0 0 4 11 3 4 35 9 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Ship parts",
"orig": "la:Ship parts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
27,
32
]
],
"english": "To fasten the sails to the masts.",
"text": "Antemnas ad malos destinare.",
"translation": "To fasten the sails to the masts.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
23
]
],
"english": "He has ordered the mast to be erected.",
"text": "Malum erigi imperavit.",
"translation": "He has ordered the mast to be erected.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
13
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "The masts are lifted.",
"text": "Attolli malos.",
"translation": "The masts are lifted.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a mast of a ship"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-qqOVkZQd",
"links": [
[
"mast",
"mast"
],
[
"ship",
"ship"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 10 18 12 4 4 0 1 2 5 1 2 2 22 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 2 18 4 21 3 2 2 26 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 0 6 3 14 3 12 4 26 4 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Pome fruits",
"orig": "la:Pome fruits",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-M1EXjosf",
"links": [
[
"standard",
"standard"
],
[
"pole",
"pole"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 7 1 2 5 7 14 17 5 7 21 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the beam in the middle of a winepress"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-9O5~mZLT",
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"winepress",
"winepress"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"english": "Beams of the towers.",
"text": "Turrium mali.",
"translation": "Beams of the towers.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They equaled the height of our towers … by the beams of their towers spliced together",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22",
"text": "nostrarum turrium altitudinem … commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant",
"translation": "They equaled the height of our towers … by the beams of their towers spliced together"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the corner beams of a tower"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-cgp8Xh6e",
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.ɫʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "bonus"
},
{
"word": "probus"
},
{
"word": "rēctus"
},
{
"word": "integer"
},
{
"word": "castus"
}
],
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)mel-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "carmen malum"
},
{
"word": "male"
},
{
"word": "maledīcō"
},
{
"word": "malefaciō"
},
{
"word": "malitās"
},
{
"word": "malitia"
},
{
"word": "malum in sē"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "malu"
},
{
"lang": "Bourguignon",
"lang_code": "roa-brg",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "mau"
},
{
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "dlm",
"word": "mul"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "mâl"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "malo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "mal"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "mal"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "mal"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "mal"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "mao"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "mau"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "mao"
},
{
"lang": "Romansch",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"lang": "Romansch",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "mel"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "malu"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "malosu"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "malu"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "malo"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*malos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *malos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallom"
},
"expansion": "Oscan mallom",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-",
"t": "false, bad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "mell",
"id": "destruction",
"t": "destruction"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish mell (“destruction”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλεος",
"t": "idle, unhappy"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "mẽlas",
"3": "",
"4": "lie"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βλάσφημος",
"3": "",
"4": "jinx"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mal-",
"t": "small"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "small"
},
"expansion": "English small",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλας",
"3": "",
"4": "black, dark"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀",
"3": "",
"4": "treacherous"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "मल",
"3": "",
"4": "dirtiness, impurity"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *malos, related to Oscan mallom and mallud (“bad”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”), cognate with Old Irish mell (“destruction”), Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”), Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”), and the first element of Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”), in which case it would then be cognate with English small.\nEarlier associated with Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”), but support for this is waning. Also compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”) and Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mala",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "peior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pessimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "malus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malos",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Old-Latin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus",
"adv": "male",
"comp": "peior",
"sup": "pessimus"
},
"expansion": "malus (feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative peior, superlative pessimus, adverb male); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
12
],
[
21,
26
]
],
"english": "Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]",
"text": "Abī in malam crucem, malum cruciātum.",
"translation": "Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
9,
12
]
],
"english": "Trouble, bad business.",
"text": "Mala rēs.",
"translation": "Trouble, bad business.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "Old age.",
"text": "Mala aetās.",
"translation": "Old age.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant, distressing, painful, nasty, bad"
],
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"distressing",
"distressing"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"nasty",
"nasty"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:bad"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "Ugly face.",
"text": "Mala faciēs.",
"translation": "Ugly face.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant to the senses, sight, smell, taste, touch"
],
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"senses",
"senses"
],
[
"sight",
"sight"
],
[
"smell",
"smell"
],
[
"taste",
"taste"
],
[
"touch",
"touch"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
3,
7
]
],
"english": "An evil and wicked man.",
"text": "Malus et nēquam homō.",
"translation": "An evil and wicked man.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
11
]
],
"english": "Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).",
"text": "Dolus malus.",
"translation": "Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "An evil mind, an evil heart.\n(In other words, what one says and does reveal that person’s inner character.)",
"ref": "166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 164",
"text": "Mala mēns, malus animus.",
"translation": "An evil mind, an evil heart.\n(In other words, what one says and does reveal that person’s inner character.)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, evil, wicked, mischievous"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"wicked",
"wicked"
],
[
"mischievous",
"mischievous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
2,
5
]
],
"english": "A bad habit.",
"text": "Consuētūdō mala.",
"translation": "A bad habit.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
36
]
],
"english": "To whisper evil spells, incantations.",
"text": "Mala vōta, carmina susurrāre.",
"translation": "To whisper evil spells, incantations.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"destructive, hurtful, noxious, evil"
],
"links": [
[
"destructive",
"destructive"
],
[
"hurtful",
"hurtful"
],
[
"noxious",
"noxious"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"english": "Abuses.",
"text": "Mala verba.",
"translation": "Abuses.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unkind, hostile, abusive"
],
"links": [
[
"unkind",
"unkind"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"abusive",
"abusive"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
29
]
],
"english": "Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.",
"text": "Mala tempestās.",
"translation": "Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
9,
12
],
[
25,
28
]
],
"english": "To bring bad reputation, ill fame.",
"text": "Malam fāmam ferre.",
"translation": "To bring bad reputation, ill fame.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
10
]
],
"english": "Under evil auspices.",
"literal_meaning": "Under bad birds.",
"text": "Malīs avibus.",
"translation": "Under evil auspices.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
15,
36
]
],
"english": "Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.",
"text": "Reliquiae malae pugnae.",
"translation": "Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"associated with bad luck, unlucky, unfavourable, unfortunate, adverse, evil"
],
"links": [
[
"bad luck",
"bad luck"
],
[
"unlucky",
"unlucky"
],
[
"unfavourable",
"unfavourable"
],
[
"unfortunate",
"unfortunate"
],
[
"adverse",
"adverse"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
2,
5
]
],
"english": "A bad lot (of persons).",
"text": "Mala merx/mers.",
"translation": "A bad lot (of persons).",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"english": "To be out of one's mind.",
"text": "Malā mente esse.",
"translation": "To be out of one's mind.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
8
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"english": "The worst poet.",
"text": "Pessimus poēta.",
"translation": "The worst poet.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poor in condition or capacity, inept"
],
"links": [
[
"poor",
"poor"
],
[
"condition",
"condition"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
],
[
"inept",
"inept"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈma.ɫʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "improbus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "nēquam"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "malignus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelerātus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "perversus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "prāvus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "vitiōsus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelestus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "facinorōsus"
},
{
"word": "nocīvus"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "mālus grānāta"
},
{
"word": "mālus domestica"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"word": "Malus"
},
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "mer"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "melo"
},
{
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"lang_code": "ruq",
"word": "mer"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "măr"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μηλέα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μᾶλον",
"3": "",
"4": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*mēlus",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Latin",
"vulgar"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "mālum"
},
{
"word": "mēlō"
},
{
"word": "mēlopepō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
3,
13
]
],
"english": "An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.",
"text": "Malus bifera.",
"translation": "An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
25
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
48,
59
]
],
"english": "And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.",
"text": "Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.",
"translation": "And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
42,
47
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
47,
57
]
],
"english": "The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.",
"text": "Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.",
"translation": "The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae."
],
"links": [
[
"apple tree",
"apple tree"
],
[
"Malus",
"Malus"
],
[
"Rosaceae",
"Rosaceae#Translingual"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:apple"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.ɫʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*mazdo-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *mazdo-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*mh₂sdo-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sdo-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*mastaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mastaz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "maide",
"t": "stick"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish maide (“stick”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. De Vaan suggests that the term could derive from Proto-Italic *mazdo-, itself perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sdo-. However, De Vaan notes that a comparison with Proto-Germanic *mastaz and Middle Irish maide (“stick”) requires a pre-form *mādos with a shift of d to l. Schrijver, alternatively, connects the term with mās (“male”) The uncertain etymology allows for the possibility of a substrate origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"expansion": "mālus m (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
27,
32
]
],
"english": "To fasten the sails to the masts.",
"text": "Antemnas ad malos destinare.",
"translation": "To fasten the sails to the masts.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
23
]
],
"english": "He has ordered the mast to be erected.",
"text": "Malum erigi imperavit.",
"translation": "He has ordered the mast to be erected.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
13
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
9
]
],
"english": "The masts are lifted.",
"text": "Attolli malos.",
"translation": "The masts are lifted.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a mast of a ship"
],
"links": [
[
"mast",
"mast"
],
[
"ship",
"ship"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached"
],
"links": [
[
"standard",
"standard"
],
[
"pole",
"pole"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the beam in the middle of a winepress"
],
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"winepress",
"winepress"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"english": "Beams of the towers.",
"text": "Turrium mali.",
"translation": "Beams of the towers.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They equaled the height of our towers … by the beams of their towers spliced together",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22",
"text": "nostrarum turrium altitudinem … commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant",
"translation": "They equaled the height of our towers … by the beams of their towers spliced together"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the corner beams of a tower"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.ɫʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmaː.lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for malus meaning in Latin (24.8kB)
{
"called_from": "linkages/371",
"msg": "unrecognized linkage prefix: (hurtful): nocīvus desc=hurtful rest=nocīvus cls=romanization cls2=romanization e1=True e2=False",
"path": [
"malus"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "malus",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.