See malus on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for malus meaning in All languages combined (32.3kB)
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "disgorgement"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "malus"
},
"expansion": "Latin malus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bonus",
"t": "additional compensation"
},
"expansion": "bonus (“additional compensation”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of mal",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin malus, by analogy with bonus (“additional compensation”). Doublet of mal.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "maluses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mali",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+",
"2": "mali"
},
"expansion": "malus (plural maluses or mali)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "malum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "malus genius"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Business",
"orig": "en:Business",
"parents": [
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "71 7 14 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 4 49 6",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Pome fruits",
"orig": "en:Pome fruits",
"parents": [
"Rose family plants",
"Shrubs",
"Trees",
"Rosales order plants",
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "When bank fired the loan originator, they recovered the last two years of her bonuses under the malus clause in her contract.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1997, ASTIN Bulletin, page 48",
"text": "The existence of boni and mali for the different risks can be interpreted through the sign of estimated covariances.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Jean Pinquet, “Experience Rating through Heterogeneous Models”, in Georges Dionne, editor, Handbook of Insurance, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 462",
"text": "If the boni and mali do not depend on the frequency of claims, the average bonus-malus coefficient increases with the frequency.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Henner Gimpel, Nicolas R. Jennings, Gregory E. Kersten, Axel Ockenfels, Christof Weinhardt, Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering: International Seminar, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, November 12-17, 2006, Revised Selected Papers, Springer Science & Business Media, page 62",
"text": "Bidders with inferior quality, higher transport costs or additional switching costs receive a Malus which decreases their bid automatically to incorporate the disadvantages. Bonus Malus Auctions are used by about 50% of all companies.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Akmal Akramkhanov, Bernhard Tischbein, Usman Khalid Awan, “Effective management of soil salinity – revising leaching norms”, in John P. A. Lamers, Asia Khamzina, Inna Rudenko, Paul L. G. Vlek, editors, Restructuring Land Allocation, Water Use and Agricultural Value Chains: Technologies, Policies and Practices for the Lower Amudarya Region, V & R unipress, Bonn University Press, page 131",
"text": "Akramkhanov et al. (2010) also suggested a system of boni and mali on taxes to support the implementation of measures to achieve both water saving and salinity control (Table 3.3.1).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016, David Aveiro, Robert Pergl, Duarte Gouveia, Advances in Enterprise Engineering X: 6th Enterprise Engineering Working Conference, EEWC 2016, Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, May 30-June 3 2016, Proceedings, Springer, page 26",
"text": "If both the estimated payment- and checking-rate is not above a threshold in a district, the contracted party will receive a malus for that district, and no bonus for any other district.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The loss or return of performance-related compensation originally paid by an employer to an employee as a result of the discovery of a defect in the performance."
],
"id": "en-malus-en-noun-jl8eJTLr",
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"performance",
"performance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business) The loss or return of performance-related compensation originally paid by an employer to an employee as a result of the discovery of a defect in the performance."
],
"topics": [
"business"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2016, Rosa Bottino, Johan Jeuring, Remco C. Veltkamp, Games and Learning Alliance: 5th International Conference, GALA 2016, Utrecht, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2016, Proceedings, Springer, page 305",
"text": "The driver game has a game screen with less number of properties and representations (see Fig. 3(a)). […] If the user completes a level within the allocated time, then the user gets a bonus and will be advanced to another level[,] and if user is unable to complete a level, then a malus is provided and the user gets retained in the same level.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A penalty or negative thing."
],
"id": "en-malus-en-noun-wETdAuUW",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) A penalty or negative thing."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmeɪ.ləs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈmɑː.ləs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈmæ.ləs/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "clawback"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "mālus"
},
"expansion": "Latin mālus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mul",
"3": "Malus"
},
"expansion": "translingual Malus",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin mālus and translingual Malus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "maluses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "malus (plural maluses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 4 49 6",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Pome fruits",
"orig": "en:Pome fruits",
"parents": [
"Rose family plants",
"Shrubs",
"Trees",
"Rosales order plants",
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1922, Gardener’s Chronicle of America, volume 26, page 228, column 2",
"text": "It leads to a certain extent to an evergreen type Docynia which is distributed in the Himalayas and western China and whose magnificence of bloom I learned to know on my travels in Yunnan; it is distinct from genuine maluses.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1959, Gardeners Chronicle & Gardening Illustrated, volume 145, page 65, column 2",
"text": "Malus ‘Dartmouth’ is a variety of M. pumila, the wild crab-apple, and is only one of the several maluses which offer a wider choice than the commonly planted ‘John Downie,’ lemoinei and eleyi.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1968, Agriculture in Northern Ireland, volume 43, page 290",
"text": "In gardens which are rather open and exposed, the ornamental crabs or maluses are generally less satisfactory than the cherries as flowering trees.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A plant of the genus Malus (the apples)."
],
"id": "en-malus-en-noun-4Ewej7jL",
"links": [
[
"Malus",
"Malus"
],
[
"apple",
"apple"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "apple"
}
]
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "malus",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "malu"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of malu"
],
"id": "en-malus-en-noun-r7yuQTB5",
"links": [
[
"malu",
"malu#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "bonus"
},
{
"word": "probus"
},
{
"word": "rēctus"
},
{
"word": "integer"
},
{
"word": "castus"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "carmen malum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "male"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "maledīcō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malefaciō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "malum in sē"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bourguignon: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-cha",
"2": "mau"
},
"expansion": "Champenois: mau",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Champenois: mau"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "mul"
},
"expansion": "Dalmatian: mul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dalmatian: mul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "mâl"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: mâl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: mâl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "malo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: malo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: malo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "mêl"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: mêl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: mêl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Old French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mal",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: mal\nOccitan: mal",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: mal\nOccitan: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "mao"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: mao\nGalician: mao\nPortuguese: mau (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: mao\nGalician: mao\nPortuguese: mau (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "mal",
"3": "mel"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: mal, mel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: mal, mel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "malu",
"3": "malosu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: malu, malosu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: malu, malosu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "mal",
"3": "malo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: mal, malo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: mal, malo (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "malus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*malos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *malos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallom"
},
"expansion": "Oscan mallom",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallud",
"3": "",
"4": "bad"
},
"expansion": "mallud (“bad”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-",
"t": "false, bad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "melas",
"3": "",
"4": "lie"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian melas (“lie”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βλάσφημος",
"3": "",
"4": "jinx"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mal-",
"t": "small"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "small"
},
"expansion": "English small",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλας",
"3": "",
"4": "black, dark"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀",
"3": "",
"4": "treacherous"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "मल",
"3": "",
"4": "dirtiness, impurity"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *malos, related to Oscan mallom and mallud (“bad”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”), cognate with Lithuanian melas (“lie”) and the first element of Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”), it would then be a cognate with English small.\nOriginally associated with Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”), but support for this is waning. Also compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”) and Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mala",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "pēior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pessimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "malus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus",
"adv": "male",
"comp": "pēior",
"sup": "pessimus"
},
"expansion": "malus (feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative pēior, superlative pessimus, adverb male); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 7 1 10 0 27 1 28 0 6 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]",
"text": "Abī in malam crucem, malum cruciātum.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Trouble, bad business.",
"text": "Mala rēs.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Old age.",
"text": "Mala aetās.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant, distressing, painful, nasty, bad"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-la:bad",
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"distressing",
"distressing"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"nasty",
"nasty"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:bad"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ugly face.",
"text": "Mala faciēs.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant to the senses, sight, smell, taste, touch"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-Z3IvIsAl",
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"senses",
"senses"
],
[
"sight",
"sight"
],
[
"smell",
"smell"
],
[
"taste",
"taste"
],
[
"touch",
"touch"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "An evil and wicked man.",
"text": "Malus et nēquam homō.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).",
"text": "Dolus malus.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, evil, wicked, mischievous"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-CRndYP3n",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"wicked",
"wicked"
],
[
"mischievous",
"mischievous"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "improbus"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "nēquam"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "malignus"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelerātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "perversus"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "prāvus"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "vitiōsus"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelestus"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 6 74 4 1 5 2",
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "facinorōsus"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 7 1 10 0 27 1 28 0 6 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A bad habit.",
"text": "Consuētūdō mala.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To whisper evil spells, incantations.",
"text": "Mala vōta, carmina susurrāre.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"destructive, hurtful, noxious, evil"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-YSMCHz8Z",
"links": [
[
"destructive",
"destructive"
],
[
"hurtful",
"hurtful"
],
[
"noxious",
"noxious"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Abuses.",
"text": "Mala verba.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unkind, hostile, abusive"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-evBN0wzn",
"links": [
[
"unkind",
"unkind"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"abusive",
"abusive"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 7 1 10 0 27 1 28 0 6 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 2 4 6 11 21 24 5 6 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "la:Ethics",
"parents": [
"Philosophy",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 7 3 10 2 28 3 17 9 5 5 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Ship parts",
"orig": "la:Ship parts",
"parents": [
"Nautical",
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.",
"text": "Mala tempestās.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To bring bad reputation, ill fame.",
"text": "Malam fāmam ferre.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Under evil auspices. (literally, “Under bad birds.”)",
"text": "Malīs avibus.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.",
"text": "Reliquiae malae pugnae.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"associated with bad luck, unlucky, unfavourable, unfortunate, adverse, evil"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj--fNicsBP",
"links": [
[
"bad luck",
"bad luck"
],
[
"unlucky",
"unlucky"
],
[
"unfavourable",
"unfavourable"
],
[
"unfortunate",
"unfortunate"
],
[
"adverse",
"adverse"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 2 4 6 11 21 24 5 6 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "la:Ethics",
"parents": [
"Philosophy",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A bad lot (of persons).",
"text": "Mala merx/mers.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To be out of one's mind.",
"text": "Malā mente esse.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The worst poet.",
"text": "Pessimus poēta.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poor in condition or capacity, inept"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-adj-GXkoP-8U",
"links": [
[
"poor",
"poor"
],
[
"condition",
"condition"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
],
[
"inept",
"inept"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "nocīvus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Early",
"Latin"
],
"word": "malos"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "Malus"
},
"expansion": "Translingual: Malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Translingual: Malus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "mer"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: mer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: mer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "melo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: melo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: melo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "măr"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: măr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: măr"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "malus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μηλέα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μᾶλον",
"3": "",
"4": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μῆλον",
"3": "",
"4": "apple"
},
"expansion": "μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 7 1 10 0 27 1 28 0 6 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 5 1 11 1 21 1 39 0 4 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 6 3 2 4 10 14 24 4 6 15 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 7 2 8 1 20 2 34 1 6 5 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Pome fruits",
"orig": "la:Pome fruits",
"parents": [
"Rose family plants",
"Shrubs",
"Trees",
"Rosales order plants",
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 2 4 6 11 21 24 5 6 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "la:Ethics",
"parents": [
"Philosophy",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "mālus grānāta"
},
{
"word": "mālus domestica"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.",
"text": "Malus bifera.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.",
"text": "Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.",
"text": "Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae."
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-la:apple",
"links": [
[
"apple tree",
"apple tree"
],
[
"Malus",
"Malus"
],
[
"Rosaceae",
"Rosaceae#Translingual"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "mālum"
},
{
"word": "mēlō"
},
{
"word": "mēlopepō"
}
],
"senseid": [
"la:apple"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Latin",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "*mēlus"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmaː.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mosdos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mosdos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*mastaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mastaz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*mostъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *mostъ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *mosdos. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *mastaz, Proto-Slavic *mostъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"expansion": "mālus m (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To fasten the sails to the masts.",
"text": "Antemnas ad malos destinare.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "He has ordered the mast to be erected.",
"text": "Malum erigi imperavit.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The masts are lifted.",
"text": "Attolli malos.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a mast of a ship"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-qqOVkZQd",
"links": [
[
"mast",
"mast"
],
[
"ship",
"ship"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-M1EXjosf",
"links": [
[
"standard",
"standard"
],
[
"pole",
"pole"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the beam in the middle of a winepress"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-9O5~mZLT",
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"winepress",
"winepress"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Beams of the towers.",
"text": "Turrium mali.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They equaled the height of our towers … by the beams of their towers spliced together",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22",
"text": "nostrarum turrium altitudinem … commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the corner beams of a tower"
],
"id": "en-malus-la-noun-cgp8Xh6e",
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmaː.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "malusiyik",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pqm",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "malusiyik",
"g": "an"
},
"expansion": "malus anim (plural malusiyik)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Malecite-Passamaquoddy",
"lang_code": "pqm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Malecite-Passamaquoddy entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "pqm",
"name": "Plants",
"orig": "pqm:Plants",
"parents": [
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "pqm",
"name": "Trees",
"orig": "pqm:Trees",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hop hornbeam, ironwood, Ostrya virginiana"
],
"id": "en-malus-pqm-noun-L7EgIOsV",
"links": [
[
"hop hornbeam",
"hop hornbeam"
],
[
"ironwood",
"ironwood"
],
[
"Ostrya virginiana",
"Ostrya virginiana#Translingual"
]
],
"tags": [
"animate"
]
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English noun forms",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"en:Pome fruits"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "disgorgement"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "malus"
},
"expansion": "Latin malus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bonus",
"t": "additional compensation"
},
"expansion": "bonus (“additional compensation”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of mal",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin malus, by analogy with bonus (“additional compensation”). Doublet of mal.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "maluses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mali",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+",
"2": "mali"
},
"expansion": "malus (plural maluses or mali)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "mal"
},
{
"word": "malum"
},
{
"word": "malus genius"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Business"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "When bank fired the loan originator, they recovered the last two years of her bonuses under the malus clause in her contract.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1997, ASTIN Bulletin, page 48",
"text": "The existence of boni and mali for the different risks can be interpreted through the sign of estimated covariances.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Jean Pinquet, “Experience Rating through Heterogeneous Models”, in Georges Dionne, editor, Handbook of Insurance, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 462",
"text": "If the boni and mali do not depend on the frequency of claims, the average bonus-malus coefficient increases with the frequency.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Henner Gimpel, Nicolas R. Jennings, Gregory E. Kersten, Axel Ockenfels, Christof Weinhardt, Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering: International Seminar, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, November 12-17, 2006, Revised Selected Papers, Springer Science & Business Media, page 62",
"text": "Bidders with inferior quality, higher transport costs or additional switching costs receive a Malus which decreases their bid automatically to incorporate the disadvantages. Bonus Malus Auctions are used by about 50% of all companies.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Akmal Akramkhanov, Bernhard Tischbein, Usman Khalid Awan, “Effective management of soil salinity – revising leaching norms”, in John P. A. Lamers, Asia Khamzina, Inna Rudenko, Paul L. G. Vlek, editors, Restructuring Land Allocation, Water Use and Agricultural Value Chains: Technologies, Policies and Practices for the Lower Amudarya Region, V & R unipress, Bonn University Press, page 131",
"text": "Akramkhanov et al. (2010) also suggested a system of boni and mali on taxes to support the implementation of measures to achieve both water saving and salinity control (Table 3.3.1).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016, David Aveiro, Robert Pergl, Duarte Gouveia, Advances in Enterprise Engineering X: 6th Enterprise Engineering Working Conference, EEWC 2016, Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, May 30-June 3 2016, Proceedings, Springer, page 26",
"text": "If both the estimated payment- and checking-rate is not above a threshold in a district, the contracted party will receive a malus for that district, and no bonus for any other district.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The loss or return of performance-related compensation originally paid by an employer to an employee as a result of the discovery of a defect in the performance."
],
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"performance",
"performance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business) The loss or return of performance-related compensation originally paid by an employer to an employee as a result of the discovery of a defect in the performance."
],
"topics": [
"business"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2016, Rosa Bottino, Johan Jeuring, Remco C. Veltkamp, Games and Learning Alliance: 5th International Conference, GALA 2016, Utrecht, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2016, Proceedings, Springer, page 305",
"text": "The driver game has a game screen with less number of properties and representations (see Fig. 3(a)). […] If the user completes a level within the allocated time, then the user gets a bonus and will be advanced to another level[,] and if user is unable to complete a level, then a malus is provided and the user gets retained in the same level.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A penalty or negative thing."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) A penalty or negative thing."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmeɪ.ləs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈmɑː.ləs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈmæ.ləs/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "clawback"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English noun forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms borrowed from Translingual",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Translingual",
"en:Pome fruits"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "mālus"
},
"expansion": "Latin mālus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mul",
"3": "Malus"
},
"expansion": "translingual Malus",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin mālus and translingual Malus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "maluses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "malus (plural maluses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1922, Gardener’s Chronicle of America, volume 26, page 228, column 2",
"text": "It leads to a certain extent to an evergreen type Docynia which is distributed in the Himalayas and western China and whose magnificence of bloom I learned to know on my travels in Yunnan; it is distinct from genuine maluses.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1959, Gardeners Chronicle & Gardening Illustrated, volume 145, page 65, column 2",
"text": "Malus ‘Dartmouth’ is a variety of M. pumila, the wild crab-apple, and is only one of the several maluses which offer a wider choice than the commonly planted ‘John Downie,’ lemoinei and eleyi.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1968, Agriculture in Northern Ireland, volume 43, page 290",
"text": "In gardens which are rather open and exposed, the ornamental crabs or maluses are generally less satisfactory than the cherries as flowering trees.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A plant of the genus Malus (the apples)."
],
"links": [
[
"Malus",
"Malus"
],
[
"apple",
"apple"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "apple"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English noun forms",
"en:Pome fruits"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "malus",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "malu"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of malu"
],
"links": [
[
"malu",
"malu#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "bonus"
},
{
"word": "probus"
},
{
"word": "rēctus"
},
{
"word": "integer"
},
{
"word": "castus"
}
],
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)mel-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "carmen malum"
},
{
"word": "male"
},
{
"word": "maledīcō"
},
{
"word": "malefaciō"
},
{
"word": "malitās"
},
{
"word": "malum in sē"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bourguignon: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-cha",
"2": "mau"
},
"expansion": "Champenois: mau",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Champenois: mau"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "mul"
},
"expansion": "Dalmatian: mul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dalmatian: mul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "mâl"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: mâl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: mâl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "malo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: malo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: malo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Padanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "mêl"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: mêl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: mêl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Old French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "French: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: mal"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mal",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: mal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "mal"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: mal\nOccitan: mal",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: mal\nOccitan: mal"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "mao"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: mao\nGalician: mao\nPortuguese: mau (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: mao\nGalician: mao\nPortuguese: mau (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "mal",
"3": "mel"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: mal, mel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: mal, mel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "malu",
"3": "malosu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: malu, malosu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: malu, malosu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "mal",
"3": "malo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: mal, malo",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: mal, malo (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "malus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*malos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *malos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallom"
},
"expansion": "Oscan mallom",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "mallud",
"3": "",
"4": "bad"
},
"expansion": "mallud (“bad”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mel-",
"t": "false, bad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "melas",
"3": "",
"4": "lie"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian melas (“lie”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βλάσφημος",
"3": "",
"4": "jinx"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)mal-",
"t": "small"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "small"
},
"expansion": "English small",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μέλας",
"3": "",
"4": "black, dark"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀",
"3": "",
"4": "treacherous"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "मल",
"3": "",
"4": "dirtiness, impurity"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *malos, related to Oscan mallom and mallud (“bad”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“false, bad”), cognate with Lithuanian melas (“lie”) and the first element of Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal- (“small”), it would then be a cognate with English small.\nOriginally associated with Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”), but support for this is waning. Also compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “treacherous”) and Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mala",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "pēior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "pessimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "malus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "male",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "malae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus",
"adv": "male",
"comp": "pēior",
"sup": "pessimus"
},
"expansion": "malus (feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative pēior, superlative pessimus, adverb male); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "malus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]",
"text": "Abī in malam crucem, malum cruciātum.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Trouble, bad business.",
"text": "Mala rēs.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Old age.",
"text": "Mala aetās.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant, distressing, painful, nasty, bad"
],
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"distressing",
"distressing"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"nasty",
"nasty"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:bad"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ugly face.",
"text": "Mala faciēs.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unpleasant to the senses, sight, smell, taste, touch"
],
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"senses",
"senses"
],
[
"sight",
"sight"
],
[
"smell",
"smell"
],
[
"taste",
"taste"
],
[
"touch",
"touch"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "An evil and wicked man.",
"text": "Malus et nēquam homō.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).",
"text": "Dolus malus.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, evil, wicked, mischievous"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"wicked",
"wicked"
],
[
"mischievous",
"mischievous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A bad habit.",
"text": "Consuētūdō mala.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To whisper evil spells, incantations.",
"text": "Mala vōta, carmina susurrāre.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"destructive, hurtful, noxious, evil"
],
"links": [
[
"destructive",
"destructive"
],
[
"hurtful",
"hurtful"
],
[
"noxious",
"noxious"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Abuses.",
"text": "Mala verba.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unkind, hostile, abusive"
],
"links": [
[
"unkind",
"unkind"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"abusive",
"abusive"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.",
"text": "Mala tempestās.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To bring bad reputation, ill fame.",
"text": "Malam fāmam ferre.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Under evil auspices. (literally, “Under bad birds.”)",
"text": "Malīs avibus.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.",
"text": "Reliquiae malae pugnae.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"associated with bad luck, unlucky, unfavourable, unfortunate, adverse, evil"
],
"links": [
[
"bad luck",
"bad luck"
],
[
"unlucky",
"unlucky"
],
[
"unfavourable",
"unfavourable"
],
[
"unfortunate",
"unfortunate"
],
[
"adverse",
"adverse"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A bad lot (of persons).",
"text": "Mala merx/mers.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "To be out of one's mind.",
"text": "Malā mente esse.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The worst poet.",
"text": "Pessimus poēta.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poor in condition or capacity, inept"
],
"links": [
[
"poor",
"poor"
],
[
"condition",
"condition"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
],
[
"inept",
"inept"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "improbus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "nēquam"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "malignus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelerātus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "perversus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "prāvus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "vitiōsus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "scelestus"
},
{
"sense": "wicked",
"word": "facinorōsus"
},
{
"word": "nocīvus"
},
{
"tags": [
"Early",
"Latin"
],
"word": "malos"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "mālus grānāta"
},
{
"word": "mālus domestica"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "Malus"
},
"expansion": "Translingual: Malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Translingual: Malus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "mer"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: mer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: mer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "melo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: melo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: melo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "măr"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: măr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: măr"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "malus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: malus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: malus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μηλέα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μᾶλον",
"3": "",
"4": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μῆλον",
"3": "",
"4": "apple"
},
"expansion": "μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "mālum"
},
{
"word": "mēlō"
},
{
"word": "mēlopepō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.",
"text": "Malus bifera.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.",
"text": "Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.",
"text": "Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae."
],
"links": [
[
"apple tree",
"apple tree"
],
[
"Malus",
"Malus"
],
[
"Rosaceae",
"Rosaceae#Translingual"
]
],
"senseid": [
"la:apple"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmaː.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Latin",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "*mēlus"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin suppletive adjectives",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"la:Ethics",
"la:Pome fruits",
"la:Ship parts"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mosdos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mosdos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*mastaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mastaz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*mostъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *mostъ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *mosdos. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *mastaz, Proto-Slavic *mostъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mālus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mālus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mālō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mālīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "māle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mālī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"expansion": "mālus m (genitive mālī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mālus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To fasten the sails to the masts.",
"text": "Antemnas ad malos destinare.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "He has ordered the mast to be erected.",
"text": "Malum erigi imperavit.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The masts are lifted.",
"text": "Attolli malos.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a mast of a ship"
],
"links": [
[
"mast",
"mast"
],
[
"ship",
"ship"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached"
],
"links": [
[
"standard",
"standard"
],
[
"pole",
"pole"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the beam in the middle of a winepress"
],
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"winepress",
"winepress"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Beams of the towers.",
"text": "Turrium mali.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They equaled the height of our towers … by the beams of their towers spliced together",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22",
"text": "nostrarum turrium altitudinem … commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the corner beams of a tower"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈmaː.lus/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈma.lus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈmäːlus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "malusiyik",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pqm",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "malusiyik",
"g": "an"
},
"expansion": "malus anim (plural malusiyik)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Malecite-Passamaquoddy",
"lang_code": "pqm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Malecite-Passamaquoddy animate nouns",
"Malecite-Passamaquoddy entries with incorrect language header",
"Malecite-Passamaquoddy lemmas",
"Malecite-Passamaquoddy nouns",
"pqm:Plants",
"pqm:Trees"
],
"glosses": [
"hop hornbeam, ironwood, Ostrya virginiana"
],
"links": [
[
"hop hornbeam",
"hop hornbeam"
],
[
"ironwood",
"ironwood"
],
[
"Ostrya virginiana",
"Ostrya virginiana#Translingual"
]
],
"tags": [
"animate"
]
}
],
"word": "malus"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.