See improbus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "improbulus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "improbe"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ímprobo"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "ímprobo"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "improbo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*əmproβwos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *əmproβwos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "in-",
"3": "probus",
"id1": "not"
},
"expansion": "in- + probus",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "amprufid"
},
"expansion": "Oscan amprufid",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *əmproβwos. Equivalent to in- + probus. Cognate with Oscan amprufid.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "improba",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "improbior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbissimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbē",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "improbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "inprobus",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "improbus",
"adv": "improbē",
"comp": "improbior",
"sup": "improbissimus"
},
"expansion": "improbus (feminine improba, neuter improbum, comparative improbior, superlative improbissimus, adverb improbē); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "improbus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 24 30 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 7 43 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms prefixed with in- (not)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 1 47 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"excessive, immoderate, flagrant, impudent"
],
"id": "en-improbus-la-adj-GwxrV8Yk",
"links": [
[
"excessive",
"excessive"
],
[
"immoderate",
"immoderate"
],
[
"flagrant",
"flagrant"
],
[
"impudent",
"impudent"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"greedy, wanton, ravenous"
],
"id": "en-improbus-la-adj-Lh6JfwgI",
"links": [
[
"greedy",
"greedy"
],
[
"wanton",
"wanton"
],
[
"ravenous",
"ravenous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "43 7 43 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms prefixed with in- (not)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 0 69 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 1 47 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "“You will be given — wicked [man]! — [your] punishments.”\n(Translations — Mackail, 1885: “Wretch, thou shalt repay!”; Knight, 1956: “You will have your punishment, you villain.”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “Depraved, you will then pay your penalties.”; Fitzgerald, 1981: “You will pay for this, unconscionable!”; West, 1990: “You will receive the punishment you deserve.”; Lombardo, 2005: “You will pay, you despicable liar,”; Fagles, 2006: “You’ll pay, you shameless, ruthless —”; Ahl, 2007: “There'll be no impunity. You'll pay.”; Ferry, 2017: “...wicked one. You will be punished.”; Bartsch, 2020: “Wicked man, you’ll pay.”; Ruden, 2021: “when you, at last, are paying.”)",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.386",
"text": "… Dabis, improbe, poenās.",
"translation": "“You will be given — wicked [man]! — [your] punishments.”\n(Translations — Mackail, 1885: “Wretch, thou shalt repay!”; Knight, 1956: “You will have your punishment, you villain.”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “Depraved, you will then pay your penalties.”; Fitzgerald, 1981: “You will pay for this, unconscionable!”; West, 1990: “You will receive the punishment you deserve.”; Lombardo, 2005: “You will pay, you despicable liar,”; Fagles, 2006: “You’ll pay, you shameless, ruthless —”; Ahl, 2007: “There'll be no impunity. You'll pay.”; Ferry, 2017: “...wicked one. You will be punished.”; Bartsch, 2020: “Wicked man, you’ll pay.”; Ruden, 2021: “when you, at last, are paying.”)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wicked, bad, villainous, immoral, impious, malicious, cruel, unprincipled, shameless"
],
"id": "en-improbus-la-adj-LqirzD8I",
"links": [
[
"wicked",
"wicked"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"villainous",
"villainous"
],
[
"immoral",
"immoral"
],
[
"impious",
"impious"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"unprincipled",
"unprincipled"
],
[
"shameless",
"shameless"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"indomitable"
],
"id": "en-improbus-la-adj-HgBckp-h",
"links": [
[
"indomitable",
"indomitable"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɪm.prɔ.bʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈim.pro.bus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "improbus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms prefixed with in- (not)",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "improbulus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "improbe"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ímprobo"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "ímprobo"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "improbo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*əmproβwos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *əmproβwos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "in-",
"3": "probus",
"id1": "not"
},
"expansion": "in- + probus",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "amprufid"
},
"expansion": "Oscan amprufid",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *əmproβwos. Equivalent to in- + probus. Cognate with Oscan amprufid.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "improba",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "improbior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbissimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbē",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "improbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "improbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "improbe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "improba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "inprobus",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "improbus",
"adv": "improbē",
"comp": "improbior",
"sup": "improbissimus"
},
"expansion": "improbus (feminine improba, neuter improbum, comparative improbior, superlative improbissimus, adverb improbē); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "improbus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"excessive, immoderate, flagrant, impudent"
],
"links": [
[
"excessive",
"excessive"
],
[
"immoderate",
"immoderate"
],
[
"flagrant",
"flagrant"
],
[
"impudent",
"impudent"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"greedy, wanton, ravenous"
],
"links": [
[
"greedy",
"greedy"
],
[
"wanton",
"wanton"
],
[
"ravenous",
"ravenous"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "“You will be given — wicked [man]! — [your] punishments.”\n(Translations — Mackail, 1885: “Wretch, thou shalt repay!”; Knight, 1956: “You will have your punishment, you villain.”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “Depraved, you will then pay your penalties.”; Fitzgerald, 1981: “You will pay for this, unconscionable!”; West, 1990: “You will receive the punishment you deserve.”; Lombardo, 2005: “You will pay, you despicable liar,”; Fagles, 2006: “You’ll pay, you shameless, ruthless —”; Ahl, 2007: “There'll be no impunity. You'll pay.”; Ferry, 2017: “...wicked one. You will be punished.”; Bartsch, 2020: “Wicked man, you’ll pay.”; Ruden, 2021: “when you, at last, are paying.”)",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.386",
"text": "… Dabis, improbe, poenās.",
"translation": "“You will be given — wicked [man]! — [your] punishments.”\n(Translations — Mackail, 1885: “Wretch, thou shalt repay!”; Knight, 1956: “You will have your punishment, you villain.”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “Depraved, you will then pay your penalties.”; Fitzgerald, 1981: “You will pay for this, unconscionable!”; West, 1990: “You will receive the punishment you deserve.”; Lombardo, 2005: “You will pay, you despicable liar,”; Fagles, 2006: “You’ll pay, you shameless, ruthless —”; Ahl, 2007: “There'll be no impunity. You'll pay.”; Ferry, 2017: “...wicked one. You will be punished.”; Bartsch, 2020: “Wicked man, you’ll pay.”; Ruden, 2021: “when you, at last, are paying.”)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wicked, bad, villainous, immoral, impious, malicious, cruel, unprincipled, shameless"
],
"links": [
[
"wicked",
"wicked"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"villainous",
"villainous"
],
[
"immoral",
"immoral"
],
[
"impious",
"impious"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"unprincipled",
"unprincipled"
],
[
"shameless",
"shameless"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"indomitable"
],
"links": [
[
"indomitable",
"indomitable"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɪm.prɔ.bʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈim.pro.bus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "improbus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for improbus meaning in Latin (7.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (cdfa371 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.