"qualm" meaning in English

See qualm in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /kwɑːm/ [Received-Pronunciation], /kwɔːm/ [Received-Pronunciation], /kwɑm/ [General-American], /kwɔm/ [General-American], /kwɑlm/ [General-American], /kwæm/ [General-American] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav [UK] Forms: qualms [plural]
Rhymes: -ɑːm, -ɔːm, -ɑːlm Etymology: Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: "death, disaster, plague"), ūtcwalm (Anglian: "utter destruction"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of "pang of apprehension, etc." in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”) earlier “daze, stupefaction”, which is from the root of German quellen (“to stream, well up”). The sense “feeling of faintness” is from 1530; “uneasiness, doubt” from 1553; “scruple of conscience” from 1649. Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*gʷelH-}}, {{inh|en|enm|qualm}} Middle English qualm, {{m|enm|cwalm||death, sickness, plague}} cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”), {{inh|en|ang|cwealm}} Old English cwealm, {{gloss|West Saxon: "death, disaster, plague"}} (West Saxon: "death, disaster, plague"), {{m|ang|ūtcwalm}} ūtcwalm, {{gloss|Anglian: "utter destruction"}} (Anglian: "utter destruction"), {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*kwalm||killing, death, destruction}} Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*gʷelH-||to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death}} Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”), {{m|en|quell}} quell, {{bor|en|nl|kwalm}} Dutch kwalm, {{bor|en|de|Qualm|t=steam, vapor, mist}} German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”), {{der|en|de|quellen|t=to stream, well up}} German quellen (“to stream, well up”) Head templates: {{en-noun}} qualm (plural qualms)
  1. A feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc. Translations (sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.): безпокойство (bezpokojstvo) [neuter] (Bulgarian), опасение (opasenie) [neuter] (Bulgarian), pochybnosti [feminine, plural] (Czech), obavy [feminine, plural] (Czech), rozpaky (Czech), angstgevoel [neuter] (Dutch), onbehagen [neuter] (Dutch), bedenking (Dutch), onzekerheid (Dutch), twijfel (Dutch), epävarmuus (Finnish), epäilys (Finnish), ეჭვი (eč̣vi) (Georgian), მერყეობა (merq̇eoba) (Georgian), დაბნეულობა (dabneuloba) (Georgian), dubbio [masculine] (Italian), apprensione [feminine] (Italian), paura [feminine] (Italian), potau (Maori), apreensão [feminine] (Portuguese), receio [masculine] (Portuguese), сомне́ние (somnénije) [neuter] (Russian), расте́рянность (rastérjannostʹ) [feminine] (Russian), zábrany [feminine, plural] (Slovak), pochybnosti [feminine, plural] (Slovak), obavy [feminine, plural] (Slovak), betänklighet (Swedish), сумнів (sumniv) [masculine] (Ukrainian), побоювання (pobojuvannja) [feminine] (Ukrainian), вагання (vahannja) [neuter] (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-qualm-en-noun-9lDMeCfs Disambiguation of 'sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.': 59 33 4 3 1
  2. A sudden sickly feeling; queasiness. Translations (sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness): прилошаване (prilošavane) [neuter] (Bulgarian), гадене (gadene) [neuter] (Bulgarian), (lehká) nevolnost [feminine] (Czech), braakkneiging (Dutch), (plotse) onpasselijkheid (Dutch), (aanval van) misselijkheid (Dutch), kuvotus (Finnish), etominen (Finnish), გულის რევა (gulis reva) (Georgian), potau (Maori), mal-estar [masculine] (Portuguese), greață [feminine] (Romanian), тошнота́ (tošnotá) [feminine] (Russian), нудота (nudota) [feminine] (Ukrainian), млість (mlistʹ) [feminine] (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-qualm-en-noun-SAHnQnxj Disambiguation of 'sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness': 18 74 2 5 1
  3. (now chiefly in the negative) A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt. Tags: in the negative Translations (prick of the conscience, moral scrupule): угризение (ugrizenie) [neuter] (Bulgarian), výčitky [feminine, plural] (Czech), skrupule (Czech), gewetensaanval (Dutch), gewetensbezwaar [neuter] (Dutch), scrupule [masculine] (Dutch), wroeging (Dutch), tunnontuska (Finnish), scrupule [masculine] (French), სინდისის ქენჯნა (sindisis kenǯna) (Georgian), Gewissensbisse [masculine, plural] (German), scrupolo [masculine] (Italian), potau (Maori), escrúpulo [masculine] (Portuguese), scrupul [neuter] (Romanian), compuncțiune [feminine] (Romanian), угрызе́ния со́вести (ugryzénija sóvesti) [neuter, plural] (Russian), zábrany [feminine, plural] (Slovak), escrúpulo [masculine] (Spanish), samvetskval [common-gender] (Swedish), докори сумління (dokory sumlinnja) [plural] (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-qualm-en-noun-4MnW9MPp Categories (other): English negative polarity items Disambiguation of 'prick of the conscience, moral scrupule': 2 2 80 13 2
  4. (archaic, UK dialectal) Mortality; plague; pestilence. Tags: UK, archaic, dialectal
    Sense id: en-qualm-en-noun-5zNn-BTx Categories (other): British English
  5. (archaic, UK dialectal) A calamity or disaster. Tags: UK, archaic, dialectal
    Sense id: en-qualm-en-noun-JcrUxdCu Categories (other): British English
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: compunction, misgiving, scruple, unease, uneasiness, apprehension, calm [dialectal] Derived forms: qualmish, qualmishly, qualmishness, qualmy Related terms: quell

Verb

IPA: /kwɑːm/ [Received-Pronunciation], /kwɔːm/ [Received-Pronunciation], /kwɑm/ [General-American], /kwɔm/ [General-American], /kwɑlm/ [General-American], /kwæm/ [General-American] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav [UK] Forms: qualms [present, singular, third-person], qualming [participle, present], qualmed [participle, past], qualmed [past]
Rhymes: -ɑːm, -ɔːm, -ɑːlm Etymology: Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: "death, disaster, plague"), ūtcwalm (Anglian: "utter destruction"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of "pang of apprehension, etc." in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”) earlier “daze, stupefaction”, which is from the root of German quellen (“to stream, well up”). The sense “feeling of faintness” is from 1530; “uneasiness, doubt” from 1553; “scruple of conscience” from 1649. Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*gʷelH-}}, {{inh|en|enm|qualm}} Middle English qualm, {{m|enm|cwalm||death, sickness, plague}} cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”), {{inh|en|ang|cwealm}} Old English cwealm, {{gloss|West Saxon: "death, disaster, plague"}} (West Saxon: "death, disaster, plague"), {{m|ang|ūtcwalm}} ūtcwalm, {{gloss|Anglian: "utter destruction"}} (Anglian: "utter destruction"), {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*kwalm||killing, death, destruction}} Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*gʷelH-||to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death}} Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”), {{m|en|quell}} quell, {{bor|en|nl|kwalm}} Dutch kwalm, {{bor|en|de|Qualm|t=steam, vapor, mist}} German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”), {{der|en|de|quellen|t=to stream, well up}} German quellen (“to stream, well up”) Head templates: {{en-verb}} qualm (third-person singular simple present qualms, present participle qualming, simple past and past participle qualmed)
  1. (intransitive) To have a sickly feeling. Tags: intransitive
    Sense id: en-qualm-en-verb-NWoLbrEG
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: calm [dialectal]

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for qualm meaning in English (21.5kB)

{
  "categories": [],
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "qualmish"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "qualmishly"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "qualmishness"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "qualmy"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷelH-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "qualm"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English qualm",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "cwalm",
        "3": "",
        "4": "death, sickness, plague"
      },
      "expansion": "cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "cwealm"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English cwealm",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\""
      },
      "expansion": "(West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ūtcwalm"
      },
      "expansion": "ūtcwalm",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Anglian: \"utter destruction\""
      },
      "expansion": "(Anglian: \"utter destruction\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*kwalm",
        "4": "",
        "5": "killing, death, destruction"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷelH-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "quell"
      },
      "expansion": "quell",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "nl",
        "3": "kwalm"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch kwalm",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Qualm",
        "t": "steam, vapor, mist"
      },
      "expansion": "German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "quellen",
        "t": "to stream, well up"
      },
      "expansion": "German quellen (“to stream, well up”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\"), ūtcwalm (Anglian: \"utter destruction\"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of \"pang of apprehension, etc.\" in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”) earlier “daze, stupefaction”, which is from the root of German quellen (“to stream, well up”). The sense “feeling of faintness” is from 1530; “uneasiness, doubt” from 1553; “scruple of conscience” from 1649.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "qualms",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "qualm (plural qualms)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "quell"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2012-08-25, Andy Pasztor, “Armstrong, First Man on Moon, Dies”, in Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2012-08-26",
          "text": "Opponents of those privatization plans hoped to use Mr. Armstrong's qualms as ammunition to block the White House initiatives, and they asked for more public statements.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2021-9-22, Caroline Siede, “Dear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level”, in AV Club",
          "text": "Questions of bad taste have hung around Dear Evan Hansen since it debuted on Broadway in 2016, though such qualms were mostly drowned out by praise for Platt’s visceral live performance and the catchy Broadway-by-way-of-Christian-rock tunes from wunderkind songwriters Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (who are also responsible for the toe-tapping numbers from The Greatest Showman).",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc."
      ],
      "id": "en-qualm-en-noun-9lDMeCfs",
      "links": [
        [
          "apprehension",
          "apprehension"
        ],
        [
          "doubt",
          "doubt"
        ],
        [
          "fear",
          "fear"
        ]
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "bezpokojstvo",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "безпокойство"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "opasenie",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "опасение"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "pochybnosti"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "obavy"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "rozpaky"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "angstgevoel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "onbehagen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "bedenking"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "onzekerheid"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "twijfel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "epävarmuus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "epäilys"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "eč̣vi",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "ეჭვი"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "merq̇eoba",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "მერყეობა"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "dabneuloba",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "დაბნეულობა"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "dubbio"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "apprensione"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "paura"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "potau"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "apreensão"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "receio"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "somnénije",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "сомне́ние"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "rastérjannostʹ",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "расте́рянность"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "sk",
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "zábrany"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "sk",
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "pochybnosti"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "sk",
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "obavy"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "word": "betänklighet"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "sumniv",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "сумнів"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "pobojuvannja",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "побоювання"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 33 4 3 1",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "vahannja",
          "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "вагання"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A sudden sickly feeling; queasiness."
      ],
      "id": "en-qualm-en-noun-SAHnQnxj",
      "links": [
        [
          "sickly",
          "sickly"
        ],
        [
          "feeling",
          "feeling"
        ],
        [
          "queasiness",
          "queasiness"
        ]
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "prilošavane",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "прилошаване"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "gadene",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "гадене"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "(lehká) nevolnost"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "word": "braakkneiging"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "word": "(plotse) onpasselijkheid"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "word": "(aanval van) misselijkheid"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "word": "kuvotus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "word": "etominen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "gulis reva",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "word": "გულის რევა"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "word": "potau"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "mal-estar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "greață"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "tošnotá",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "тошнота́"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "nudota",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "нудота"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "18 74 2 5 1",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "mlistʹ",
          "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "млість"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English negative polarity items",
          "parents": [
            "Negative polarity items",
            "Terms by semantic function"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "This lawyer has no qualms about saving people who are on the wrong side of the law.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt."
      ],
      "id": "en-qualm-en-noun-4MnW9MPp",
      "links": [
        [
          "conscience",
          "conscience"
        ],
        [
          "scruple",
          "scruple"
        ],
        [
          "pang",
          "pang"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(now chiefly in the negative) A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "in the negative"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "ugrizenie",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "угризение"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "výčitky"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "word": "skrupule"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "word": "gewetensaanval"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "gewetensbezwaar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "scrupule"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "word": "wroeging"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "word": "tunnontuska"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "scrupule"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "sindisis kenǯna",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "word": "სინდისის ქენჯნა"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "masculine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "Gewissensbisse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "scrupolo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "word": "potau"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "escrúpulo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "scrupul"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "compuncțiune"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "ugryzénija sóvesti",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "neuter",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "угрызе́ния со́вести"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "sk",
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "zábrany"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "escrúpulo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "samvetskval"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 2 80 13 2",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "dokory sumlinnja",
          "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
          "tags": [
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "докори сумління"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Mortality; plague; pestilence."
      ],
      "id": "en-qualm-en-noun-5zNn-BTx",
      "links": [
        [
          "Mortality",
          "mortality"
        ],
        [
          "plague",
          "plague"
        ],
        [
          "pestilence",
          "pestilence"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic, UK dialectal) Mortality; plague; pestilence."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "archaic",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A calamity or disaster."
      ],
      "id": "en-qualm-en-noun-JcrUxdCu",
      "links": [
        [
          "calamity",
          "calamity"
        ],
        [
          "disaster",
          "disaster"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic, UK dialectal) A calamity or disaster."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "archaic",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑːm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɔːm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɔm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑlm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwæm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑːm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔːm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑːlm"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "compunction"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "misgiving"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "scruple"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "unease"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "uneasiness"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "apprehension"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "calm"
    }
  ],
  "word": "qualm"
}

{
  "categories": [],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷelH-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "qualm"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English qualm",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "cwalm",
        "3": "",
        "4": "death, sickness, plague"
      },
      "expansion": "cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "cwealm"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English cwealm",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\""
      },
      "expansion": "(West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ūtcwalm"
      },
      "expansion": "ūtcwalm",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Anglian: \"utter destruction\""
      },
      "expansion": "(Anglian: \"utter destruction\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*kwalm",
        "4": "",
        "5": "killing, death, destruction"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷelH-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "quell"
      },
      "expansion": "quell",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "nl",
        "3": "kwalm"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch kwalm",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Qualm",
        "t": "steam, vapor, mist"
      },
      "expansion": "German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "quellen",
        "t": "to stream, well up"
      },
      "expansion": "German quellen (“to stream, well up”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\"), ūtcwalm (Anglian: \"utter destruction\"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of \"pang of apprehension, etc.\" in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”) earlier “daze, stupefaction”, which is from the root of German quellen (“to stream, well up”). The sense “feeling of faintness” is from 1530; “uneasiness, doubt” from 1553; “scruple of conscience” from 1649.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "qualms",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "qualming",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "qualmed",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "qualmed",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "qualm (third-person singular simple present qualms, present participle qualming, simple past and past participle qualmed)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To have a sickly feeling."
      ],
      "id": "en-qualm-en-verb-NWoLbrEG",
      "links": [
        [
          "sickly",
          "sickly"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To have a sickly feeling."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑːm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɔːm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɔm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑlm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwæm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑːm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔːm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑːlm"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "calm"
    }
  ],
  "word": "qualm"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
    "Requests for review of Italian translations",
    "Requests for review of Latin translations",
    "Requests for review of Spanish translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "qualmish"
    },
    {
      "word": "qualmishly"
    },
    {
      "word": "qualmishness"
    },
    {
      "word": "qualmy"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷelH-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "qualm"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English qualm",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "cwalm",
        "3": "",
        "4": "death, sickness, plague"
      },
      "expansion": "cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "cwealm"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English cwealm",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\""
      },
      "expansion": "(West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ūtcwalm"
      },
      "expansion": "ūtcwalm",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Anglian: \"utter destruction\""
      },
      "expansion": "(Anglian: \"utter destruction\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*kwalm",
        "4": "",
        "5": "killing, death, destruction"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷelH-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "quell"
      },
      "expansion": "quell",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "nl",
        "3": "kwalm"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch kwalm",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Qualm",
        "t": "steam, vapor, mist"
      },
      "expansion": "German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "quellen",
        "t": "to stream, well up"
      },
      "expansion": "German quellen (“to stream, well up”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\"), ūtcwalm (Anglian: \"utter destruction\"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of \"pang of apprehension, etc.\" in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”) earlier “daze, stupefaction”, which is from the root of German quellen (“to stream, well up”). The sense “feeling of faintness” is from 1530; “uneasiness, doubt” from 1553; “scruple of conscience” from 1649.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "qualms",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "qualm (plural qualms)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "quell"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2012-08-25, Andy Pasztor, “Armstrong, First Man on Moon, Dies”, in Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2012-08-26",
          "text": "Opponents of those privatization plans hoped to use Mr. Armstrong's qualms as ammunition to block the White House initiatives, and they asked for more public statements.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2021-9-22, Caroline Siede, “Dear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level”, in AV Club",
          "text": "Questions of bad taste have hung around Dear Evan Hansen since it debuted on Broadway in 2016, though such qualms were mostly drowned out by praise for Platt’s visceral live performance and the catchy Broadway-by-way-of-Christian-rock tunes from wunderkind songwriters Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (who are also responsible for the toe-tapping numbers from The Greatest Showman).",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "apprehension",
          "apprehension"
        ],
        [
          "doubt",
          "doubt"
        ],
        [
          "fear",
          "fear"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A sudden sickly feeling; queasiness."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sickly",
          "sickly"
        ],
        [
          "feeling",
          "feeling"
        ],
        [
          "queasiness",
          "queasiness"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English negative polarity items",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "This lawyer has no qualms about saving people who are on the wrong side of the law.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "conscience",
          "conscience"
        ],
        [
          "scruple",
          "scruple"
        ],
        [
          "pang",
          "pang"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(now chiefly in the negative) A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "in the negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English dialectal terms",
        "English terms with archaic senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Mortality; plague; pestilence."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Mortality",
          "mortality"
        ],
        [
          "plague",
          "plague"
        ],
        [
          "pestilence",
          "pestilence"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic, UK dialectal) Mortality; plague; pestilence."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "archaic",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English dialectal terms",
        "English terms with archaic senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A calamity or disaster."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "calamity",
          "calamity"
        ],
        [
          "disaster",
          "disaster"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic, UK dialectal) A calamity or disaster."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "archaic",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑːm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɔːm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɔm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑlm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwæm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑːm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔːm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑːlm"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "compunction"
    },
    {
      "word": "misgiving"
    },
    {
      "word": "scruple"
    },
    {
      "word": "unease"
    },
    {
      "word": "uneasiness"
    },
    {
      "word": "apprehension"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "calm"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "bezpokojstvo",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "безпокойство"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "opasenie",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "опасение"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "pochybnosti"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "obavy"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "rozpaky"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "angstgevoel"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "onbehagen"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "bedenking"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "onzekerheid"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "twijfel"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "epävarmuus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "epäilys"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "eč̣vi",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "ეჭვი"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "merq̇eoba",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "მერყეობა"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "dabneuloba",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "დაბნეულობა"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "dubbio"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "apprensione"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "paura"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "potau"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "apreensão"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "receio"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "somnénije",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "сомне́ние"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "rastérjannostʹ",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "расте́рянность"
    },
    {
      "code": "sk",
      "lang": "Slovak",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "zábrany"
    },
    {
      "code": "sk",
      "lang": "Slovak",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "pochybnosti"
    },
    {
      "code": "sk",
      "lang": "Slovak",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "obavy"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "word": "betänklighet"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "sumniv",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "сумнів"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "pobojuvannja",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "побоювання"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "vahannja",
      "sense": "sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "вагання"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "prilošavane",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "прилошаване"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "gadene",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "гадене"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "(lehká) nevolnost"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "word": "braakkneiging"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "word": "(plotse) onpasselijkheid"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "word": "(aanval van) misselijkheid"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "word": "kuvotus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "word": "etominen"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "gulis reva",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "word": "გულის რევა"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "word": "potau"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "mal-estar"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "greață"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "tošnotá",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "тошнота́"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "nudota",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "нудота"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "mlistʹ",
      "sense": "sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "млість"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "ugrizenie",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "угризение"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "výčitky"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "word": "skrupule"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "word": "gewetensaanval"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "gewetensbezwaar"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "scrupule"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "word": "wroeging"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "word": "tunnontuska"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "scrupule"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "sindisis kenǯna",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "word": "სინდისის ქენჯნა"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "Gewissensbisse"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "scrupolo"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "word": "potau"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "escrúpulo"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "scrupul"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "compuncțiune"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "ugryzénija sóvesti",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "угрызе́ния со́вести"
    },
    {
      "code": "sk",
      "lang": "Slovak",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "zábrany"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "escrúpulo"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "samvetskval"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "dokory sumlinnja",
      "sense": "prick of the conscience, moral scrupule",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "докори сумління"
    }
  ],
  "word": "qualm"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
    "Requests for review of Italian translations",
    "Requests for review of Latin translations",
    "Requests for review of Spanish translations"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷelH-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "qualm"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English qualm",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "cwalm",
        "3": "",
        "4": "death, sickness, plague"
      },
      "expansion": "cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "cwealm"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English cwealm",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\""
      },
      "expansion": "(West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ūtcwalm"
      },
      "expansion": "ūtcwalm",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Anglian: \"utter destruction\""
      },
      "expansion": "(Anglian: \"utter destruction\")",
      "name": "gloss"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*kwalm",
        "4": "",
        "5": "killing, death, destruction"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷelH-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "quell"
      },
      "expansion": "quell",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "nl",
        "3": "kwalm"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch kwalm",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Qualm",
        "t": "steam, vapor, mist"
      },
      "expansion": "German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "quellen",
        "t": "to stream, well up"
      },
      "expansion": "German quellen (“to stream, well up”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (“death, sickness, plague”), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: \"death, disaster, plague\"), ūtcwalm (Anglian: \"utter destruction\"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death, destruction”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death”), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of \"pang of apprehension, etc.\" in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (“steam, vapor, mist”) earlier “daze, stupefaction”, which is from the root of German quellen (“to stream, well up”). The sense “feeling of faintness” is from 1530; “uneasiness, doubt” from 1553; “scruple of conscience” from 1649.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "qualms",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "qualming",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "qualmed",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "qualmed",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "qualm (third-person singular simple present qualms, present participle qualming, simple past and past participle qualmed)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To have a sickly feeling."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sickly",
          "sickly"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To have a sickly feeling."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑːm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɔːm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɔm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɑlm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwæm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑːm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔːm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑːlm"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "calm"
    }
  ],
  "word": "qualm"
}
{
  "called_from": "XYZunsorted",
  "msg": "qualm/English/noun: invalid tag 'in the negative' not in valid_tags (or uppercase_tags): {\"categories\": [\"Requests for review of German translations\", \"Requests for review of Interlingua translations\", \"Requests for review of Italian translations\", \"Requests for review of Latin translations\", \"Requests for review of Spanish translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"qualmish\"}, {\"word\": \"qualmishly\"}, {\"word\": \"qualmishness\"}, {\"word\": \"qualmy\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*g\\u02b7elH-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"qualm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English qualm\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"cwalm\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"death, sickness, plague\"}, \"expansion\": \"cwalm (\\u201cdeath, sickness, plague\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ang\", \"3\": \"cwealm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old English cwealm\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\"\"}, \"expansion\": \"(West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\")\", \"name\": \"gloss\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ang\", \"2\": \"\\u016btcwalm\"}, \"expansion\": \"\\u016btcwalm\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\"\"}, \"expansion\": \"(Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\")\", \"name\": \"gloss\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"gmw-pro\", \"3\": \"*kwalm\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"killing, death, destruction\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (\\u201ckilling, death, destruction\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*g\\u02b7elH-\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-Indo-European *g\\u02b7elH- (\\u201cto stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"quell\"}, \"expansion\": \"quell\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"nl\", \"3\": \"kwalm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Dutch kwalm\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"de\", \"3\": \"Qualm\", \"t\": \"steam, vapor, mist\"}, \"expansion\": \"German Qualm (\\u201csteam, vapor, mist\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"de\", \"3\": \"quellen\", \"t\": \"to stream, well up\"}, \"expansion\": \"German quellen (\\u201cto stream, well up\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (\\u201cdeath, sickness, plague\\u201d), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\"), \\u016btcwalm (Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (\\u201ckilling, death, destruction\\u201d), from Proto-Indo-European *g\\u02b7elH- (\\u201cto stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\\u201d), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of \\\"pang of apprehension, etc.\\\" in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (\\u201csteam, vapor, mist\\u201d) earlier \\u201cdaze, stupefaction\\u201d, which is from the root of German quellen (\\u201cto stream, well up\\u201d). The sense \\u201cfeeling of faintness\\u201d is from 1530; \\u201cuneasiness, doubt\\u201d from 1553; \\u201cscruple of conscience\\u201d from 1649.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"qualms\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"qualm (plural qualms)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"quell\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"2012-08-25, Andy Pasztor, \\u201cArmstrong, First Man on Moon, Dies\\u201d, in Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2012-08-26\", \"text\": \"Opponents of those privatization plans hoped to use Mr. Armstrong's qualms as ammunition to block the White House initiatives, and they asked for more public statements.\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"ref\": \"2021-9-22, Caroline Siede, \\u201cDear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level\\u201d, in AV Club\", \"text\": \"Questions of bad taste have hung around Dear Evan Hansen since it debuted on Broadway in 2016, though such qualms were mostly drowned out by praise for Platt\\u2019s visceral live performance and the catchy Broadway-by-way-of-Christian-rock tunes from wunderkind songwriters Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (who are also responsible for the toe-tapping numbers from The Greatest Showman).\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\"], \"links\": [[\"apprehension\", \"apprehension\"], [\"doubt\", \"doubt\"], [\"fear\", \"fear\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"A sudden sickly feeling; queasiness.\"], \"links\": [[\"sickly\", \"sickly\"], [\"feeling\", \"feeling\"], [\"queasiness\", \"queasiness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"English negative polarity items\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"This lawyer has no qualms about saving people who are on the wrong side of the law.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt.\"], \"links\": [[\"conscience\", \"conscience\"], [\"scruple\", \"scruple\"], [\"pang\", \"pang\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(now chiefly in the negative) A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt.\"], \"tags\": [\"in the negative\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"British English\", \"English dialectal terms\", \"English terms with archaic senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"Mortality; plague; pestilence.\"], \"links\": [[\"Mortality\", \"mortality\"], [\"plague\", \"plague\"], [\"pestilence\", \"pestilence\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(archaic, UK dialectal) Mortality; plague; pestilence.\"], \"tags\": [\"UK\", \"archaic\", \"dialectal\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"British English\", \"English dialectal terms\", \"English terms with archaic senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"A calamity or disaster.\"], \"links\": [[\"calamity\", \"calamity\"], [\"disaster\", \"disaster\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(archaic, UK dialectal) A calamity or disaster.\"], \"tags\": [\"UK\", \"archaic\", \"dialectal\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251\\u02d0m/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0254\\u02d0m/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0254m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251lm/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u00e6m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0251\\u02d0m\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0254\\u02d0m\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0251\\u02d0lm\"}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.ogg\", \"tags\": [\"UK\"], \"text\": \"Audio (UK)\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"compunction\"}, {\"word\": \"misgiving\"}, {\"word\": \"scruple\"}, {\"word\": \"unease\"}, {\"word\": \"uneasiness\"}, {\"word\": \"apprehension\"}, {\"tags\": [\"dialectal\"], \"word\": \"calm\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"bezpokojstvo\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"opasenie\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"pochybnosti\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"obavy\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"rozpaky\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"angstgevoel\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"onbehagen\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"bedenking\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"onzekerheid\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"twijfel\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"ep\\u00e4varmuus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"ep\\u00e4ilys\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"e\\u010d\\u0323vi\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"\\u10d4\\u10ed\\u10d5\\u10d8\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"merq\\u0307eoba\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"\\u10db\\u10d4\\u10e0\\u10e7\\u10d4\\u10dd\\u10d1\\u10d0\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"dabneuloba\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"\\u10d3\\u10d0\\u10d1\\u10dc\\u10d4\\u10e3\\u10da\\u10dd\\u10d1\\u10d0\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"dubbio\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"apprensione\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"paura\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"potau\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"apreens\\u00e3o\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"receio\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"somn\\u00e9nije\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0441\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0435\\u0301\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"rast\\u00e9rjannost\\u02b9\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0301\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"z\\u00e1brany\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"pochybnosti\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"obavy\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"bet\\u00e4nklighet\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"sumniv\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"pobojuvannja\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"vahannja\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0432\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"prilo\\u0161avane\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"gadene\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"(lehk\\u00e1) nevolnost\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"braakkneiging\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"(plotse) onpasselijkheid\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"(aanval van) misselijkheid\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"kuvotus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"etominen\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"gulis reva\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"\\u10d2\\u10e3\\u10da\\u10d8\\u10e1 \\u10e0\\u10d4\\u10d5\\u10d0\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"potau\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"mal-estar\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"grea\\u021b\\u0103\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"to\\u0161not\\u00e1\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u0442\\u043e\\u0448\\u043d\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\\u0301\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"nudota\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u043d\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"mlist\\u02b9\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u043c\\u043b\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"ugrizenie\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0443\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"v\\u00fd\\u010ditky\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"skrupule\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"gewetensaanval\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"gewetensbezwaar\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"scrupule\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"wroeging\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"tunnontuska\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"scrupule\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"sindisis ken\\u01efna\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"\\u10e1\\u10d8\\u10dc\\u10d3\\u10d8\\u10e1\\u10d8\\u10e1 \\u10e5\\u10d4\\u10dc\\u10ef\\u10dc\\u10d0\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"Gewissensbisse\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"scrupolo\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"potau\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"escr\\u00fapulo\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"scrupul\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"compunc\\u021biune\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"ugryz\\u00e9nija s\\u00f3vesti\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"\\u0443\\u0433\\u0440\\u044b\\u0437\\u0435\\u0301\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0441\\u043e\\u0301\\u0432\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"z\\u00e1brany\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"escr\\u00fapulo\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"samvetskval\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"dokory sumlinnja\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"], \"word\": \"\\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\"}], \"word\": \"qualm\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "qualm",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "XYZunsorted",
  "msg": "qualm/English/noun: 'expansion' should contain a non-empty string: {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*g\\u02b7elH-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}: {\"categories\": [\"Requests for review of German translations\", \"Requests for review of Interlingua translations\", \"Requests for review of Italian translations\", \"Requests for review of Latin translations\", \"Requests for review of Spanish translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"qualmish\"}, {\"word\": \"qualmishly\"}, {\"word\": \"qualmishness\"}, {\"word\": \"qualmy\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*g\\u02b7elH-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"qualm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English qualm\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"cwalm\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"death, sickness, plague\"}, \"expansion\": \"cwalm (\\u201cdeath, sickness, plague\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ang\", \"3\": \"cwealm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old English cwealm\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\"\"}, \"expansion\": \"(West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\")\", \"name\": \"gloss\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ang\", \"2\": \"\\u016btcwalm\"}, \"expansion\": \"\\u016btcwalm\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\"\"}, \"expansion\": \"(Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\")\", \"name\": \"gloss\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"gmw-pro\", \"3\": \"*kwalm\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"killing, death, destruction\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (\\u201ckilling, death, destruction\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*g\\u02b7elH-\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-Indo-European *g\\u02b7elH- (\\u201cto stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"quell\"}, \"expansion\": \"quell\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"nl\", \"3\": \"kwalm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Dutch kwalm\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"de\", \"3\": \"Qualm\", \"t\": \"steam, vapor, mist\"}, \"expansion\": \"German Qualm (\\u201csteam, vapor, mist\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"de\", \"3\": \"quellen\", \"t\": \"to stream, well up\"}, \"expansion\": \"German quellen (\\u201cto stream, well up\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (\\u201cdeath, sickness, plague\\u201d), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\"), \\u016btcwalm (Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (\\u201ckilling, death, destruction\\u201d), from Proto-Indo-European *g\\u02b7elH- (\\u201cto stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\\u201d), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of \\\"pang of apprehension, etc.\\\" in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (\\u201csteam, vapor, mist\\u201d) earlier \\u201cdaze, stupefaction\\u201d, which is from the root of German quellen (\\u201cto stream, well up\\u201d). The sense \\u201cfeeling of faintness\\u201d is from 1530; \\u201cuneasiness, doubt\\u201d from 1553; \\u201cscruple of conscience\\u201d from 1649.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"qualms\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"qualm (plural qualms)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"quell\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"2012-08-25, Andy Pasztor, \\u201cArmstrong, First Man on Moon, Dies\\u201d, in Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2012-08-26\", \"text\": \"Opponents of those privatization plans hoped to use Mr. Armstrong's qualms as ammunition to block the White House initiatives, and they asked for more public statements.\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"ref\": \"2021-9-22, Caroline Siede, \\u201cDear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level\\u201d, in AV Club\", \"text\": \"Questions of bad taste have hung around Dear Evan Hansen since it debuted on Broadway in 2016, though such qualms were mostly drowned out by praise for Platt\\u2019s visceral live performance and the catchy Broadway-by-way-of-Christian-rock tunes from wunderkind songwriters Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (who are also responsible for the toe-tapping numbers from The Greatest Showman).\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\"], \"links\": [[\"apprehension\", \"apprehension\"], [\"doubt\", \"doubt\"], [\"fear\", \"fear\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"A sudden sickly feeling; queasiness.\"], \"links\": [[\"sickly\", \"sickly\"], [\"feeling\", \"feeling\"], [\"queasiness\", \"queasiness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"English negative polarity items\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"This lawyer has no qualms about saving people who are on the wrong side of the law.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt.\"], \"links\": [[\"conscience\", \"conscience\"], [\"scruple\", \"scruple\"], [\"pang\", \"pang\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(now chiefly in the negative) A prick of the conscience; a moral scruple, a pang of guilt.\"], \"tags\": [\"in the negative\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"British English\", \"English dialectal terms\", \"English terms with archaic senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"Mortality; plague; pestilence.\"], \"links\": [[\"Mortality\", \"mortality\"], [\"plague\", \"plague\"], [\"pestilence\", \"pestilence\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(archaic, UK dialectal) Mortality; plague; pestilence.\"], \"tags\": [\"UK\", \"archaic\", \"dialectal\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"British English\", \"English dialectal terms\", \"English terms with archaic senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"A calamity or disaster.\"], \"links\": [[\"calamity\", \"calamity\"], [\"disaster\", \"disaster\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(archaic, UK dialectal) A calamity or disaster.\"], \"tags\": [\"UK\", \"archaic\", \"dialectal\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251\\u02d0m/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0254\\u02d0m/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0254m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251lm/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u00e6m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0251\\u02d0m\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0254\\u02d0m\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0251\\u02d0lm\"}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.ogg\", \"tags\": [\"UK\"], \"text\": \"Audio (UK)\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"compunction\"}, {\"word\": \"misgiving\"}, {\"word\": \"scruple\"}, {\"word\": \"unease\"}, {\"word\": \"uneasiness\"}, {\"word\": \"apprehension\"}, {\"tags\": [\"dialectal\"], \"word\": \"calm\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"bezpokojstvo\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0431\\u0435\\u0437\\u043f\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0439\\u0441\\u0442\\u0432\\u043e\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"opasenie\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u043e\\u043f\\u0430\\u0441\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"pochybnosti\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"obavy\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"rozpaky\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"angstgevoel\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"onbehagen\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"bedenking\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"onzekerheid\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"twijfel\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"ep\\u00e4varmuus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"ep\\u00e4ilys\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"e\\u010d\\u0323vi\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"\\u10d4\\u10ed\\u10d5\\u10d8\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"merq\\u0307eoba\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"\\u10db\\u10d4\\u10e0\\u10e7\\u10d4\\u10dd\\u10d1\\u10d0\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"dabneuloba\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"\\u10d3\\u10d0\\u10d1\\u10dc\\u10d4\\u10e3\\u10da\\u10dd\\u10d1\\u10d0\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"dubbio\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"apprensione\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"paura\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"potau\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"apreens\\u00e3o\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"receio\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"somn\\u00e9nije\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0441\\u043e\\u043c\\u043d\\u0435\\u0301\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"rast\\u00e9rjannost\\u02b9\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u0440\\u0430\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u0301\\u0440\\u044f\\u043d\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"z\\u00e1brany\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"pochybnosti\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"obavy\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"word\": \"bet\\u00e4nklighet\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"sumniv\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"\\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043d\\u0456\\u0432\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"pobojuvannja\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u043f\\u043e\\u0431\\u043e\\u044e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"vahannja\", \"sense\": \"sudden feeling of apprehension, doubt, fear etc.\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0432\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"prilo\\u0161avane\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0448\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"gadene\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0433\\u0430\\u0434\\u0435\\u043d\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"(lehk\\u00e1) nevolnost\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"braakkneiging\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"(plotse) onpasselijkheid\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"(aanval van) misselijkheid\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"kuvotus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"etominen\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"gulis reva\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"\\u10d2\\u10e3\\u10da\\u10d8\\u10e1 \\u10e0\\u10d4\\u10d5\\u10d0\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"word\": \"potau\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"mal-estar\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"grea\\u021b\\u0103\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"to\\u0161not\\u00e1\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u0442\\u043e\\u0448\\u043d\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\\u0301\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"nudota\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u043d\\u0443\\u0434\\u043e\\u0442\\u0430\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"mlist\\u02b9\", \"sense\": \"sickly feeling of being ill at ease; sudden queasiness\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"\\u043c\\u043b\\u0456\\u0441\\u0442\\u044c\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"ugrizenie\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"\\u0443\\u0433\\u0440\\u0438\\u0437\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"v\\u00fd\\u010ditky\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"skrupule\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"gewetensaanval\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"gewetensbezwaar\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"scrupule\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"wroeging\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"tunnontuska\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"scrupule\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"sindisis ken\\u01efna\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"\\u10e1\\u10d8\\u10dc\\u10d3\\u10d8\\u10e1\\u10d8\\u10e1 \\u10e5\\u10d4\\u10dc\\u10ef\\u10dc\\u10d0\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"Gewissensbisse\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"scrupolo\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"word\": \"potau\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"escr\\u00fapulo\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"scrupul\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"compunc\\u021biune\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"ugryz\\u00e9nija s\\u00f3vesti\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"\\u0443\\u0433\\u0440\\u044b\\u0437\\u0435\\u0301\\u043d\\u0438\\u044f \\u0441\\u043e\\u0301\\u0432\\u0435\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"z\\u00e1brany\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"escr\\u00fapulo\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"samvetskval\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"dokory sumlinnja\", \"sense\": \"prick of the conscience, moral scrupule\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"], \"word\": \"\\u0434\\u043e\\u043a\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0443\\u043c\\u043b\\u0456\\u043d\\u043d\\u044f\"}], \"word\": \"qualm\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "qualm",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "XYZunsorted",
  "msg": "qualm/English/verb: 'expansion' should contain a non-empty string: {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*g\\u02b7elH-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}: {\"categories\": [\"Requests for review of German translations\", \"Requests for review of Interlingua translations\", \"Requests for review of Italian translations\", \"Requests for review of Latin translations\", \"Requests for review of Spanish translations\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*g\\u02b7elH-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"qualm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English qualm\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"cwalm\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"death, sickness, plague\"}, \"expansion\": \"cwalm (\\u201cdeath, sickness, plague\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ang\", \"3\": \"cwealm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old English cwealm\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\"\"}, \"expansion\": \"(West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\")\", \"name\": \"gloss\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ang\", \"2\": \"\\u016btcwalm\"}, \"expansion\": \"\\u016btcwalm\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\"\"}, \"expansion\": \"(Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\")\", \"name\": \"gloss\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"gmw-pro\", \"3\": \"*kwalm\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"killing, death, destruction\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (\\u201ckilling, death, destruction\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*g\\u02b7elH-\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"to stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\"}, \"expansion\": \"Proto-Indo-European *g\\u02b7elH- (\\u201cto stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"quell\"}, \"expansion\": \"quell\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"nl\", \"3\": \"kwalm\"}, \"expansion\": \"Dutch kwalm\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"de\", \"3\": \"Qualm\", \"t\": \"steam, vapor, mist\"}, \"expansion\": \"German Qualm (\\u201csteam, vapor, mist\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"de\", \"3\": \"quellen\", \"t\": \"to stream, well up\"}, \"expansion\": \"German quellen (\\u201cto stream, well up\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Perhaps from Middle English qualm, cwalm (\\u201cdeath, sickness, plague\\u201d), which is from Old English cwealm (West Saxon: \\\"death, disaster, plague\\\"), \\u016btcwalm (Anglian: \\\"utter destruction\\\"), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (\\u201ckilling, death, destruction\\u201d), from Proto-Indo-European *g\\u02b7elH- (\\u201cto stick, pierce; pain, injury, death\\u201d), whence also quell. Although the sense development is possible, this has the problem that there are no attestations in intermediate senses before the appearance of \\\"pang of apprehension, etc.\\\" in the 16th century. The alternative etymology is from Dutch kwalm or German Qualm (\\u201csteam, vapor, mist\\u201d) earlier \\u201cdaze, stupefaction\\u201d, which is from the root of German quellen (\\u201cto stream, well up\\u201d). The sense \\u201cfeeling of faintness\\u201d is from 1530; \\u201cuneasiness, doubt\\u201d from 1553; \\u201cscruple of conscience\\u201d from 1649.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"qualms\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"qualming\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"qualmed\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"qualmed\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"qualm (third-person singular simple present qualms, present participle qualming, simple past and past participle qualmed)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To have a sickly feeling.\"], \"links\": [[\"sickly\", \"sickly\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) To have a sickly feeling.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251\\u02d0m/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0254\\u02d0m/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0254m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u0251lm/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/kw\\u00e6m/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0251\\u02d0m\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0254\\u02d0m\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-\\u0251\\u02d0lm\"}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-AcpoKrane-qualm.wav.ogg\", \"tags\": [\"UK\"], \"text\": \"Audio (UK)\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"tags\": [\"dialectal\"], \"word\": \"calm\"}], \"word\": \"qualm\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "qualm",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-03-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-03-01 using wiktextract (68773ab and 5f6ddbb). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.