See commune in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for commune meaning in English (20.0kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "house-commune"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "people's commune"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "urban-rural commune"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mey- (change)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Middle English commune",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "comune"
},
"expansion": "comune",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "comune"
},
"expansion": "Old French comune",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "commune"
},
"expansion": "commune",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "commūnia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin commūnia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūne",
"t": "community, state"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūne (“community, state”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "commūnis",
"3": "",
"4": "common"
},
"expansion": "commūnis (“common”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "comune"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of comune",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "community"
},
"expansion": "community",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "communion"
},
"expansion": "communion",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "common"
},
"expansion": "common",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English commune, comune, from Old French comune, commune, from Medieval Latin commūnia, from Latin commūne (“community, state”), from commūnis (“common”). Doublet of comune. See also community, communion, common.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "commune (countable and uncountable, plural communes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 9 0 17 14 23 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 0 21 26 16 13 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 1 20 22 17 13 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 6 5 18 24 14 10 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [
"Miscellaneous",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1975, Peter J. Seybolt, editor, The Rustication of Urban Youth in China, published 2015, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 148",
"text": "The town of Chu-chou in Hunan Province, carrying out the great directive of Chairman Mao that \"educated youths must go to the villages,\" has put into practice factory-commune links, and under the leadership of cadres, has made a collective settlement of educated youths in commune and brigade farms, forest areas, and tea plantations.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-fXkbuvzg",
"links": [
[
"community",
"community"
],
[
"rural",
"rural"
],
[
"division of labour",
"division of labour"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "mašāʕiyya",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "مَشَاعِيَّة"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "hamaynkʻ",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "համայնք"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "komúna",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кому́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "kommuuni"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "koinóvio",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "κοινόβιο"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kvutsá",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "קבוצה \\ קְבוּצָה"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kibúts",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "קיבוץ \\ קִבּוּץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "komono"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "komune"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "khum",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "ឃុំ"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "sɑɑsɑngkat",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "សង្កាត់"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obščína",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "общи́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 3 2 4 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "byalag"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A local political division in many European countries."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-2deJE5ta",
"links": [
[
"local",
"local"
],
[
"political",
"political"
],
[
"division",
"division"
],
[
"European",
"European"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "komuna",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "կոմունա"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obštiná",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "община́"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "si⁵ zan³",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "市镇"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shìzhèn",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "市镇"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cumune"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cumuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obec"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "kunta"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "frp",
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "comena"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "commune"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Gemeinde"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kommune"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "koinótita",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κοινότητα"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "komune"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "comune"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "sɑɑsɑngkat",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "សង្កាត់"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "khum",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "ឃុំ"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "opština",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "општина"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "komun",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "کمون"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gmina"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comună"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kommúna",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "комму́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obščína",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "общи́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "о̏пћина"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ȍpćina"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obec"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "municipio"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 87 4 2 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "komün"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"The commonalty; the common people."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-4MyUqMow",
"links": [
[
"commonalty",
"commonalty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The commonalty; the common people."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 9 0 17 14 23 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 0 21 26 16 13 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 1 20 22 17 13 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 6 5 18 24 14 10 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [
"Miscellaneous",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-obN9tBde",
"links": [
[
"Communion",
"communion"
],
[
"sympathetic",
"sympathetic"
],
[
"conversation",
"conversation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, obsolete) Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 9 0 17 14 23 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 0 19 27 16 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 0 21 26 16 13 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 1 20 22 17 13 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 6 5 18 24 14 10 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [
"Miscellaneous",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1997, David Nicholas, The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century, page 161",
"text": "In 1117 the commune and archbishop had separate consuls at Milan.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A self-governing city or league of citizens."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-aJO3qqbr",
"links": [
[
"self-governing",
"self-governing"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"league",
"league"
],
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A self-governing city or league of citizens."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɒmjuːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɑmjuːn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-commune-noun.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-commune-noun.ogg/En-us-commune-noun.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-commune-noun.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "kŏm'yo͞on"
},
{
"enpr": "käm'yo͞on"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"commune"
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "communen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English communen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "comunen"
},
"expansion": "comunen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "comunier"
},
"expansion": "Old French comunier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "communier",
"t": "to share"
},
"expansion": "communier (“to share”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūnico"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūnico",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "communicate"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of communicate",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English communen, comunen, from Old French comunier, communier (“to share”), from Latin commūnico. Doublet of communicate.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "communing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "communed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "communed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "commune (third-person singular simple present communes, present participle communing, simple past and past participle communed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 9 0 17 14 23 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 0 21 26 16 13 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 1 20 22 17 13 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 6 5 18 24 14 10 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [
"Miscellaneous",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-verb-8PxWfMr1"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 9 0 17 14 23 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 0 21 26 16 13 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 6 1 20 22 17 13 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He spent a week in the backcountry, communing with nature.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-verb-daBQSskF",
"links": [
[
"contemplate",
"contemplate"
],
[
"absorb",
"absorb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, followed by with) To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb."
],
"raw_tags": [
"followed by with"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Christianity",
"orig": "en:Christianity",
"parents": [
"Abrahamism",
"Religion",
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To receive the communion."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-verb-LZAEfWvS",
"links": [
[
"Christianity",
"Christianity"
],
[
"communion",
"communion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Christianity, intransitive) To receive the communion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"Christianity"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəˈmjuːn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːn"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-commune-verb.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/En-us-commune-verb.ogg/En-us-commune-verb.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/En-us-commune-verb.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "kəmyo͞on'"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (change)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Icelandic translations",
"Rhymes:English/uːn",
"Rhymes:English/uːn/2 syllables",
"en:Collectives"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "house-commune"
},
{
"word": "people's commune"
},
{
"word": "urban-rural commune"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mey- (change)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Middle English commune",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "comune"
},
"expansion": "comune",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "comune"
},
"expansion": "Old French comune",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "commune"
},
"expansion": "commune",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "commūnia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin commūnia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūne",
"t": "community, state"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūne (“community, state”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "commūnis",
"3": "",
"4": "common"
},
"expansion": "commūnis (“common”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "comune"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of comune",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "community"
},
"expansion": "community",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "communion"
},
"expansion": "communion",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "common"
},
"expansion": "common",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English commune, comune, from Old French comune, commune, from Medieval Latin commūnia, from Latin commūne (“community, state”), from commūnis (“common”). Doublet of comune. See also community, communion, common.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "commune (countable and uncountable, plural communes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1975, Peter J. Seybolt, editor, The Rustication of Urban Youth in China, published 2015, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 148",
"text": "The town of Chu-chou in Hunan Province, carrying out the great directive of Chairman Mao that \"educated youths must go to the villages,\" has put into practice factory-commune links, and under the leadership of cadres, has made a collective settlement of educated youths in commune and brigade farms, forest areas, and tea plantations.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community."
],
"links": [
[
"community",
"community"
],
[
"rural",
"rural"
],
[
"division of labour",
"division of labour"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A local political division in many European countries."
],
"links": [
[
"local",
"local"
],
[
"political",
"political"
],
[
"division",
"division"
],
[
"European",
"European"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The commonalty; the common people."
],
"links": [
[
"commonalty",
"commonalty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The commonalty; the common people."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends."
],
"links": [
[
"Communion",
"communion"
],
[
"sympathetic",
"sympathetic"
],
[
"conversation",
"conversation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, obsolete) Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1997, David Nicholas, The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century, page 161",
"text": "In 1117 the commune and archbishop had separate consuls at Milan.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A self-governing city or league of citizens."
],
"links": [
[
"self-governing",
"self-governing"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"league",
"league"
],
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A self-governing city or league of citizens."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɒmjuːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɑmjuːn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-commune-noun.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-commune-noun.ogg/En-us-commune-noun.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-commune-noun.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "kŏm'yo͞on"
},
{
"enpr": "käm'yo͞on"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "mašāʕiyya",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "مَشَاعِيَّة"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "hamaynkʻ",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "համայնք"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "komúna",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кому́на"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "kommuuni"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "koinóvio",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "κοινόβιο"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kvutsá",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "קבוצה \\ קְבוּצָה"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kibúts",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "קיבוץ \\ קִבּוּץ"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "komono"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "komune"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "khum",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "ឃុំ"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "sɑɑsɑngkat",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "សង្កាត់"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obščína",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "общи́на"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "byalag"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "komuna",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "կոմունա"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obštiná",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "община́"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "si⁵ zan³",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "市镇"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shìzhèn",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "市镇"
},
{
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cumune"
},
{
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cumuna"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obec"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "kunta"
},
{
"code": "frp",
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "comena"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "commune"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Gemeinde"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kommune"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "koinótita",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κοινότητα"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "komune"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "comune"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "sɑɑsɑngkat",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "សង្កាត់"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "khum",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "ឃុំ"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "opština",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "општина"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "komun",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "کمون"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gmina"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comună"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kommúna",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "комму́на"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obščína",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "общи́на"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "о̏пћина"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ȍpćina"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obec"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "municipio"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries",
"word": "komün"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"commune"
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/uːn",
"Rhymes:English/uːn/2 syllables",
"en:Collectives"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "communen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English communen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "comunen"
},
"expansion": "comunen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "comunier"
},
"expansion": "Old French comunier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "communier",
"t": "to share"
},
"expansion": "communier (“to share”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūnico"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūnico",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "communicate"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of communicate",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English communen, comunen, from Old French comunier, communier (“to share”), from Latin commūnico. Doublet of communicate.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "communing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "communed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "communed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "commune (third-person singular simple present communes, present participle communing, simple past and past participle communed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He spent a week in the backcountry, communing with nature.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb."
],
"links": [
[
"contemplate",
"contemplate"
],
[
"absorb",
"absorb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, followed by with) To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb."
],
"raw_tags": [
"followed by with"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"en:Christianity"
],
"glosses": [
"To receive the communion."
],
"links": [
[
"Christianity",
"Christianity"
],
[
"communion",
"communion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Christianity, intransitive) To receive the communion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"Christianity"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəˈmjuːn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːn"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-commune-verb.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/En-us-commune-verb.ogg/En-us-commune-verb.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/En-us-commune-verb.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "kəmyo͞on'"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (ae36afe and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.