See abacus on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "Middle English abacus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "Latin abacus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "abacus",
"t": "art of arithmetic"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄβαξ άβακος",
"t": "slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄβαξ άβακος (ábax ábakos, “slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "abaque"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of abaque",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "plural"
},
"expansion": "plural",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "abacī"
},
"expansion": "Latin abacī",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English abacus, abagus, agabus (“abacus; art of counting with an abacus”), from Latin abacus, abax (“sideboard or table with a slab at the top; slab at the top of a column; counting board, sand table; board for playing games”) (compare Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)), from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ άβακος (ábax ábakos, “slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board”). Doublet of abaque.\nThe plural form abaci is reinforced from Latin abacī.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abaci",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacuses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abaci",
"2": "+"
},
"expansion": "abacus (plural abaci or abacuses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ab‧a‧cus"
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Japanese"
],
"word": "soroban"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Chinese"
],
"word": "suanpan"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "abaciscus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "abacist"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "abaculus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "abaque"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He [Gerebertus] was the first who took the abacus of the Saracens and gave rules for it, which can be barely understood by the most learned men of the craft, whose craftsmen are called abacists. Marianus. The abacus is a table with which shapes are portrayed and painted in powder, and abacus is [also] a branch of geometry.",
"ref": "[a. 1387, Ranulphi Higden [i.e., Ranulf Higden], chapter X, in John Trevisa, transl., edited by Joseph Rawson Lumby, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis; together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century. […] (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages), volume VII (in Middle English), London: Longman & Co., […]; Trübner & Co., […], published 1879, →OCLC, book VI, page 69:",
"text": "He [Gerebertus] was þe firste þat took abacus of Sarsyns, and ȝaf rules þerynne, þat mowe unneþe be understonde of þe kunnyngeste men of þe craft, þe whiche craftes men beþ cleped abaciste. Marianus. Abacus is a table wiþ þhe whiche schappes be portrayed and i-peynt in powdre, and abacus is a craft of geometrie.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1825, “a modern Greek” [pseudonym; Robert Mudie], “Education of the Athens”, in The Modern Athens: A Dissection and Demonstration of Men and Things in the Scotch Capital, 2nd edition, London: Printed for Knight and Lacey, […], →OCLC, page 269:",
"text": "[H]e set fondly and furiously to work upon [Thomas] Simpson's Euclid, [...] The smooth grassy sod answered all the purposes of the abacus, and the cows generously supplied him in a substitute for sand. Spreading and smoothing that substitute with his bear foot, he engraved upon it with his finger the mystic lines and letters; and, with book in hand, proceeded to establish the elementary principles of geometry, [...]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A table or tray scattered with sand which was used for calculating or drawing."
],
"id": "en-abacus-en-noun-aNXwxSNG",
"links": [
[
"table",
"table#Noun"
],
[
"tray",
"tray"
],
[
"scattered",
"scatter#Verb"
],
[
"sand",
"sand#Noun"
],
[
"used",
"use#Verb"
],
[
"calculating",
"calculate"
],
[
"drawing",
"draw#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, obsolete) A table or tray scattered with sand which was used for calculating or drawing."
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"obsolete"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "om",
"lang": "Afan Oromo",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakaas"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "àbac"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ávakas",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "άβακας"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ábax",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ἄβαξ"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "abak",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "абак"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "taxt-e hesâb",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"word": "تخت حساب"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "taxt o mil",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"word": "تخت و میل"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "abak"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "liczydło"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "68 4 4 24",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I’ve heard merchants still use an abacus for adding things up in China.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1888, Walter W[illiam] Rouse Ball, “Egyptian and Phœnecian Mathematics”, in A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, London, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 6:",
"text": "Before leaving the question of early arithmetic I should mention that for practical purposes the almost universal use of the abacus or swan-pan rendered it easy to add or subtract, or even to multiply and divide, without any knowledge of theoretical mathematics. [...] [I]t will be sufficient here to say that they afford a concrete way of representing a number in the decimal scale, and enable the results of addition and subtraction to be obtained by a merely mechanical process.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1974, Theodore R[yland] Sizer, “Foreword”, in Allan B. Ellis, The Use & Misuse of Computers in Education, New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company, →ISBN, page ix:",
"text": "The computer is but another vehicle to employ in helping people learn, a cousin of books, films, blackboards, chalk, gerbils, abacuses. Like each of these devices, it can be well used or misused.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Stan Gibilisco, Norman Crowhurst, “From Counting to Addition”, in Mastering Technical Mathematics, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, →ISBN, part 1 (Arithmetic as an Outgrowth of Learning to Count), page 10:",
"text": "Take another look at the abacus to see how useful it is. Each row represents a successively higher counting group, or register, by 10 times. Thus, with only 6 rows you can count to one million (actually, up to 999,999, which is 1 short of one million).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Augusto Boal, “The Impossible Return and the Strangeness of the Familiar”, in Adrian Jackson, Candida Blaker, transl., Hamlet and the Baker’s Son: My Life in Theatre and Politics, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 342:",
"text": "Before Pythagoras it was necessary to see the thing before counting it, like children who learn on abacuses, with balls sliding along rods: children learn to add and subtract by sliding stones.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Patricia J. Murphy, “The Bottom Deck”, in Counting with an Abacus: Learning the Place Values of Ones, Tens, and Hundreds, New York, N.Y.: The Rosen Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 8:",
"text": "Each rod in the bottom deck of an abacus has 5 beads. The value of each bead depends on which rod it is on. Each bead on the ones rod in the bottom deck equals 1. Each bead on the tens rod in the bottom deck equals 10. Each bead on the hundreds rod in the bottom deck equals 100.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Valerie Anand, “Hope and Fear”, in The House of Lanyon (The Exmoor Saga), Richmond, London: Mira, published 2008, →ISBN, page 209:",
"text": "She was sitting at the parlour table with a small abacus in front of her. [...] Peter still recorded weights of fleeces and pounds of cabbages and bushels of grain by cutting notches in tally sticks, but Liza would translate them into figures on paper and have them totted up on the abacus the very same day.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A device used for performing arithmetical calculations; (rare) a table on which loose counters are placed, or (more commonly) an instrument with beads sliding on rods, or counters in grooves, with one row of beads or counters representing units, the next tens, etc."
],
"id": "en-abacus-en-noun-WbB61wUO",
"links": [
[
"device",
"device"
],
[
"perform",
"perform"
],
[
"arithmetical",
"arithmetical"
],
[
"calculation",
"calculation"
],
[
"loose",
"loose#Adjective"
],
[
"counter",
"counter"
],
[
"placed",
"place#Verb"
],
[
"instrument",
"instrument"
],
[
"beads",
"bead#Noun"
],
[
"sliding",
"slide#Verb"
],
[
"rod",
"rod"
],
[
"grooves",
"groove#Noun"
],
[
"row",
"row#Noun"
],
[
"represent",
"represent"
],
[
"unit",
"unit"
],
[
"ten",
"ten"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "telraam"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "miʕad",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مِعَد"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "miʕdād",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مِعْدَاد"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "hamričʻ",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "համրիչ"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "çötkə"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abak"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "sayğac"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "abáka",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "аба́ка"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "ličýlʹniki",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "лічы́льнікі"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "êbakaś",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "অ্যাবাকাস"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "gononar phrem",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "গণনার ফ্রেম"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "bolophrem",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "বলফ্রেম"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smetalo",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "сметало"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "pesi:",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ပေသီး"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "àbac"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "算盤"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "zh-min-nan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "算盘"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "算盤"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "suànpán",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "算盘"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "počítadlo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kugleramme"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "telraam"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "dz",
"lang": "Dzongkha",
"roman": "rtsis 'phreng",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "རྩིས་འཕྲེང"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "bidkalkulilo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "arvelaud"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "helmitaulu"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "laskulauta"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "laskutaulu"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaque"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "boulier"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "boulier compteur"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saangarišo",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "საანგარიშო"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Rechenbrett"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ávakas",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "άβακας"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ábax",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ἄβαξ"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "boulye"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "חֶשְׁבּוֹנִיָּה"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kheshboniyá",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "חשבונייה"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "gintārā",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "गिनतारा"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakusz"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "talnagrind"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "dekak-dekak"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "sempoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "scotut"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacas"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fráma comhairimh"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pallottoliere"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"alt": "そろばん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "soroban",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "算盤"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "esepşot",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "есепшот"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "abak",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "абак"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kbac",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ក្បាច់"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"alt": "數板",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "supan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "수판"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"alt": "算板",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "sanpan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "산판"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "sempan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "셈판"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"alt": "籌板/珠板",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jupan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "주판"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "cot",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "чот"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "lūk khit",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ລູກຄິດ"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abax"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "skaitīkļi"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakas"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "khb",
"lang": "Lü",
"roman": "ṁaakphaan²",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ᦖᦱᧅᦘᦱᧃᧉ"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "smetalka",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "сметалка"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "dekak-dekak"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "sempoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "sepua"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "maṇiccaṭṭaṁ",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "മണിച്ചട്ടം"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "gintāra",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ഗിന്താര"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaku"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "mnc",
"lang": "Manchu",
"roman": "bodokū",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ᠪᠣᡩ᠋ᠣᡴᡡ"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "clowan choontee"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "takatātai"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "sampin",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "сампин"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "kuleramme"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kuleramme"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "om",
"lang": "Oromo",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakaas"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "om",
"lang": "Oromo",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "caasaa callee fakkaatu"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "čortke",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "چرتکه"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "liczydło"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abak"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "abac"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"dated",
"historical",
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sčóty",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "счёты"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "рачунаљка"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "računaljka"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "počítadlo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abak"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "računalo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kulram"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "bilangan"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "čüt",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "чӯт"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "maṇiccaṭṭam",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "மணிச்சட்டம்"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "lûuk-kít",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ลูกคิด"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abaküs"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "çot"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "raxivnýcja",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рахівни́ця"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "chot",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "چوت"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "choʻt"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "bàn tính"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 72 8 17",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "bakud"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Architecture",
"orig": "en:Architecture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1795 June 11, 18, 25, William Wilkins, “XIV. An Essay towards the History of the Venta Icenorum of the Romans, and of Norwich Castle; with Remarks on the Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans. [On the Architecture of NORWICH Castle.]”, in Archaeologia: Or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity, volume XII, London: Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London; printed by J[ohn] Nichols, printer to the Society; […], published 1796, →OCLC, page 160:",
"text": "The only mouldings uſed, both by the Saxon and Norman architects, were the torus, the ſcotia or reverſed torus, the cavetto or hollow moulding, and a kind of chamfered faſcia, which latter was generally uſed for impoſts or abacuſes to their capitals.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1829 June, “Cathedrals of Salisbury and Amiens Compared, by the Late Rev. G. D. Whittington, in the Sixth Chapter of His ‘Survey of the Ecclesiastical Antiquities of France.’ 1811.”, in The Crypt, or Receptacle for Things Past, and West of England Magazine, volume I, part I, number VI (New Series), Winchester, Hampshire: Published by Charles Henry Wheeler, […], →OCLC, page 245:",
"text": "At Amiens, the square form of the abaci, and the volutes of the capitals, afford a decisive proof that the Norman fashion had not yet been superseded. On the other hand, at Salisbury, the abaci are mostly round, and where foliage is used in the capitals, their graceful and luxurious design clearly shews an advancement in that department of the art.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1851, John Ruskin, “The Capital”, in The Stones of Venice, volume I (The Foundations), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC, § III, pages 102–103:",
"text": "The stones of the cornice, hitherto called X and Y, receive, now that they form the capital, each a separate name; the sloping stone is called the Bell of the capital, and that laid above it, the Abacus. Abacus means a board or tile: I wish there were an English word for it, but I fear there is no substitution possible, the term having been long fixed, and the reader will find it convenient to familiarise himself with the Latin one.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1942, Theodore Fyfe, Architecture in Cambridge: Examples of English Architectural Styles from Saxon to Modern Times, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: At the University Press, →OCLC, page 49:",
"text": "The shafts carry the usual cubical capitals—surmounted by plain heavy impost stones in place of moulded abaci—the one on the right being the better preserved.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1989, Eleni Vassilika, “The Work Methods of the Artisan at Philae”, in Ptolemaic Philae (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 34), Leuven, Belgium: Departement Oriëntalistiek, Uitgeverij Peeters, →ISBN, pages 187–188:",
"text": "The Hathor abaci above the Mammisi capitals were only decorated on the east flank. Perhaps the decoration of the abacus was not regarded as important as the capital and although it is above the capital, its decoration was executed only when time constraints did not prevail.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2005, Robert Chitham, “Plates 20 and 21: The Ionic Capital I and II”, in The Classical Orders of Architecture, 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Burlington, Mass.: Architectural Press, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 76:",
"text": "The abacus is moulded in three sections and has four main concave faces corresponding with the tapering volutes below and truncated by a short square face on the diagonal.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The uppermost portion of the capital of a column immediately under the architrave, in some cases a flat oblong or square slab, in others more decorated."
],
"id": "en-abacus-en-noun-81yP2IJQ",
"links": [
[
"architecture",
"architecture"
],
[
"uppermost",
"uppermost"
],
[
"portion",
"portion"
],
[
"capital",
"capital"
],
[
"column",
"column"
],
[
"architrave",
"architrave"
],
[
"flat",
"flat#Adjective"
],
[
"oblong",
"oblong#Adjective"
],
[
"square",
"square#Adjective"
],
[
"slab",
"slab"
],
[
"decorated",
"decorated#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(architecture) The uppermost portion of the capital of a column immediately under the architrave, in some cases a flat oblong or square slab, in others more decorated."
],
"topics": [
"architecture"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "nāṣiya",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "نَاصِيَة"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "thamer mathar uporer oṅśo",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "থামের মাথার উপরের অংশ"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "àbac"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "katelaatta"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 95 2",
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "1817, “ABACUS”, in Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, 5th enlarged and improved edition, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed at the Encyclopædia Press, for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: Gale and Fenner; York, Yorkshire: Thomas Wilson and Sons, →OCLC, page 4, column 1:",
"text": "ABACUS, among the ancients, was a kind of cupboard or buffet. Livy, deſcribing the luxury into which the Romans degenerated after the conqueſt of Aſia, ſays they had their abaci, beds, &c. plated over with gold.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1875, E[rnst Karl] Guhl, W[ilhelm David] Koner, “The Romans”, in F[rancis] Hueffer, transl., The Life of the Greeks and Romans, Described from Antique Monuments: Translated from the Third German Edition, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, § 89 (Tables.—Tripods), pages 446–447:",
"text": "The plate and nicknacks, always found in elegant Roman houses, were displayed on small one or three legged tables (trapezophoron), the slabs of which (abacus, a word which, like trapezophoron, is sometimes used for the whole table) had raised edges round them: several richly ornamented specimens of such tables have been found at Pompeii. Fig. 446 shows a small abacus resting on three marble legs, which has been found in the house of the \"Little Mosaic-Fountain\" at Pompeii.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments for holding bottles, cups, or the like; a kind of buffet, cupboard, or sideboard."
],
"id": "en-abacus-en-noun-Ieutzgc9",
"links": [
[
"Ancient Greece",
"Ancient Greece"
],
[
"Ancient Rome",
"Ancient Rome"
],
[
"board",
"board#Noun"
],
[
"tray",
"tray"
],
[
"divide",
"divide"
],
[
"perforated",
"perforated#Adjective"
],
[
"compartment",
"compartment"
],
[
"holding",
"hold#Verb"
],
[
"bottles",
"bottle#Noun"
],
[
"cups",
"cup#Noun"
],
[
"kind",
"kind#Noun"
],
[
"buffet",
"buffet#Noun"
],
[
"cupboard",
"cupboard"
],
[
"sideboard",
"sideboard"
]
],
"qualifier": "Ancient Greece",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, historical) A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments for holding bottles, cups, or the like; a kind of buffet, cupboard, or sideboard."
],
"tags": [
"Ancient-Rome",
"historical"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "30 5 5 61",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "àbac"
},
{
"_dis1": "30 5 5 61",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "30 5 5 61",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "credenza"
}
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈæbə.kəs/"
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},
{
"audio": "En-ca-abacus.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/En-ca-abacus.ogg/En-ca-abacus.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/En-ca-abacus.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Harvard University",
"Houghton Library",
"Roman abacus"
],
"word": "abacus"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "Latin abacus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄβαξ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "sem",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Semitic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "אָבָק",
"3": "",
"4": "dust",
"tr": "avák"
},
"expansion": "Hebrew אָבָק (avák, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin abacus, from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax), possibly from a Semitic source; compare Hebrew אָבָק (avák, “dust”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abaci",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacussen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacusje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "abaci",
"3": "+",
"pl2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "abacus m (plural abaci or abacussen, diminutive abacusje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"aba‧cus"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nl",
"name": "Arithmetic",
"orig": "nl:Arithmetic",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Mathematics",
"Sciences",
"Formal sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "67 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch nouns with Latin plurals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"abacus (arithmetic calculation device, usually with beads on rods)"
],
"id": "en-abacus-nl-noun-kPGDoGS~",
"links": [
[
"arithmetic",
"arithmetic"
],
[
"abacus",
"abacus#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(arithmetic) abacus (arithmetic calculation device, usually with beads on rods)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rekentafel"
},
{
"word": "telraam"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"arithmetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nl",
"name": "Architecture",
"orig": "nl:Architecture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"abacus (upper portion of a column's capital)"
],
"id": "en-abacus-nl-noun-6zdx~0ej",
"links": [
[
"architecture",
"architecture"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(architecture) abacus (upper portion of a column's capital)"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"architecture"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɑ.baː.kʏs/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-abacus.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Nl-abacus.ogg/Nl-abacus.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Nl-abacus.ogg"
}
],
"word": "abacus"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "àbac",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Catalan: àbac",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Catalan: àbac"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "abacus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: abacus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: abacus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "abako",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Esperanto: abako",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Esperanto: abako"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "abaque",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: abaque",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: abaque"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "abac",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: abac",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: abac"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ábaco",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Galician: ábaco",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Galician: ábaco"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Abakus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Abakus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Abakus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "abacas",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Irish: abacas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Irish: abacas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "abaco",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: abaco",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: abaco"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "abakus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: abakus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: abakus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "abakus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "abakus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ábaco",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: ábaco",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: ábaco"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "аба́к",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: аба́к (abák)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: аба́к (abák)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "ábaco",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: ábaco",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: ábaco"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄβαξ",
"4": "",
"5": "board"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abacī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "abacus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abace",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "abacī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abacus<2>"
},
"expansion": "abacus m (genitive abacī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abacus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"square board"
],
"id": "en-abacus-la-noun-GyPvkBNK",
"links": [
[
"square",
"square"
],
[
"board",
"board"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 14 10 17 9 11 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "From this place he removed all the sideboard's dishes, since they had been exposed.",
"ref": "70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem II.4.35",
"text": "Ab hoc abaci vasa omnia, ut exposita fuerunt, abstulit."
}
],
"glosses": [
"sideboard"
],
"id": "en-abacus-la-noun-qZnjEMrO",
"links": [
[
"sideboard",
"sideboard"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 17 26 19 9 4 17 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Tools",
"orig": "la:Tools",
"parents": [
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "...nor the man who has the wit to laugh at the figures on the counting board and the cones drawn in sand, ready to go off in ecstasies if a prostitute pulls a Cynic by the beard.",
"ref": "c. 62 CE, Persius, Saturae I.131",
"text": "...nec qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas / scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, / si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat."
}
],
"glosses": [
"counting board, abacus"
],
"id": "en-abacus-la-noun-SHNV-sdo",
"links": [
[
"counting board",
"counting board"
],
[
"abacus",
"abacus#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 1 3 8 12 24 1 3 2 38 2 1 3 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 2 8 12 26 0 2 1 42 1 0 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 2 77 4 1 10 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 14 10 17 9 11 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 6 7 65 3 1 4 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Board games",
"orig": "la:Board games",
"parents": [
"Tabletop games",
"Games",
"Recreation",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 8 59 6 1 14 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Mathematics",
"orig": "la:Mathematics",
"parents": [
"Formal sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "But in the early stages of his rule he used to play every day on a gaming board with ivory chariots. He would also travel from his retreat to the Circus games, even the least important ones, at first in secret and then openly. As a result, no one was in any doubt that he would be present in Rome that day at least.",
"ref": "c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum Neronis XXII.period1",
"text": "Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis quadrigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde propalam, ut nemini dubium esset eo die utique affuturum."
}
],
"glosses": [
"gaming board"
],
"id": "en-abacus-la-noun-RJtsq4Y9",
"links": [
[
"gaming board",
"gaming board"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "This and the Attic sort they used for high lights, for panels none but the marmorean kind, because the marble in it resists acridity of the lime.",
"ref": "c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia XXXIII.56",
"text": "Hoc autem et Attico ad lumina utuntur, ad abacos non nisi marmoroso, quoniam marmor in eo resistit amaritudini calcis."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A painted ceiling or wall panel."
],
"id": "en-abacus-la-noun-CljWiENH",
"links": [
[
"panel",
"panel"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 14 10 17 9 11 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"panel"
],
"id": "en-abacus-la-noun-Mg4A5zp9",
"links": [
[
"panel",
"panel"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 14 10 17 9 11 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 26 3 10 13 3 36 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Furniture",
"orig": "la:Furniture",
"parents": [
"Home",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tray"
],
"id": "en-abacus-la-noun-rZoMqxLu",
"links": [
[
"tray",
"tray"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 14 10 17 9 11 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"calculation in general"
],
"id": "en-abacus-la-noun-q-qCzzOH",
"links": [
[
"calculation",
"calculation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Late Latin) calculation in general"
],
"tags": [
"Late-Latin",
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈa.ba.kus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäbäkʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈa.ba.kus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäːbäkus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "abax"
}
],
"word": "abacus"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "English: abacus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: abacus"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin abacus",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄβαξ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin abacus, from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "abacus",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"abacus"
],
"id": "en-abacus-enm-noun-gNoivyYj",
"links": [
[
"abacus",
"#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "abagus"
}
]
}
],
"word": "abacus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch masculine nouns",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with Latin plurals",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -en",
"Dutch terms borrowed from Latin",
"Dutch terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Dutch terms derived from Latin",
"Dutch terms derived from Semitic languages",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "Latin abacus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄβαξ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "sem",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Semitic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "אָבָק",
"3": "",
"4": "dust",
"tr": "avák"
},
"expansion": "Hebrew אָבָק (avák, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin abacus, from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax), possibly from a Semitic source; compare Hebrew אָבָק (avák, “dust”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abaci",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacussen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacusje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "abaci",
"3": "+",
"pl2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "abacus m (plural abaci or abacussen, diminutive abacusje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"aba‧cus"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"nl:Arithmetic"
],
"glosses": [
"abacus (arithmetic calculation device, usually with beads on rods)"
],
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"arithmetic",
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"abacus",
"abacus#English"
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"(arithmetic) abacus (arithmetic calculation device, usually with beads on rods)"
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"word": "rekentafel"
},
{
"word": "telraam"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
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"arithmetic"
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"categories": [
"nl:Architecture"
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"glosses": [
"abacus (upper portion of a column's capital)"
],
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"architecture",
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"(architecture) abacus (upper portion of a column's capital)"
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"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
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"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
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"Terms with Armenian translations",
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"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Burmese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Dzongkha translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
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"Terms with Hokkien translations",
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"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
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"Terms with Maltese translations",
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"Terms with Mandarin translations",
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"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
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"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Tamil translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Turkmen translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Uyghur translations",
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"en:Arithmetic"
],
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"args": {
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"2": "enm",
"3": "abacus"
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"name": "inh"
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{
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"2": "la",
"3": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "Latin abacus",
"name": "der"
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{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "abacus",
"t": "art of arithmetic"
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"expansion": "Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)",
"name": "cog"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄβαξ άβακος",
"t": "slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄβαξ άβακος (ábax ábakos, “slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board”)",
"name": "der"
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"name": "glossary"
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"2": "la",
"3": "abacī"
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"expansion": "Latin abacī",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English abacus, abagus, agabus (“abacus; art of counting with an abacus”), from Latin abacus, abax (“sideboard or table with a slab at the top; slab at the top of a column; counting board, sand table; board for playing games”) (compare Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)), from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ άβακος (ábax ábakos, “slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board”). Doublet of abaque.\nThe plural form abaci is reinforced from Latin abacī.",
"forms": [
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"tags": [
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"word": "soroban"
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"tags": [
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"word": "abaciscus"
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"word": "abacist"
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"word": "abaculus"
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"English terms with obsolete senses",
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"english": "He [Gerebertus] was the first who took the abacus of the Saracens and gave rules for it, which can be barely understood by the most learned men of the craft, whose craftsmen are called abacists. Marianus. The abacus is a table with which shapes are portrayed and painted in powder, and abacus is [also] a branch of geometry.",
"ref": "[a. 1387, Ranulphi Higden [i.e., Ranulf Higden], chapter X, in John Trevisa, transl., edited by Joseph Rawson Lumby, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis; together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century. […] (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages), volume VII (in Middle English), London: Longman & Co., […]; Trübner & Co., […], published 1879, →OCLC, book VI, page 69:",
"text": "He [Gerebertus] was þe firste þat took abacus of Sarsyns, and ȝaf rules þerynne, þat mowe unneþe be understonde of þe kunnyngeste men of þe craft, þe whiche craftes men beþ cleped abaciste. Marianus. Abacus is a table wiþ þhe whiche schappes be portrayed and i-peynt in powdre, and abacus is a craft of geometrie.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "1825, “a modern Greek” [pseudonym; Robert Mudie], “Education of the Athens”, in The Modern Athens: A Dissection and Demonstration of Men and Things in the Scotch Capital, 2nd edition, London: Printed for Knight and Lacey, […], →OCLC, page 269:",
"text": "[H]e set fondly and furiously to work upon [Thomas] Simpson's Euclid, [...] The smooth grassy sod answered all the purposes of the abacus, and the cows generously supplied him in a substitute for sand. Spreading and smoothing that substitute with his bear foot, he engraved upon it with his finger the mystic lines and letters; and, with book in hand, proceeded to establish the elementary principles of geometry, [...]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A table or tray scattered with sand which was used for calculating or drawing."
],
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"English terms with rare senses",
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"examples": [
{
"text": "I’ve heard merchants still use an abacus for adding things up in China.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1888, Walter W[illiam] Rouse Ball, “Egyptian and Phœnecian Mathematics”, in A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, London, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 6:",
"text": "Before leaving the question of early arithmetic I should mention that for practical purposes the almost universal use of the abacus or swan-pan rendered it easy to add or subtract, or even to multiply and divide, without any knowledge of theoretical mathematics. [...] [I]t will be sufficient here to say that they afford a concrete way of representing a number in the decimal scale, and enable the results of addition and subtraction to be obtained by a merely mechanical process.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1974, Theodore R[yland] Sizer, “Foreword”, in Allan B. Ellis, The Use & Misuse of Computers in Education, New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company, →ISBN, page ix:",
"text": "The computer is but another vehicle to employ in helping people learn, a cousin of books, films, blackboards, chalk, gerbils, abacuses. Like each of these devices, it can be well used or misused.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Stan Gibilisco, Norman Crowhurst, “From Counting to Addition”, in Mastering Technical Mathematics, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, →ISBN, part 1 (Arithmetic as an Outgrowth of Learning to Count), page 10:",
"text": "Take another look at the abacus to see how useful it is. Each row represents a successively higher counting group, or register, by 10 times. Thus, with only 6 rows you can count to one million (actually, up to 999,999, which is 1 short of one million).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Augusto Boal, “The Impossible Return and the Strangeness of the Familiar”, in Adrian Jackson, Candida Blaker, transl., Hamlet and the Baker’s Son: My Life in Theatre and Politics, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 342:",
"text": "Before Pythagoras it was necessary to see the thing before counting it, like children who learn on abacuses, with balls sliding along rods: children learn to add and subtract by sliding stones.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Patricia J. Murphy, “The Bottom Deck”, in Counting with an Abacus: Learning the Place Values of Ones, Tens, and Hundreds, New York, N.Y.: The Rosen Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 8:",
"text": "Each rod in the bottom deck of an abacus has 5 beads. The value of each bead depends on which rod it is on. Each bead on the ones rod in the bottom deck equals 1. Each bead on the tens rod in the bottom deck equals 10. Each bead on the hundreds rod in the bottom deck equals 100.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Valerie Anand, “Hope and Fear”, in The House of Lanyon (The Exmoor Saga), Richmond, London: Mira, published 2008, →ISBN, page 209:",
"text": "She was sitting at the parlour table with a small abacus in front of her. [...] Peter still recorded weights of fleeces and pounds of cabbages and bushels of grain by cutting notches in tally sticks, but Liza would translate them into figures on paper and have them totted up on the abacus the very same day.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A device used for performing arithmetical calculations; (rare) a table on which loose counters are placed, or (more commonly) an instrument with beads sliding on rods, or counters in grooves, with one row of beads or counters representing units, the next tens, etc."
],
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{
"ref": "1795 June 11, 18, 25, William Wilkins, “XIV. An Essay towards the History of the Venta Icenorum of the Romans, and of Norwich Castle; with Remarks on the Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans. [On the Architecture of NORWICH Castle.]”, in Archaeologia: Or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity, volume XII, London: Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London; printed by J[ohn] Nichols, printer to the Society; […], published 1796, →OCLC, page 160:",
"text": "The only mouldings uſed, both by the Saxon and Norman architects, were the torus, the ſcotia or reverſed torus, the cavetto or hollow moulding, and a kind of chamfered faſcia, which latter was generally uſed for impoſts or abacuſes to their capitals.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1829 June, “Cathedrals of Salisbury and Amiens Compared, by the Late Rev. G. D. Whittington, in the Sixth Chapter of His ‘Survey of the Ecclesiastical Antiquities of France.’ 1811.”, in The Crypt, or Receptacle for Things Past, and West of England Magazine, volume I, part I, number VI (New Series), Winchester, Hampshire: Published by Charles Henry Wheeler, […], →OCLC, page 245:",
"text": "At Amiens, the square form of the abaci, and the volutes of the capitals, afford a decisive proof that the Norman fashion had not yet been superseded. On the other hand, at Salisbury, the abaci are mostly round, and where foliage is used in the capitals, their graceful and luxurious design clearly shews an advancement in that department of the art.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1851, John Ruskin, “The Capital”, in The Stones of Venice, volume I (The Foundations), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC, § III, pages 102–103:",
"text": "The stones of the cornice, hitherto called X and Y, receive, now that they form the capital, each a separate name; the sloping stone is called the Bell of the capital, and that laid above it, the Abacus. Abacus means a board or tile: I wish there were an English word for it, but I fear there is no substitution possible, the term having been long fixed, and the reader will find it convenient to familiarise himself with the Latin one.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1942, Theodore Fyfe, Architecture in Cambridge: Examples of English Architectural Styles from Saxon to Modern Times, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: At the University Press, →OCLC, page 49:",
"text": "The shafts carry the usual cubical capitals—surmounted by plain heavy impost stones in place of moulded abaci—the one on the right being the better preserved.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1989, Eleni Vassilika, “The Work Methods of the Artisan at Philae”, in Ptolemaic Philae (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 34), Leuven, Belgium: Departement Oriëntalistiek, Uitgeverij Peeters, →ISBN, pages 187–188:",
"text": "The Hathor abaci above the Mammisi capitals were only decorated on the east flank. Perhaps the decoration of the abacus was not regarded as important as the capital and although it is above the capital, its decoration was executed only when time constraints did not prevail.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2005, Robert Chitham, “Plates 20 and 21: The Ionic Capital I and II”, in The Classical Orders of Architecture, 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Burlington, Mass.: Architectural Press, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 76:",
"text": "The abacus is moulded in three sections and has four main concave faces corresponding with the tapering volutes below and truncated by a short square face on the diagonal.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"The uppermost portion of the capital of a column immediately under the architrave, in some cases a flat oblong or square slab, in others more decorated."
],
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],
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]
},
{
"categories": [
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"English terms with quotations",
"en:Ancient Greece",
"en:Ancient Rome"
],
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{
"ref": "1817, “ABACUS”, in Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, 5th enlarged and improved edition, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed at the Encyclopædia Press, for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: Gale and Fenner; York, Yorkshire: Thomas Wilson and Sons, →OCLC, page 4, column 1:",
"text": "ABACUS, among the ancients, was a kind of cupboard or buffet. Livy, deſcribing the luxury into which the Romans degenerated after the conqueſt of Aſia, ſays they had their abaci, beds, &c. plated over with gold.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1875, E[rnst Karl] Guhl, W[ilhelm David] Koner, “The Romans”, in F[rancis] Hueffer, transl., The Life of the Greeks and Romans, Described from Antique Monuments: Translated from the Third German Edition, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, § 89 (Tables.—Tripods), pages 446–447:",
"text": "The plate and nicknacks, always found in elegant Roman houses, were displayed on small one or three legged tables (trapezophoron), the slabs of which (abacus, a word which, like trapezophoron, is sometimes used for the whole table) had raised edges round them: several richly ornamented specimens of such tables have been found at Pompeii. Fig. 446 shows a small abacus resting on three marble legs, which has been found in the house of the \"Little Mosaic-Fountain\" at Pompeii.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
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"raw_glosses": [
"(Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, historical) A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments for holding bottles, cups, or the like; a kind of buffet, cupboard, or sideboard."
],
"tags": [
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}
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"translations": [
{
"code": "om",
"lang": "Afan Oromo",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakaas"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "àbac"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ávakas",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "άβακας"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ábax",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ἄβαξ"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "abak",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "абак"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "taxt-e hesâb",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"word": "تخت حساب"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "taxt o mil",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"word": "تخت و میل"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "abak"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "liczydło"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "telraam"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "miʕad",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مِعَد"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "miʕdād",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مِعْدَاد"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "hamričʻ",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "համրիչ"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "çötkə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abak"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "sayğac"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "abáka",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "аба́ка"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "ličýlʹniki",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "лічы́льнікі"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "êbakaś",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "অ্যাবাকাস"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "gononar phrem",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "গণনার ফ্রেম"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "bolophrem",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "বলফ্রেম"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smetalo",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "сметало"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "pesi:",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ပေသီး"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "àbac"
},
{
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "算盤"
},
{
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "zh-min-nan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "算盘"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "算盤"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "suànpán",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "算盘"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "počítadlo"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kugleramme"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "telraam"
},
{
"code": "dz",
"lang": "Dzongkha",
"roman": "rtsis 'phreng",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "རྩིས་འཕྲེང"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "bidkalkulilo"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "arvelaud"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "helmitaulu"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "laskulauta"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "laskutaulu"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaque"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "boulier"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "boulier compteur"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saangarišo",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "საანგარიშო"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Abakus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Rechenbrett"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ávakas",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "άβακας"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ábax",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ἄβαξ"
},
{
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "boulye"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "חֶשְׁבּוֹנִיָּה"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kheshboniyá",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "חשבונייה"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "gintārā",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "गिनतारा"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakusz"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "talnagrind"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "dekak-dekak"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "sempoa"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "scotut"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacas"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fráma comhairimh"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pallottoliere"
},
{
"alt": "そろばん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "soroban",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "算盤"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "esepşot",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "есепшот"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "abak",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "абак"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kbac",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ក្បាច់"
},
{
"alt": "數板",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "supan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "수판"
},
{
"alt": "算板",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "sanpan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "산판"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "sempan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "셈판"
},
{
"alt": "籌板/珠板",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jupan",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "주판"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "cot",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "чот"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "lūk khit",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ລູກຄິດ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abax"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "skaitīkļi"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakas"
},
{
"code": "khb",
"lang": "Lü",
"roman": "ṁaakphaan²",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ᦖᦱᧅᦘᦱᧃᧉ"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "smetalka",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "сметалка"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "dekak-dekak"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "sempoa"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "sepua"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "maṇiccaṭṭaṁ",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "മണിച്ചട്ടം"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "gintāra",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ഗിന്താര"
},
{
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaku"
},
{
"code": "mnc",
"lang": "Manchu",
"roman": "bodokū",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ᠪᠣᡩ᠋ᠣᡴᡡ"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "clowan choontee"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "takatātai"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "sampin",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "сампин"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "kuleramme"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kuleramme"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "om",
"lang": "Oromo",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abakaas"
},
{
"code": "om",
"lang": "Oromo",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "caasaa callee fakkaatu"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "čortke",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "چرتکه"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "liczydło"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abak"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "abac"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"dated",
"historical",
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sčóty",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "счёты"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "рачунаљка"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "računaljka"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "počítadlo"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abak"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "računalo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kulram"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "bilangan"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "čüt",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "чӯт"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "maṇiccaṭṭam",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "மணிச்சட்டம்"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "lûuk-kít",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "ลูกคิด"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "abaküs"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "çot"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "raxivnýcja",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рахівни́ця"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "chot",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "چوت"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "choʻt"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "bàn tính"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "device for performing arithmetical calculations",
"word": "bakud"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "nāṣiya",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "نَاصِيَة"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "thamer mathar uporer oṅśo",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "থামের মাথার উপরের অংশ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "àbac"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "abako"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "katelaatta"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "abaque"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tailloir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kapitelldeckplatte"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ávakas",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "άβακας"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "abakusz"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"alt": "ちょうばん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chōban",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "頂板"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jeongpan",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "정판"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaks"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "abak",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "абак"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abacus"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "abakus"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ábaco"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "abacă"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "abáka",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "аба́ка"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "abák",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "аба́к"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "abáka",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "аба́ка"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "đầu cột"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "đỉnh cột"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "uppermost portion of the capital of a column",
"word": "baakud"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "àbac"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abaco"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "credenza"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Harvard University",
"Houghton Library",
"Roman abacus"
],
"word": "abacus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Board games",
"la:Furniture",
"la:Mathematics",
"la:Tools"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "àbac",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Catalan: àbac",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Catalan: àbac"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "abacus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: abacus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: abacus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "abako",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Esperanto: abako",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Esperanto: abako"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "abaque",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: abaque",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: abaque"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "abac",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: abac",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: abac"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ábaco",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Galician: ábaco",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Galician: ábaco"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Abakus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Abakus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Abakus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "abacas",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Irish: abacas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Irish: abacas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "abaco",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: abaco",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: abaco"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "abakus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: abakus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: abakus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "abakus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "abakus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ábaco",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: ábaco",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: ábaco"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "аба́к",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: аба́к (abák)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: аба́к (abák)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "ábaco",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: ábaco",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: ábaco"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄβαξ",
"4": "",
"5": "board"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abacī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "abacus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abacō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abacīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abace",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "abacī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abacus<2>"
},
"expansion": "abacus m (genitive abacī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abacus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"square board"
],
"links": [
[
"square",
"square"
],
[
"board",
"board"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "From this place he removed all the sideboard's dishes, since they had been exposed.",
"ref": "70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem II.4.35",
"text": "Ab hoc abaci vasa omnia, ut exposita fuerunt, abstulit."
}
],
"glosses": [
"sideboard"
],
"links": [
[
"sideboard",
"sideboard"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "...nor the man who has the wit to laugh at the figures on the counting board and the cones drawn in sand, ready to go off in ecstasies if a prostitute pulls a Cynic by the beard.",
"ref": "c. 62 CE, Persius, Saturae I.131",
"text": "...nec qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas / scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, / si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat."
}
],
"glosses": [
"counting board, abacus"
],
"links": [
[
"counting board",
"counting board"
],
[
"abacus",
"abacus#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "But in the early stages of his rule he used to play every day on a gaming board with ivory chariots. He would also travel from his retreat to the Circus games, even the least important ones, at first in secret and then openly. As a result, no one was in any doubt that he would be present in Rome that day at least.",
"ref": "c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum Neronis XXII.period1",
"text": "Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis quadrigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde propalam, ut nemini dubium esset eo die utique affuturum."
}
],
"glosses": [
"gaming board"
],
"links": [
[
"gaming board",
"gaming board"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "This and the Attic sort they used for high lights, for panels none but the marmorean kind, because the marble in it resists acridity of the lime.",
"ref": "c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia XXXIII.56",
"text": "Hoc autem et Attico ad lumina utuntur, ad abacos non nisi marmoroso, quoniam marmor in eo resistit amaritudini calcis."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A painted ceiling or wall panel."
],
"links": [
[
"panel",
"panel"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"panel"
],
"links": [
[
"panel",
"panel"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tray"
],
"links": [
[
"tray",
"tray"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"calculation in general"
],
"links": [
[
"calculation",
"calculation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Late Latin) calculation in general"
],
"tags": [
"Late-Latin",
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈa.ba.kus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäbäkʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈa.ba.kus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäːbäkus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "abax"
}
],
"word": "abacus"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "English: abacus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: abacus"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "abacus"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin abacus",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄβαξ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin abacus, from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "abacus",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English learned borrowings from Latin",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"abacus"
],
"links": [
[
"abacus",
"#English"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "abagus"
}
],
"word": "abacus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for abacus meaning in All languages combined (54.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": sǹg-poaⁿ vs. zh-min-nan",
"path": [
"abacus"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "abacus",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/324",
"msg": "possible sense number in translation item: Slovak: (2) __IGNORE__",
"path": [
"abacus"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "abacus",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "abacus/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag Ancient-Rome not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English doublets\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English nouns with irregular plurals\", \"English terms borrowed from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Ancient Greek\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 4 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for review of Galician translations\", \"Requests for review of Slovak translations\", \"Terms with Afrikaans translations\", \"Terms with Albanian translations\", \"Terms with Ancient Greek translations\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Azerbaijani translations\", \"Terms with Basque translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Bengali translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Burmese translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Dzongkha translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with Georgian translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Haitian Creole translations\", \"Terms with Hebrew translations\", \"Terms with Hindi translations\", \"Terms with Hokkien translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Indonesian translations\", \"Terms with Ingrian translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Kazakh translations\", \"Terms with Khmer translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Kyrgyz translations\", \"Terms with Lao translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Lü translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Malay translations\", \"Terms with Malayalam translations\", \"Terms with Maltese translations\", \"Terms with Manchu translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Manx translations\", \"Terms with Maori translations\", \"Terms with Mongolian translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Oromo translations\", \"Terms with Persian translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Slovak translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Tajik translations\", \"Terms with Tamil translations\", \"Terms with Thai translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Turkmen translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Uyghur translations\", \"Terms with Uzbek translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Volapük translations\", \"en:Arithmetic\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"abacus\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English abacus\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abacus\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abacus\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"LL.\", \"2\": \"abacus\", \"t\": \"art of arithmetic\"}, \"expansion\": \"Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"grc\", \"3\": \"ἄβαξ άβακος\", \"t\": \"slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board\"}, \"expansion\": \"Ancient Greek ἄβαξ άβακος (ábax ábakos, “slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"abaque\"}, \"expansion\": \"Doublet of abaque\", \"name\": \"doublet\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"plural\"}, \"expansion\": \"plural\", \"name\": \"glossary\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abacī\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abacī\", \"name\": \"bor\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Late Middle English abacus, abagus, agabus (“abacus; art of counting with an abacus”), from Latin abacus, abax (“sideboard or table with a slab at the top; slab at the top of a column; counting board, sand table; board for playing games”) (compare Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)), from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ άβακος (ábax ábakos, “slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board”). Doublet of abaque.\\nThe plural form abaci is reinforced from Latin abacī.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abaci\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacuses\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"abaci\", \"2\": \"+\"}, \"expansion\": \"abacus (plural abaci or abacuses)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"hyphenation\": [\"ab‧a‧cus\"], \"hyponyms\": [{\"tags\": [\"Japanese\"], \"word\": \"soroban\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Chinese\"], \"word\": \"suanpan\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"tags\": [\"archaic\"], \"word\": \"abaciscus\"}, {\"word\": \"abacist\"}, {\"tags\": [\"archaic\"], \"word\": \"abaculus\"}, {\"word\": \"abaque\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with historical senses\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"He [Gerebertus] was the first who took the abacus of the Saracens and gave rules for it, which can be barely understood by the most learned men of the craft, whose craftsmen are called abacists. Marianus. The abacus is a table with which shapes are portrayed and painted in powder, and abacus is [also] a branch of geometry.\", \"ref\": \"[a. 1387, Ranulphi Higden [i.e., Ranulf Higden], chapter X, in John Trevisa, transl., edited by Joseph Rawson Lumby, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis; together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century. […] (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages), volume VII (in Middle English), London: Longman & Co., […]; Trübner & Co., […], published 1879, →OCLC, book VI, page 69:\", \"text\": \"He [Gerebertus] was þe firste þat took abacus of Sarsyns, and ȝaf rules þerynne, þat mowe unneþe be understonde of þe kunnyngeste men of þe craft, þe whiche craftes men beþ cleped abaciste. Marianus. Abacus is a table wiþ þhe whiche schappes be portrayed and i-peynt in powdre, and abacus is a craft of geometrie.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1825, “a modern Greek” [pseudonym; Robert Mudie], “Education of the Athens”, in The Modern Athens: A Dissection and Demonstration of Men and Things in the Scotch Capital, 2nd edition, London: Printed for Knight and Lacey, […], →OCLC, page 269:\", \"text\": \"[H]e set fondly and furiously to work upon [Thomas] Simpson's Euclid, [...] The smooth grassy sod answered all the purposes of the abacus, and the cows generously supplied him in a substitute for sand. Spreading and smoothing that substitute with his bear foot, he engraved upon it with his finger the mystic lines and letters; and, with book in hand, proceeded to establish the elementary principles of geometry, [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A table or tray scattered with sand which was used for calculating or drawing.\"], \"links\": [[\"table\", \"table#Noun\"], [\"tray\", \"tray\"], [\"scattered\", \"scatter#Verb\"], [\"sand\", \"sand#Noun\"], [\"used\", \"use#Verb\"], [\"calculating\", \"calculate\"], [\"drawing\", \"draw#Verb\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(historical, obsolete) A table or tray scattered with sand which was used for calculating or drawing.\"], \"tags\": [\"historical\", \"obsolete\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with rare senses\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"I’ve heard merchants still use an abacus for adding things up in China.\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"ref\": \"1888, Walter W[illiam] Rouse Ball, “Egyptian and Phœnecian Mathematics”, in A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, London, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 6:\", \"text\": \"Before leaving the question of early arithmetic I should mention that for practical purposes the almost universal use of the abacus or swan-pan rendered it easy to add or subtract, or even to multiply and divide, without any knowledge of theoretical mathematics. [...] [I]t will be sufficient here to say that they afford a concrete way of representing a number in the decimal scale, and enable the results of addition and subtraction to be obtained by a merely mechanical process.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1974, Theodore R[yland] Sizer, “Foreword”, in Allan B. Ellis, The Use & Misuse of Computers in Education, New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company, →ISBN, page ix:\", \"text\": \"The computer is but another vehicle to employ in helping people learn, a cousin of books, films, blackboards, chalk, gerbils, abacuses. Like each of these devices, it can be well used or misused.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1999, Stan Gibilisco, Norman Crowhurst, “From Counting to Addition”, in Mastering Technical Mathematics, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, →ISBN, part 1 (Arithmetic as an Outgrowth of Learning to Count), page 10:\", \"text\": \"Take another look at the abacus to see how useful it is. Each row represents a successively higher counting group, or register, by 10 times. Thus, with only 6 rows you can count to one million (actually, up to 999,999, which is 1 short of one million).\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2001, Augusto Boal, “The Impossible Return and the Strangeness of the Familiar”, in Adrian Jackson, Candida Blaker, transl., Hamlet and the Baker’s Son: My Life in Theatre and Politics, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 342:\", \"text\": \"Before Pythagoras it was necessary to see the thing before counting it, like children who learn on abacuses, with balls sliding along rods: children learn to add and subtract by sliding stones.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2004, Patricia J. Murphy, “The Bottom Deck”, in Counting with an Abacus: Learning the Place Values of Ones, Tens, and Hundreds, New York, N.Y.: The Rosen Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 8:\", \"text\": \"Each rod in the bottom deck of an abacus has 5 beads. The value of each bead depends on which rod it is on. Each bead on the ones rod in the bottom deck equals 1. Each bead on the tens rod in the bottom deck equals 10. Each bead on the hundreds rod in the bottom deck equals 100.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2007, Valerie Anand, “Hope and Fear”, in The House of Lanyon (The Exmoor Saga), Richmond, London: Mira, published 2008, →ISBN, page 209:\", \"text\": \"She was sitting at the parlour table with a small abacus in front of her. [...] Peter still recorded weights of fleeces and pounds of cabbages and bushels of grain by cutting notches in tally sticks, but Liza would translate them into figures on paper and have them totted up on the abacus the very same day.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A device used for performing arithmetical calculations; (rare) a table on which loose counters are placed, or (more commonly) an instrument with beads sliding on rods, or counters in grooves, with one row of beads or counters representing units, the next tens, etc.\"], \"links\": [[\"device\", \"device\"], [\"perform\", \"perform\"], [\"arithmetical\", \"arithmetical\"], [\"calculation\", \"calculation\"], [\"loose\", \"loose#Adjective\"], [\"counter\", \"counter\"], [\"placed\", \"place#Verb\"], [\"instrument\", \"instrument\"], [\"beads\", \"bead#Noun\"], [\"sliding\", \"slide#Verb\"], [\"rod\", \"rod\"], [\"grooves\", \"groove#Noun\"], [\"row\", \"row#Noun\"], [\"represent\", \"represent\"], [\"unit\", \"unit\"], [\"ten\", \"ten\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"en:Architecture\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1795 June 11, 18, 25, William Wilkins, “XIV. An Essay towards the History of the Venta Icenorum of the Romans, and of Norwich Castle; with Remarks on the Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans. [On the Architecture of NORWICH Castle.]”, in Archaeologia: Or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity, volume XII, London: Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London; printed by J[ohn] Nichols, printer to the Society; […], published 1796, →OCLC, page 160:\", \"text\": \"The only mouldings uſed, both by the Saxon and Norman architects, were the torus, the ſcotia or reverſed torus, the cavetto or hollow moulding, and a kind of chamfered faſcia, which latter was generally uſed for impoſts or abacuſes to their capitals.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1829 June, “Cathedrals of Salisbury and Amiens Compared, by the Late Rev. G. D. Whittington, in the Sixth Chapter of His ‘Survey of the Ecclesiastical Antiquities of France.’ 1811.”, in The Crypt, or Receptacle for Things Past, and West of England Magazine, volume I, part I, number VI (New Series), Winchester, Hampshire: Published by Charles Henry Wheeler, […], →OCLC, page 245:\", \"text\": \"At Amiens, the square form of the abaci, and the volutes of the capitals, afford a decisive proof that the Norman fashion had not yet been superseded. On the other hand, at Salisbury, the abaci are mostly round, and where foliage is used in the capitals, their graceful and luxurious design clearly shews an advancement in that department of the art.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1851, John Ruskin, “The Capital”, in The Stones of Venice, volume I (The Foundations), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC, § III, pages 102–103:\", \"text\": \"The stones of the cornice, hitherto called X and Y, receive, now that they form the capital, each a separate name; the sloping stone is called the Bell of the capital, and that laid above it, the Abacus. Abacus means a board or tile: I wish there were an English word for it, but I fear there is no substitution possible, the term having been long fixed, and the reader will find it convenient to familiarise himself with the Latin one.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1942, Theodore Fyfe, Architecture in Cambridge: Examples of English Architectural Styles from Saxon to Modern Times, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: At the University Press, →OCLC, page 49:\", \"text\": \"The shafts carry the usual cubical capitals—surmounted by plain heavy impost stones in place of moulded abaci—the one on the right being the better preserved.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1989, Eleni Vassilika, “The Work Methods of the Artisan at Philae”, in Ptolemaic Philae (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 34), Leuven, Belgium: Departement Oriëntalistiek, Uitgeverij Peeters, →ISBN, pages 187–188:\", \"text\": \"The Hathor abaci above the Mammisi capitals were only decorated on the east flank. Perhaps the decoration of the abacus was not regarded as important as the capital and although it is above the capital, its decoration was executed only when time constraints did not prevail.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2005, Robert Chitham, “Plates 20 and 21: The Ionic Capital I and II”, in The Classical Orders of Architecture, 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Burlington, Mass.: Architectural Press, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 76:\", \"text\": \"The abacus is moulded in three sections and has four main concave faces corresponding with the tapering volutes below and truncated by a short square face on the diagonal.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"The uppermost portion of the capital of a column immediately under the architrave, in some cases a flat oblong or square slab, in others more decorated.\"], \"links\": [[\"architecture\", \"architecture\"], [\"uppermost\", \"uppermost\"], [\"portion\", \"portion\"], [\"capital\", \"capital\"], [\"column\", \"column\"], [\"architrave\", \"architrave\"], [\"flat\", \"flat#Adjective\"], [\"oblong\", \"oblong#Adjective\"], [\"square\", \"square#Adjective\"], [\"slab\", \"slab\"], [\"decorated\", \"decorated#Adjective\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(architecture) The uppermost portion of the capital of a column immediately under the architrave, in some cases a flat oblong or square slab, in others more decorated.\"], \"topics\": [\"architecture\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with historical senses\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"en:Ancient Greece\", \"en:Ancient Rome\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1817, “ABACUS”, in Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, 5th enlarged and improved edition, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed at the Encyclopædia Press, for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: Gale and Fenner; York, Yorkshire: Thomas Wilson and Sons, →OCLC, page 4, column 1:\", \"text\": \"ABACUS, among the ancients, was a kind of cupboard or buffet. Livy, deſcribing the luxury into which the Romans degenerated after the conqueſt of Aſia, ſays they had their abaci, beds, &c. plated over with gold.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1875, E[rnst Karl] Guhl, W[ilhelm David] Koner, “The Romans”, in F[rancis] Hueffer, transl., The Life of the Greeks and Romans, Described from Antique Monuments: Translated from the Third German Edition, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, § 89 (Tables.—Tripods), pages 446–447:\", \"text\": \"The plate and nicknacks, always found in elegant Roman houses, were displayed on small one or three legged tables (trapezophoron), the slabs of which (abacus, a word which, like trapezophoron, is sometimes used for the whole table) had raised edges round them: several richly ornamented specimens of such tables have been found at Pompeii. Fig. 446 shows a small abacus resting on three marble legs, which has been found in the house of the \\\"Little Mosaic-Fountain\\\" at Pompeii.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments for holding bottles, cups, or the like; a kind of buffet, cupboard, or sideboard.\"], \"links\": [[\"Ancient Greece\", \"Ancient Greece\"], [\"Ancient Rome\", \"Ancient Rome\"], [\"board\", \"board#Noun\"], [\"tray\", \"tray\"], [\"divide\", \"divide\"], [\"perforated\", \"perforated#Adjective\"], [\"compartment\", \"compartment\"], [\"holding\", \"hold#Verb\"], [\"bottles\", \"bottle#Noun\"], [\"cups\", \"cup#Noun\"], [\"kind\", \"kind#Noun\"], [\"buffet\", \"buffet#Noun\"], [\"cupboard\", \"cupboard\"], [\"sideboard\", \"sideboard\"]], \"qualifier\": \"Ancient Greece\", \"raw_glosses\": [\"(Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, historical) A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments for holding bottles, cups, or the like; a kind of buffet, cupboard, or sideboard.\"], \"tags\": [\"Ancient-Rome\", \"historical\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈæbə.kəs/\"}, {\"audio\": \"En-us-abacus.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/En-us-abacus.ogg/En-us-abacus.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/En-us-abacus.ogg\"}, {\"audio\": \"En-ca-abacus.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/En-ca-abacus.ogg/En-ca-abacus.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/En-ca-abacus.ogg\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"om\", \"lang\": \"Afan Oromo\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakaas\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"àbac\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"ávakas\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"άβακας\"}, {\"code\": \"grc\", \"lang\": \"Ancient Greek\", \"roman\": \"ábax\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"ἄβαξ\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abaco\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"abak\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"абак\"}, {\"code\": \"fa\", \"lang\": \"Persian\", \"roman\": \"taxt-e hesâb\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"word\": \"تخت حساب\"}, {\"code\": \"fa\", \"lang\": \"Persian\", \"roman\": \"taxt o mil\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"word\": \"تخت و میل\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"inanimate\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"inanimate\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abak\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"liczydło\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"ábaco\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"abák\", \"sense\": \"(obsolete) table or tray scattered with sand for calculating or drawing\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"аба́к\"}, {\"code\": \"af\", \"lang\": \"Afrikaans\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"af\", \"lang\": \"Afrikaans\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"telraam\"}, {\"code\": \"sq\", \"lang\": \"Albanian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"miʕad\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"مِعَد\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"miʕdād\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"مِعْدَاد\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"hamričʻ\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"համրիչ\"}, {\"code\": \"az\", \"lang\": \"Azerbaijani\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"çötkə\"}, {\"code\": \"az\", \"lang\": \"Azerbaijani\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abak\"}, {\"code\": \"az\", \"lang\": \"Azerbaijani\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"sayğac\"}, {\"code\": \"eu\", \"lang\": \"Basque\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abako\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"abák\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"аба́к\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"abáka\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"аба́ка\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"ličýlʹniki\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"лічы́льнікі\"}, {\"code\": \"bn\", \"lang\": \"Bengali\", \"roman\": \"êbakaś\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"অ্যাবাকাস\"}, {\"code\": \"bn\", \"lang\": \"Bengali\", \"roman\": \"gononar phrem\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"গণনার ফ্রেম\"}, {\"code\": \"bn\", \"lang\": \"Bengali\", \"roman\": \"bolophrem\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"বলফ্রেম\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"smetalo\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"сметало\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"abák\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"аба́к\"}, {\"code\": \"my\", \"lang\": \"Burmese\", \"roman\": \"pesi:\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"ပေသီး\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"àbac\"}, {\"code\": \"nan-hbl\", \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\"], \"word\": \"算盤\"}, {\"code\": \"nan-hbl\", \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"roman\": \"zh-min-nan\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\"], \"word\": \"算盘\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"算盤\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"suànpán\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"算盘\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"počítadlo\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"kugleramme\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abacus\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"telraam\"}, {\"code\": \"dz\", \"lang\": \"Dzongkha\", \"roman\": \"rtsis 'phreng\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"རྩིས་འཕྲེང\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abako\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"bidkalkulilo\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"arvelaud\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"helmitaulu\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"laskulauta\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"laskutaulu\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abaque\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"boulier\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"boulier compteur\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"ábaco\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"saangarišo\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"საანგარიშო\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"Abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"Rechenbrett\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"ávakas\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"άβακας\"}, {\"code\": \"grc\", \"lang\": \"Ancient Greek\", \"roman\": \"ábax\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"ἄβαξ\"}, {\"code\": \"ht\", \"lang\": \"Haitian Creole\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"boulye\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"חֶשְׁבּוֹנִיָּה\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"kheshboniyá\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"חשבונייה\"}, {\"code\": \"hi\", \"lang\": \"Hindi\", \"roman\": \"gintārā\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"गिनतारा\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abakusz\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"talnagrind\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abako\"}, {\"code\": \"id\", \"lang\": \"Indonesian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"id\", \"lang\": \"Indonesian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"dekak-dekak\"}, {\"code\": \"id\", \"lang\": \"Indonesian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"sempoa\"}, {\"code\": \"izh\", \"lang\": \"Ingrian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"scotut\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abaco\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abacas\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"fráma comhairimh\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abaco\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"pallottoliere\"}, {\"alt\": \"そろばん\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"soroban\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"算盤\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"esepşot\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"есепшот\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"abak\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"абак\"}, {\"code\": \"km\", \"lang\": \"Khmer\", \"roman\": \"kbac\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"ក្បាច់\"}, {\"alt\": \"數板\", \"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"supan\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"수판\"}, {\"alt\": \"算板\", \"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"sanpan\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"산판\"}, {\"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"sempan\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"셈판\"}, {\"alt\": \"籌板/珠板\", \"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"jupan\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"주판\"}, {\"code\": \"ky\", \"lang\": \"Kyrgyz\", \"roman\": \"cot\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"чот\"}, {\"code\": \"lo\", \"lang\": \"Lao\", \"roman\": \"lūk khit\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"ລູກຄິດ\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abacus\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abax\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"], \"word\": \"skaitīkļi\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakas\"}, {\"code\": \"khb\", \"lang\": \"Lü\", \"roman\": \"ṁaakphaan²\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"ᦖᦱᧅᦘᦱᧃᧉ\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"smetalka\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"сметалка\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"dekak-dekak\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"sempoa\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"sepua\"}, {\"code\": \"ml\", \"lang\": \"Malayalam\", \"roman\": \"maṇiccaṭṭaṁ\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"മണിച്ചട്ടം\"}, {\"code\": \"ml\", \"lang\": \"Malayalam\", \"roman\": \"gintāra\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"ഗിന്താര\"}, {\"code\": \"mt\", \"lang\": \"Maltese\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abaku\"}, {\"code\": \"mnc\", \"lang\": \"Manchu\", \"roman\": \"bodokū\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"ᠪᠣᡩ᠋ᠣᡴᡡ\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"clowan choontee\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"takatātai\"}, {\"code\": \"mn\", \"lang\": \"Mongolian\", \"roman\": \"sampin\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"сампин\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"kuleramme\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"kuleramme\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"om\", \"lang\": \"Oromo\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abakaas\"}, {\"code\": \"om\", \"lang\": \"Oromo\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"caasaa callee fakkaatu\"}, {\"code\": \"fa\", \"lang\": \"Persian\", \"roman\": \"čortke\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"چرتکه\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"inanimate\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"liczydło\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abak\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"ábaco\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"abac\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"abák\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"dated\", \"historical\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"аба́к\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"sčóty\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\", \"plural\"], \"word\": \"счёты\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"рачунаљка\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"računaljka\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"počítadlo\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abak\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"računalo\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"ábaco\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"kulram\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abako\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"bilangan\"}, {\"code\": \"tg\", \"lang\": \"Tajik\", \"roman\": \"čüt\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"чӯт\"}, {\"code\": \"ta\", \"lang\": \"Tamil\", \"roman\": \"maṇiccaṭṭam\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"மணிச்சட்டம்\"}, {\"code\": \"th\", \"lang\": \"Thai\", \"roman\": \"lûuk-kít\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"ลูกคิด\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"abaküs\"}, {\"code\": \"tk\", \"lang\": \"Turkmen\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"çot\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"abák\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"аба́к\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"raxivnýcja\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"рахівни́ця\"}, {\"code\": \"ug\", \"lang\": \"Uyghur\", \"roman\": \"chot\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"چوت\"}, {\"code\": \"uz\", \"lang\": \"Uzbek\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"choʻt\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"bàn tính\"}, {\"code\": \"vo\", \"lang\": \"Volapük\", \"sense\": \"device for performing arithmetical calculations\", \"word\": \"bakud\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"nāṣiya\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"نَاصِيَة\"}, {\"code\": \"bn\", \"lang\": \"Bengali\", \"roman\": \"thamer mathar uporer oṅśo\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"থামের মাথার উপরের অংশ\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"abák\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"аба́к\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"àbac\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"abacus\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abacus\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"abako\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"katelaatta\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abaque\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"tailloir\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"ábaco\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Kapitelldeckplatte\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"ávakas\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"άβακας\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"abakusz\"}, {\"code\": \"id\", \"lang\": \"Indonesian\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abaco\"}, {\"alt\": \"ちょうばん\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"chōban\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"頂板\"}, {\"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"jeongpan\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"정판\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abaks\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"abak\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"абак\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abacus\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"inanimate\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abakus\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"ábaco\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abacă\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"abák\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"аба́к\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"abáka\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"аба́ка\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"abák\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"аба́к\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"abáka\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"аба́ка\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"đầu cột\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"đỉnh cột\"}, {\"code\": \"vo\", \"lang\": \"Volapük\", \"sense\": \"uppermost portion of the capital of a column\", \"word\": \"baakud\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"àbac\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abaco\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"board, tray, or table for holding bottles, cups, etc.\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"credenza\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"Harvard University\", \"Houghton Library\", \"Roman abacus\"], \"word\": \"abacus\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "abacus",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "abacus/Latin/noun: invalid uppercase tag Late-Latin not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"Latin 3-syllable words\", \"Latin entries with incorrect language header\", \"Latin lemmas\", \"Latin masculine nouns\", \"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension\", \"Latin nouns\", \"Latin second declension nouns\", \"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek\", \"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Pages with 4 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"la:Board games\", \"la:Furniture\", \"la:Mathematics\", \"la:Tools\"], \"descendants\": [{\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ca\", \"2\": \"àbac\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Catalan: àbac\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Catalan: àbac\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"abacus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ English: abacus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ English: abacus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"eo\", \"2\": \"abako\", \"der\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"⇒ Esperanto: abako\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"⇒ Esperanto: abako\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"fr\", \"2\": \"abaque\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ French: abaque\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ French: abaque\"}, {\"depth\": 2, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ro\", \"2\": \"abac\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Romanian: abac\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Romanian: abac\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"gl\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Galician: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Galician: ábaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"de\", \"2\": \"Abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ German: Abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ German: Abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ga\", \"2\": \"abacas\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Irish: abacas\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Irish: abacas\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"it\", \"2\": \"abaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Italian: abaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Italian: abaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ms\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Malay: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Malay: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"nb\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"nn\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"pt\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Portuguese: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Portuguese: ábaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ru\", \"2\": \"аба́к\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Russian: аба́к (abák)\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Russian: аба́к (abák)\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"es\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Spanish: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Spanish: ábaco\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"la\", \"2\": \"grc\", \"3\": \"ἄβαξ\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"board\"}, \"expansion\": \"Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abacī\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\"]}, {\"form\": \"no-table-tags\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"table-tags\"]}, {\"form\": \"la-ndecl\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"inflection-template\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacus\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"nominative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"nominative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacōrum\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacō\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"dative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacīs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"dative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacum\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"accusative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacōs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"accusative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacō\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"ablative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacīs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"ablative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abace\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"singular\", \"vocative\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"plural\", \"vocative\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"abacus<2>\"}, \"expansion\": \"abacus m (genitive abacī); second declension\", \"name\": \"la-noun\"}], \"inflection_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"abacus<2>\"}, \"name\": \"la-ndecl\"}], \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"lang_code\": \"la\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"senses\": [{\"glosses\": [\"square board\"], \"links\": [[\"square\", \"square\"], [\"board\", \"board\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"From this place he removed all the sideboard's dishes, since they had been exposed.\", \"ref\": \"70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem II.4.35\", \"text\": \"Ab hoc abaci vasa omnia, ut exposita fuerunt, abstulit.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"sideboard\"], \"links\": [[\"sideboard\", \"sideboard\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"...nor the man who has the wit to laugh at the figures on the counting board and the cones drawn in sand, ready to go off in ecstasies if a prostitute pulls a Cynic by the beard.\", \"ref\": \"c. 62 CE, Persius, Saturae I.131\", \"text\": \"...nec qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas / scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, / si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"counting board, abacus\"], \"links\": [[\"counting board\", \"counting board\"], [\"abacus\", \"abacus#English\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"But in the early stages of his rule he used to play every day on a gaming board with ivory chariots. He would also travel from his retreat to the Circus games, even the least important ones, at first in secret and then openly. As a result, no one was in any doubt that he would be present in Rome that day at least.\", \"ref\": \"c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum Neronis XXII.period1\", \"text\": \"Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis quadrigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde propalam, ut nemini dubium esset eo die utique affuturum.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"gaming board\"], \"links\": [[\"gaming board\", \"gaming board\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"This and the Attic sort they used for high lights, for panels none but the marmorean kind, because the marble in it resists acridity of the lime.\", \"ref\": \"c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia XXXIII.56\", \"text\": \"Hoc autem et Attico ad lumina utuntur, ad abacos non nisi marmoroso, quoniam marmor in eo resistit amaritudini calcis.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A painted ceiling or wall panel.\"], \"links\": [[\"panel\", \"panel\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"panel\"], \"links\": [[\"panel\", \"panel\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"tray\"], \"links\": [[\"tray\", \"tray\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"calculation in general\"], \"links\": [[\"calculation\", \"calculation\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(Late Latin) calculation in general\"], \"tags\": [\"Late-Latin\", \"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈa.ba.kus/\", \"tags\": [\"Classical-Latin\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"[ˈäbäkʊs̠]\", \"tags\": [\"Classical-Latin\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈa.ba.kus/\", \"note\": \"modern Italianate Ecclesiastical\"}, {\"ipa\": \"[ˈäːbäkus]\", \"note\": \"modern Italianate Ecclesiastical\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"abax\"}], \"word\": \"abacus\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "abacus",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "abacus/Latin/noun: invalid uppercase tag Classical-Latin not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"Latin 3-syllable words\", \"Latin entries with incorrect language header\", \"Latin lemmas\", \"Latin masculine nouns\", \"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension\", \"Latin nouns\", \"Latin second declension nouns\", \"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek\", \"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Pages with 4 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"la:Board games\", \"la:Furniture\", \"la:Mathematics\", \"la:Tools\"], \"descendants\": [{\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ca\", \"2\": \"àbac\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Catalan: àbac\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Catalan: àbac\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"abacus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ English: abacus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ English: abacus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"eo\", \"2\": \"abako\", \"der\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"⇒ Esperanto: abako\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"⇒ Esperanto: abako\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"fr\", \"2\": \"abaque\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ French: abaque\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ French: abaque\"}, {\"depth\": 2, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ro\", \"2\": \"abac\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Romanian: abac\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Romanian: abac\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"gl\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Galician: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Galician: ábaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"de\", \"2\": \"Abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ German: Abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ German: Abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ga\", \"2\": \"abacas\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Irish: abacas\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Irish: abacas\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"it\", \"2\": \"abaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Italian: abaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Italian: abaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ms\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Malay: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Malay: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"nb\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"nn\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"pt\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Portuguese: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Portuguese: ábaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ru\", \"2\": \"аба́к\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Russian: аба́к (abák)\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Russian: аба́к (abák)\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"es\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Spanish: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Spanish: ábaco\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"la\", \"2\": \"grc\", \"3\": \"ἄβαξ\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"board\"}, \"expansion\": \"Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abacī\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\"]}, {\"form\": \"no-table-tags\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"table-tags\"]}, {\"form\": \"la-ndecl\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"inflection-template\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacus\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"nominative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"nominative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacōrum\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacō\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"dative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacīs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"dative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacum\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"accusative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacōs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"accusative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacō\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"ablative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacīs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"ablative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abace\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"singular\", \"vocative\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"plural\", \"vocative\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"abacus<2>\"}, \"expansion\": \"abacus m (genitive abacī); second declension\", \"name\": \"la-noun\"}], \"inflection_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"abacus<2>\"}, \"name\": \"la-ndecl\"}], \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"lang_code\": \"la\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"senses\": [{\"glosses\": [\"square board\"], \"links\": [[\"square\", \"square\"], [\"board\", \"board\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"From this place he removed all the sideboard's dishes, since they had been exposed.\", \"ref\": \"70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem II.4.35\", \"text\": \"Ab hoc abaci vasa omnia, ut exposita fuerunt, abstulit.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"sideboard\"], \"links\": [[\"sideboard\", \"sideboard\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"...nor the man who has the wit to laugh at the figures on the counting board and the cones drawn in sand, ready to go off in ecstasies if a prostitute pulls a Cynic by the beard.\", \"ref\": \"c. 62 CE, Persius, Saturae I.131\", \"text\": \"...nec qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas / scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, / si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"counting board, abacus\"], \"links\": [[\"counting board\", \"counting board\"], [\"abacus\", \"abacus#English\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"But in the early stages of his rule he used to play every day on a gaming board with ivory chariots. He would also travel from his retreat to the Circus games, even the least important ones, at first in secret and then openly. As a result, no one was in any doubt that he would be present in Rome that day at least.\", \"ref\": \"c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum Neronis XXII.period1\", \"text\": \"Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis quadrigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde propalam, ut nemini dubium esset eo die utique affuturum.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"gaming board\"], \"links\": [[\"gaming board\", \"gaming board\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"This and the Attic sort they used for high lights, for panels none but the marmorean kind, because the marble in it resists acridity of the lime.\", \"ref\": \"c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia XXXIII.56\", \"text\": \"Hoc autem et Attico ad lumina utuntur, ad abacos non nisi marmoroso, quoniam marmor in eo resistit amaritudini calcis.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A painted ceiling or wall panel.\"], \"links\": [[\"panel\", \"panel\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"panel\"], \"links\": [[\"panel\", \"panel\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"tray\"], \"links\": [[\"tray\", \"tray\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"calculation in general\"], \"links\": [[\"calculation\", \"calculation\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(Late Latin) calculation in general\"], \"tags\": [\"Late-Latin\", \"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈa.ba.kus/\", \"tags\": [\"Classical-Latin\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"[ˈäbäkʊs̠]\", \"tags\": [\"Classical-Latin\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈa.ba.kus/\", \"note\": \"modern Italianate Ecclesiastical\"}, {\"ipa\": \"[ˈäːbäkus]\", \"note\": \"modern Italianate Ecclesiastical\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"abax\"}], \"word\": \"abacus\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "abacus",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "abacus/Latin/noun: invalid uppercase tag Classical-Latin not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"Latin 3-syllable words\", \"Latin entries with incorrect language header\", \"Latin lemmas\", \"Latin masculine nouns\", \"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension\", \"Latin nouns\", \"Latin second declension nouns\", \"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek\", \"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Pages with 4 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"la:Board games\", \"la:Furniture\", \"la:Mathematics\", \"la:Tools\"], \"descendants\": [{\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ca\", \"2\": \"àbac\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Catalan: àbac\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Catalan: àbac\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"abacus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ English: abacus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ English: abacus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"eo\", \"2\": \"abako\", \"der\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"⇒ Esperanto: abako\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"⇒ Esperanto: abako\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"fr\", \"2\": \"abaque\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ French: abaque\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ French: abaque\"}, {\"depth\": 2, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ro\", \"2\": \"abac\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Romanian: abac\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Romanian: abac\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"gl\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Galician: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Galician: ábaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"de\", \"2\": \"Abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ German: Abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ German: Abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ga\", \"2\": \"abacas\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Irish: abacas\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Irish: abacas\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"it\", \"2\": \"abaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Italian: abaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Italian: abaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ms\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Malay: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Malay: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"nb\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"nn\", \"2\": \"abakus\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"pt\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Portuguese: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Portuguese: ábaco\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"ru\", \"2\": \"аба́к\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Russian: аба́к (abák)\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Russian: аба́к (abák)\"}, {\"depth\": 1, \"templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"es\", \"2\": \"ábaco\", \"bor\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"→ Spanish: ábaco\", \"name\": \"desc\"}], \"text\": \"→ Spanish: ábaco\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"la\", \"2\": \"grc\", \"3\": \"ἄβαξ\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"board\"}, \"expansion\": \"Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abacī\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\"]}, {\"form\": \"no-table-tags\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"table-tags\"]}, {\"form\": \"la-ndecl\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"inflection-template\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacus\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"nominative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"nominative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacōrum\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"genitive\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacō\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"dative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacīs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"dative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacum\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"accusative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacōs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"accusative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacō\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"ablative\", \"singular\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacīs\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"ablative\", \"plural\"]}, {\"form\": \"abace\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"singular\", \"vocative\"]}, {\"form\": \"abacī\", \"source\": \"declension\", \"tags\": [\"plural\", \"vocative\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"abacus<2>\"}, \"expansion\": \"abacus m (genitive abacī); second declension\", \"name\": \"la-noun\"}], \"inflection_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"abacus<2>\"}, \"name\": \"la-ndecl\"}], \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"lang_code\": \"la\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"senses\": [{\"glosses\": [\"square board\"], \"links\": [[\"square\", \"square\"], [\"board\", \"board\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"From this place he removed all the sideboard's dishes, since they had been exposed.\", \"ref\": \"70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem II.4.35\", \"text\": \"Ab hoc abaci vasa omnia, ut exposita fuerunt, abstulit.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"sideboard\"], \"links\": [[\"sideboard\", \"sideboard\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"...nor the man who has the wit to laugh at the figures on the counting board and the cones drawn in sand, ready to go off in ecstasies if a prostitute pulls a Cynic by the beard.\", \"ref\": \"c. 62 CE, Persius, Saturae I.131\", \"text\": \"...nec qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas / scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, / si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"counting board, abacus\"], \"links\": [[\"counting board\", \"counting board\"], [\"abacus\", \"abacus#English\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"But in the early stages of his rule he used to play every day on a gaming board with ivory chariots. He would also travel from his retreat to the Circus games, even the least important ones, at first in secret and then openly. As a result, no one was in any doubt that he would be present in Rome that day at least.\", \"ref\": \"c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum Neronis XXII.period1\", \"text\": \"Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis quadrigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde propalam, ut nemini dubium esset eo die utique affuturum.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"gaming board\"], \"links\": [[\"gaming board\", \"gaming board\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"Latin terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"This and the Attic sort they used for high lights, for panels none but the marmorean kind, because the marble in it resists acridity of the lime.\", \"ref\": \"c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia XXXIII.56\", \"text\": \"Hoc autem et Attico ad lumina utuntur, ad abacos non nisi marmoroso, quoniam marmor in eo resistit amaritudini calcis.\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A painted ceiling or wall panel.\"], \"links\": [[\"panel\", \"panel\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"panel\"], \"links\": [[\"panel\", \"panel\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"tray\"], \"links\": [[\"tray\", \"tray\"]], \"tags\": [\"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}, {\"glosses\": [\"calculation in general\"], \"links\": [[\"calculation\", \"calculation\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(Late Latin) calculation in general\"], \"tags\": [\"Late-Latin\", \"declension-2\", \"masculine\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈa.ba.kus/\", \"tags\": [\"Classical-Latin\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"[ˈäbäkʊs̠]\", \"tags\": [\"Classical-Latin\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈa.ba.kus/\", \"note\": \"modern Italianate Ecclesiastical\"}, {\"ipa\": \"[ˈäːbäkus]\", \"note\": \"modern Italianate Ecclesiastical\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"abax\"}], \"word\": \"abacus\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "abacus",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.