"-더-" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-da",
      "word": "다"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deoguna",
      "word": "더구나"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deoguryeo",
      "word": "더구려"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deogun",
      "word": "더군"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deonya",
      "word": "더냐"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deoni",
      "word": "더니"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deora",
      "word": "더라"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deoman",
      "word": "더만"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deomyeon",
      "tags": [
        "dated"
      ],
      "word": "더면"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deon",
      "word": "던"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deonde",
      "word": "던데"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "okm",
        "3": "더〮",
        "tr": "-té"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Korean 더〮 (-té)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "oko",
        "3": "如",
        "tr": "*-ta"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Korean 如 (*-ta)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "-던",
        "pos": "past adnominal marker"
      },
      "expansion": "던 (-deon, past adnominal marker)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 더〮 (-té), from Old Korean 如 (*-ta). The Middle Korean suffix (and presumably Old Korean, although data is rather lacking) was quite different in meaning, being closer to a simple imperfective aspect marker; see the Middle Korean entry for more. The shift to the modern nuances is first attested in texts from the late eighteenth century. 던 (-deon, past adnominal marker) preserves the original meaning.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "더",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-deo-",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "더 • (-deo-)",
      "name": "ko-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-da-",
      "word": "다"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-daga",
      "word": "다가"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-daet-",
      "word": "댓"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-deoraet-",
      "word": "더랫"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-de",
      "word": "데"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-do",
      "word": "도"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-seupdikka",
      "word": "습디까"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-seupdida",
      "word": "습디다"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-eulladi",
      "word": "을라디"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "-euri, conjectural marker",
      "word": "으리"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "45 55",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "57 43",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "54 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "54 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The addressee has personally observed the atmosphere in China, and this observation took place in the past.",
          "text": "중국 분위기는 어떻더냐?\nJungguk bunwigi-neun eotteo-teo-nya?\nWhat was the atmosphere/vibe in China like?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The speaker has personally observed the listener being happy, and this observation took place in the past.",
          "text": "어제 기분 좋아 보이더라. 무슨 좋은 일 있어?\nEoje gibun joa boi-deo-ra. Museun jo'eun il isseo?\nYou looked happy yesterday—did something nice happen?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The speaker has personally observed the fact from which tomorrow being cold can be inferred, and this observation took place in the past.",
          "text": "일기예보 보니까 내일은 또 춥겠더라.\nIlgiyebo bonikka naeir-eun tto chup-get-deo-ra.\nI was looking at the weather forecast, and it looks like it's going to be cold again tomorrow.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The speaker did not intend to drink this much, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.",
          "text": "일어나 보니까 내가 술 열 병을 혼자 먹었더라고.\nIreona bonikka nae-ga sul yeol byeong-eul honja meog-eot-deo-rago.\nWhen I got up, I realized I had eaten ten bottles of alcohol all by myself.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The speaker did not intend to become angry, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.",
          "text": "그 말 듣고 있으니까 너무 화가 나더라.\nGeu mal deutgo isseunikka neomu hwa-ga nadeo-ra.\nWhen I was listening to what he was saying, I got so angry.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The retrospective suffix, marking that the speaker (in declaratives) or the addressee (in interrogatives) has personally observed the action/state conveyed by the verb/adjective, or a fact from which the action/state could be inferred; that either this action/state was not taken by the observer, or the observer did not do so purposefully; and that this action/state occurred at a place or time removed from the current conversation. It adds a nuance that one is speaking of the action/state from the subjective viewpoint of an external observer."
      ],
      "id": "en--더--ko-suffix-0AXMHwwX",
      "links": [
        [
          "retrospective",
          "retrospective#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Gyeongsang Korean",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "45 55",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "54 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "54 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "You shouldn't have eaten the bread I was eating.",
          "roman": "Nae-ga meokdeon ppang-eul meogeumyeon an doeji.",
          "text": "내가 먹던 빵을 먹으면 안 되지.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1999, 이기갑 [igigap, Yi Ki-gap], “국어 방언의 시상 체계—그 분화의 역사— [gugeo bang'eonui sisang chegye-geu bunhwaui yeoksa-, The tense and aspect systems of Korean dialects: The history of divergence]”, in Eoneohak, volume 25, pages 185—210",
          "text": "니 어제 어디 갓더노? — 영덕 갓더라.\nNi eoje eodi gat-deo-no? - Yeongdeok gat-deo-ra.\nWhere were you gone yesterday? — I was gone to Yeongdeok.\n(Gyeongsang dialect, Yeongdeok)",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "(parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal 던 (-deon)) The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix. [in conservative literary style, used up to the early 20th century]",
        "The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix."
      ],
      "id": "en--더--ko-suffix-sOsYWPnN",
      "links": [
        [
          "던",
          "-던#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "imperfective aspect",
          "imperfective aspect#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal 던 (-deon)) The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix. [in conservative literary style, used up to the early 20th century]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[dʌ̹~də~dɯ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-더-"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ko",
            "2": "-더-"
          },
          "expansion": "Korean: 더 (-deo-)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Korean: 더 (-deo-)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "oko",
        "3": "如",
        "tr": "*-ta"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Korean 如 (*-ta)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Korean 如 (*-ta).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "더〮",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-té",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "head": "더〮",
        "tr": "-té"
      },
      "expansion": "더〮 (-té)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Korean",
  "lang_code": "okm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "That even in spirit, I'd walk with my love! Oh, who was [being] the one who had been making that vow?",
          "ref": "14th century? (pub. 1493), “鄭瓜亭 (Jeonggwajeong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom)",
          "text": "넉시라도 님은 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 녀져라 아으 벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가\nneks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin_i nwu-ylesiningiska",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a",
          "text": "龍(료ᇰ)과〮 鬼(귕〯)神(씬)과〮 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮더〮시다〮\n[Śākyamuni] was preaching for the sake of dragons and spirits.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "\"If you carpet the earth in gold without a single gap, I will sell this hill [to you].\" \"I shall do as you say,\" said Sudatta. \"I was joking,\" said the prince.",
          "ref": "1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:24b",
          "roman": "KÙM-úlwó stàh-áy skólwòm-ól pskúm ěpskéy hòmyén TWÒNG.SÀN-ól phólwólìlá SYÙ.TTÁLQ-í nìlGwótóy nìlòsyán yǎng-ólwó hwólíngìtá THÁY.CǑ nìlGwótóy ná-y lwóngtàm-hótàlá",
          "text": "金(금)으〮로〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄭᆞ〮로ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄢᅳᆷ〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 이〮 東(도ᇰ)山(산)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄑᆞ〮로〮리라〮 須(슝)達(따ᇙ〮)이〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 니ᄅᆞ샨〮 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로〮 호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 太(탱〮)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 내〮 로ᇰ〮담ᄒᆞ〮다라〮",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An imperfective aspect marker, denoting an action or state in the past which is perceived as continuous, loosely equivalent to English \"was [...]ing\". When used together with the conjectural suffix 으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (-úlí/olí-), it is loosely equivalent to English \"would be [...]ing\". Sometimes somewhat misleadingly called \"retrospective\" due to conflation with its modern descendant."
      ],
      "id": "en--더--okm-suffix-oA45df-y",
      "links": [
        [
          "imperfective aspect",
          "imperfective aspect#English"
        ],
        [
          "으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮",
          "-으리-#Middle Korean"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "roman": "-zǒW-",
          "word": "ᅀᆞᇦ〯"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-ke-",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective",
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "더〮아〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-ke-",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective",
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "어〮거"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-usí/osí-",
          "word": "으시〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-usí/osí-",
          "word": "ᄋᆞ시〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-no-",
          "word": "ᄂᆞ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-wó/wú-",
          "word": "오〮/우〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
          "word": "으〮리〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
          "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-twós-",
          "word": "도〮돗〮others"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-té-",
          "word": "더〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-úní/óní-",
          "word": "으〮니〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-úní/óní-",
          "word": "ᄋᆞ〮니〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-ng-",
          "tags": [
            "deferential"
          ],
          "word": "으〮ᅌᅵ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-ng-",
          "tags": [
            "deferential"
          ],
          "word": "ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵㆁ"
        },
        {
          "word": "Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones"
        },
        {
          "alt": "kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22",
          "english": "[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!",
          "word": "기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮"
        },
        {
          "word": "1 Many additional emotive suffixes"
        },
        {
          "word": "which have not been listed here"
        },
        {
          "word": "are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-tás-",
          "word": "닷〮"
        },
        {
          "word": "which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-s-",
          "word": "comes from a merger of the imperfective 더〮 and the emotive morpheme ㅅ. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes"
        },
        {
          "word": "even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-tás-",
          "word": "닷〮 has been attested as co-occurring with the latter"
        },
        {
          "word": "2 In the fifteenth century"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-twós-",
          "word": "only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix 돗〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-twós-té-",
          "word": "forming the sequence 돗〮더〮"
        },
        {
          "word": "used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-úlí/olí-",
          "word": "also appears after prospective 으〮리〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-úlí/olí-",
          "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
          "word": "forming the sequence 으〮리〮러〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
          "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮러〮"
        },
        {
          "word": "used to convey a past state when something was about to happen"
        },
        {
          "alt": "emotive",
          "word": "3 Taken when Slot 7 is filled"
        },
        {
          "word": "Certain suffixes are mutually exclusive"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "english": "after certain suffixes",
          "roman": "-lé",
          "word": "러〮"
        },
        {
          "word": "Usage notes"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/tə́/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-더-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
    "Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "Korean inflectional suffixes",
    "Korean lemmas",
    "Korean suffixes",
    "Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
    "Korean terms derived from Old Korean",
    "Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
    "Korean terms inherited from Old Korean",
    "Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
    "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
    "Korean terms without ko-IPA template",
    "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "-da",
      "word": "다"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deoguna",
      "word": "더구나"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deoguryeo",
      "word": "더구려"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deogun",
      "word": "더군"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deonya",
      "word": "더냐"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deoni",
      "word": "더니"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deora",
      "word": "더라"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deoman",
      "word": "더만"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deomyeon",
      "tags": [
        "dated"
      ],
      "word": "더면"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deon",
      "word": "던"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deonde",
      "word": "던데"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "okm",
        "3": "더〮",
        "tr": "-té"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Korean 더〮 (-té)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "oko",
        "3": "如",
        "tr": "*-ta"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Korean 如 (*-ta)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "-던",
        "pos": "past adnominal marker"
      },
      "expansion": "던 (-deon, past adnominal marker)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 더〮 (-té), from Old Korean 如 (*-ta). The Middle Korean suffix (and presumably Old Korean, although data is rather lacking) was quite different in meaning, being closer to a simple imperfective aspect marker; see the Middle Korean entry for more. The shift to the modern nuances is first attested in texts from the late eighteenth century. 던 (-deon, past adnominal marker) preserves the original meaning.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "더",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-deo-",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "더 • (-deo-)",
      "name": "ko-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "roman": "-da-",
      "word": "다"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-daga",
      "word": "다가"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-daet-",
      "word": "댓"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-deoraet-",
      "word": "더랫"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-de",
      "word": "데"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-do",
      "word": "도"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-seupdikka",
      "word": "습디까"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-seupdida",
      "word": "습디다"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-eulladi",
      "word": "을라디"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-euri, conjectural marker",
      "word": "으리"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The addressee has personally observed the atmosphere in China, and this observation took place in the past.",
          "text": "중국 분위기는 어떻더냐?\nJungguk bunwigi-neun eotteo-teo-nya?\nWhat was the atmosphere/vibe in China like?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The speaker has personally observed the listener being happy, and this observation took place in the past.",
          "text": "어제 기분 좋아 보이더라. 무슨 좋은 일 있어?\nEoje gibun joa boi-deo-ra. Museun jo'eun il isseo?\nYou looked happy yesterday—did something nice happen?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The speaker has personally observed the fact from which tomorrow being cold can be inferred, and this observation took place in the past.",
          "text": "일기예보 보니까 내일은 또 춥겠더라.\nIlgiyebo bonikka naeir-eun tto chup-get-deo-ra.\nI was looking at the weather forecast, and it looks like it's going to be cold again tomorrow.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The speaker did not intend to drink this much, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.",
          "text": "일어나 보니까 내가 술 열 병을 혼자 먹었더라고.\nIreona bonikka nae-ga sul yeol byeong-eul honja meog-eot-deo-rago.\nWhen I got up, I realized I had eaten ten bottles of alcohol all by myself.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The speaker did not intend to become angry, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.",
          "text": "그 말 듣고 있으니까 너무 화가 나더라.\nGeu mal deutgo isseunikka neomu hwa-ga nadeo-ra.\nWhen I was listening to what he was saying, I got so angry.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The retrospective suffix, marking that the speaker (in declaratives) or the addressee (in interrogatives) has personally observed the action/state conveyed by the verb/adjective, or a fact from which the action/state could be inferred; that either this action/state was not taken by the observer, or the observer did not do so purposefully; and that this action/state occurred at a place or time removed from the current conversation. It adds a nuance that one is speaking of the action/state from the subjective viewpoint of an external observer."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "retrospective",
          "retrospective#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Gyeongsang Korean",
        "Korean terms with quotations",
        "Korean terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "You shouldn't have eaten the bread I was eating.",
          "roman": "Nae-ga meokdeon ppang-eul meogeumyeon an doeji.",
          "text": "내가 먹던 빵을 먹으면 안 되지.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1999, 이기갑 [igigap, Yi Ki-gap], “국어 방언의 시상 체계—그 분화의 역사— [gugeo bang'eonui sisang chegye-geu bunhwaui yeoksa-, The tense and aspect systems of Korean dialects: The history of divergence]”, in Eoneohak, volume 25, pages 185—210",
          "text": "니 어제 어디 갓더노? — 영덕 갓더라.\nNi eoje eodi gat-deo-no? - Yeongdeok gat-deo-ra.\nWhere were you gone yesterday? — I was gone to Yeongdeok.\n(Gyeongsang dialect, Yeongdeok)",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "(parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal 던 (-deon)) The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix. [in conservative literary style, used up to the early 20th century]",
        "The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "던",
          "-던#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "imperfective aspect",
          "imperfective aspect#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal 던 (-deon)) The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix. [in conservative literary style, used up to the early 20th century]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[dʌ̹~də~dɯ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-더-"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ko",
            "2": "-더-"
          },
          "expansion": "Korean: 더 (-deo-)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Korean: 더 (-deo-)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "oko",
        "3": "如",
        "tr": "*-ta"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Korean 如 (*-ta)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Korean 如 (*-ta).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "더〮",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-té",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "head": "더〮",
        "tr": "-té"
      },
      "expansion": "더〮 (-té)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Korean",
  "lang_code": "okm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "roman": "-zǒW-",
      "word": "ᅀᆞᇦ〯"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ke-",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "더〮아〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ke-",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "어〮거"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-usí/osí-",
      "word": "으시〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-usí/osí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ시〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-no-",
      "word": "ᄂᆞ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-wó/wú-",
      "word": "오〮/우〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
      "word": "으〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-twós-",
      "word": "도〮돗〮others"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-té-",
      "word": "더〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úní/óní-",
      "word": "으〮니〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úní/óní-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮니〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ng-",
      "tags": [
        "deferential"
      ],
      "word": "으〮ᅌᅵ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ng-",
      "tags": [
        "deferential"
      ],
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵㆁ"
    },
    {
      "word": "Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones"
    },
    {
      "alt": "kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22",
      "english": "[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!",
      "word": "기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "1 Many additional emotive suffixes"
    },
    {
      "word": "which have not been listed here"
    },
    {
      "word": "are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-tás-",
      "word": "닷〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-s-",
      "word": "comes from a merger of the imperfective 더〮 and the emotive morpheme ㅅ. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes"
    },
    {
      "word": "even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-tás-",
      "word": "닷〮 has been attested as co-occurring with the latter"
    },
    {
      "word": "2 In the fifteenth century"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-twós-",
      "word": "only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix 돗〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-twós-té-",
      "word": "forming the sequence 돗〮더〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí/olí-",
      "word": "also appears after prospective 으〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí/olí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
      "word": "forming the sequence 으〮리〮러〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮러〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "used to convey a past state when something was about to happen"
    },
    {
      "alt": "emotive",
      "word": "3 Taken when Slot 7 is filled"
    },
    {
      "word": "Certain suffixes are mutually exclusive"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle Korean lemmas",
        "Middle Korean suffixes",
        "Middle Korean terms derived from Old Korean",
        "Middle Korean terms inherited from Old Korean",
        "Middle Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
        "Middle Korean terms with quotations",
        "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "That even in spirit, I'd walk with my love! Oh, who was [being] the one who had been making that vow?",
          "ref": "14th century? (pub. 1493), “鄭瓜亭 (Jeonggwajeong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom)",
          "text": "넉시라도 님은 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 녀져라 아으 벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가\nneks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin_i nwu-ylesiningiska",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a",
          "text": "龍(료ᇰ)과〮 鬼(귕〯)神(씬)과〮 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮더〮시다〮\n[Śākyamuni] was preaching for the sake of dragons and spirits.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "\"If you carpet the earth in gold without a single gap, I will sell this hill [to you].\" \"I shall do as you say,\" said Sudatta. \"I was joking,\" said the prince.",
          "ref": "1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:24b",
          "roman": "KÙM-úlwó stàh-áy skólwòm-ól pskúm ěpskéy hòmyén TWÒNG.SÀN-ól phólwólìlá SYÙ.TTÁLQ-í nìlGwótóy nìlòsyán yǎng-ólwó hwólíngìtá THÁY.CǑ nìlGwótóy ná-y lwóngtàm-hótàlá",
          "text": "金(금)으〮로〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄭᆞ〮로ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄢᅳᆷ〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 이〮 東(도ᇰ)山(산)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄑᆞ〮로〮리라〮 須(슝)達(따ᇙ〮)이〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 니ᄅᆞ샨〮 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로〮 호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 太(탱〮)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 내〮 로ᇰ〮담ᄒᆞ〮다라〮",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An imperfective aspect marker, denoting an action or state in the past which is perceived as continuous, loosely equivalent to English \"was [...]ing\". When used together with the conjectural suffix 으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (-úlí/olí-), it is loosely equivalent to English \"would be [...]ing\". Sometimes somewhat misleadingly called \"retrospective\" due to conflation with its modern descendant."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "imperfective aspect",
          "imperfective aspect#English"
        ],
        [
          "으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮",
          "-으리-#Middle Korean"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/tə́/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "english": "after certain suffixes",
      "roman": "-lé",
      "word": "러〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "Usage notes"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-더-"
}