See -더- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "-더-"
},
"expansion": "Korean: -더- (-deo-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Korean: -더- (-deo-)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "okm",
"2": "oko",
"3": "如",
"tr": "*-ta"
},
"expansion": "Old Korean 如 (*-ta)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Korean 如 (*-ta).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "더〮",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-té",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "-러〮-",
"roman": "-lé",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "okm",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "더〮",
"tr": "-té"
},
"expansion": "더〮 (-té)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Korean",
"lang_code": "okm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
52,
63
],
[
59,
62
],
[
80,
84
],
[
88,
91
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
61,
64
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
23,
24
],
[
28,
29
]
],
"english": "That even in spirit, I'd walk with my love! Oh, who was [being] the one who had been making that vow?",
"ref": "14th century? (pub. 1493), “鄭瓜亭 (Jeonggwajeong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):",
"roman": "neks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin_i nwu-ylesiningiska",
"text": "넉시라도 님은 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 녀져라 아으 벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
12,
15
],
[
22,
25
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
43,
45
]
],
"english": "[Śākyamuni] was preaching for the sake of dragons and spirits.",
"ref": "1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a:",
"roman": "Seokbo sangjeol",
"text": "龍(료ᇰ)과〮 鬼(귕〯)神(씬)과〮 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮더〮시다〮",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
44,
47
],
[
130,
133
],
[
137,
140
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
105,
106
],
[
139,
140
]
],
"english": "\"If you carpet the earth in gold without a single gap, I will sell this hill [to you].\" \"I shall do as you say,\" said Sudatta. \"I was joking,\" said the prince.",
"ref": "1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:24b:",
"roman": "Seokbo sangjeol",
"text": "金(금)으〮로〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄭᆞ〮로ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄢᅳᆷ〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 이〮 東(도ᇰ)山(산)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄑᆞ〮로〮리라〮 須(슝)達(따ᇙ〮)이〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 니ᄅᆞ샨〮 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로〮 호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 太(탱〮)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 내〮 로ᇰ〮담ᄒᆞ〮다라〮",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An imperfective aspect marker, denoting an action or state in the past which is perceived as continuous, loosely equivalent to English \"was [...]ing\". When used together with the conjectural suffix -으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮- (-úlí/olí-), it is loosely equivalent to English \"would be [...]ing\". Sometimes somewhat misleadingly called \"retrospective\" due to conflation with its modern descendant."
],
"id": "en--더--okm-suffix-OetHezVa",
"links": [
[
"imperfective aspect",
"imperfective aspect#English"
],
[
"-으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮-",
"-으리-#Middle_Korean"
]
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "-zǒW-",
"word": "-ᅀᆞᇦ〯-"
},
{
"roman": "-ke-",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"perfective"
],
"word": "-더〮--아〮"
},
{
"roman": "-ke-",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"perfective"
],
"word": "어〮--거-"
},
{
"roman": "-usí/osí-",
"word": "-으시〮"
},
{
"roman": "-usí/osí-",
"word": "ᄋᆞ시〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-no-",
"word": "-ᄂᆞ-"
},
{
"roman": "-wó/wú-",
"word": "-오〮"
},
{
"roman": "-wó/wú-",
"word": "우〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
"word": "-으〮리〮"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-twós-",
"word": "-도〮--돗〮-others"
},
{
"roman": "-té-",
"word": "-더〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-úní/óní-",
"word": "-으〮니〮"
},
{
"roman": "-úní/óní-",
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮니〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-ng-",
"tags": [
"deferential"
],
"word": "-으〮ᅌᅵ"
},
{
"roman": "-ng-",
"tags": [
"deferential"
],
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ--ㆁ-"
},
{
"word": "Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones"
},
{
"alt": "kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22",
"english": "[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!",
"word": "기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮"
},
{
"word": "1 Many additional emotive suffixes"
},
{
"word": "which have not been listed here"
},
{
"word": "are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example"
},
{
"roman": "-tás-",
"word": "-닷〮-"
},
{
"word": "which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state"
},
{
"roman": "-s-",
"word": "comes from a merger of the imperfective -더〮- and the emotive morpheme -ㅅ-. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes"
},
{
"word": "even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive"
},
{
"roman": "-tás-",
"word": "-닷〮- has been attested as co-occurring with the latter"
},
{
"word": "2 In the fifteenth century"
},
{
"roman": "-twós-",
"word": "only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix -돗〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-twós-té-",
"word": "forming the sequence -돗〮더〮-"
},
{
"word": "used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí/olí-",
"word": "also appears after prospective -으〮리〮"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí/olí-",
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
"word": "forming the sequence -으〮리〮러〮"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮러〮-"
},
{
"word": "used to convey a past state when something was about to happen"
},
{
"alt": "emotive",
"word": "3 Taken when Slot 7 is filled"
},
{
"word": "Certain suffixes are mutually exclusive"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tə́/"
}
],
"word": "-더-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "-더-"
},
"expansion": "Korean: -더- (-deo-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Korean: -더- (-deo-)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "okm",
"2": "oko",
"3": "如",
"tr": "*-ta"
},
"expansion": "Old Korean 如 (*-ta)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Korean 如 (*-ta).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "더〮",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-té",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "-러〮-",
"roman": "-lé",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "okm",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "더〮",
"tr": "-té"
},
"expansion": "더〮 (-té)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Korean",
"lang_code": "okm",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"roman": "-zǒW-",
"word": "-ᅀᆞᇦ〯-"
},
{
"roman": "-ke-",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"perfective"
],
"word": "-더〮--아〮"
},
{
"roman": "-ke-",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"perfective"
],
"word": "어〮--거-"
},
{
"roman": "-usí/osí-",
"word": "-으시〮"
},
{
"roman": "-usí/osí-",
"word": "ᄋᆞ시〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-no-",
"word": "-ᄂᆞ-"
},
{
"roman": "-wó/wú-",
"word": "-오〮"
},
{
"roman": "-wó/wú-",
"word": "우〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
"word": "-으〮리〮"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-twós-",
"word": "-도〮--돗〮-others"
},
{
"roman": "-té-",
"word": "-더〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-úní/óní-",
"word": "-으〮니〮"
},
{
"roman": "-úní/óní-",
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮니〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-ng-",
"tags": [
"deferential"
],
"word": "-으〮ᅌᅵ"
},
{
"roman": "-ng-",
"tags": [
"deferential"
],
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ--ㆁ-"
},
{
"word": "Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones"
},
{
"alt": "kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22",
"english": "[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!",
"word": "기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮"
},
{
"word": "1 Many additional emotive suffixes"
},
{
"word": "which have not been listed here"
},
{
"word": "are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example"
},
{
"roman": "-tás-",
"word": "-닷〮-"
},
{
"word": "which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state"
},
{
"roman": "-s-",
"word": "comes from a merger of the imperfective -더〮- and the emotive morpheme -ㅅ-. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes"
},
{
"word": "even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive"
},
{
"roman": "-tás-",
"word": "-닷〮- has been attested as co-occurring with the latter"
},
{
"word": "2 In the fifteenth century"
},
{
"roman": "-twós-",
"word": "only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix -돗〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-twós-té-",
"word": "forming the sequence -돗〮더〮-"
},
{
"word": "used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí/olí-",
"word": "also appears after prospective -으〮리〮"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí/olí-",
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮-"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
"word": "forming the sequence -으〮리〮러〮"
},
{
"roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
"word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮러〮-"
},
{
"word": "used to convey a past state when something was about to happen"
},
{
"alt": "emotive",
"word": "3 Taken when Slot 7 is filled"
},
{
"word": "Certain suffixes are mutually exclusive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Korean lemmas",
"Middle Korean suffixes",
"Middle Korean terms derived from Old Korean",
"Middle Korean terms inherited from Old Korean",
"Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Middle Korean terms with quotations",
"Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
52,
63
],
[
59,
62
],
[
80,
84
],
[
88,
91
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
61,
64
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
23,
24
],
[
28,
29
]
],
"english": "That even in spirit, I'd walk with my love! Oh, who was [being] the one who had been making that vow?",
"ref": "14th century? (pub. 1493), “鄭瓜亭 (Jeonggwajeong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):",
"roman": "neks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin_i nwu-ylesiningiska",
"text": "넉시라도 님은 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 녀져라 아으 벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가",
"type": "quote"
},
{
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[
12,
15
],
[
22,
25
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
43,
45
]
],
"english": "[Śākyamuni] was preaching for the sake of dragons and spirits.",
"ref": "1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a:",
"roman": "Seokbo sangjeol",
"text": "龍(료ᇰ)과〮 鬼(귕〯)神(씬)과〮 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮더〮시다〮",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
44,
47
],
[
130,
133
],
[
137,
140
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
105,
106
],
[
139,
140
]
],
"english": "\"If you carpet the earth in gold without a single gap, I will sell this hill [to you].\" \"I shall do as you say,\" said Sudatta. \"I was joking,\" said the prince.",
"ref": "1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:24b:",
"roman": "Seokbo sangjeol",
"text": "金(금)으〮로〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄭᆞ〮로ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄢᅳᆷ〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 이〮 東(도ᇰ)山(산)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄑᆞ〮로〮리라〮 須(슝)達(따ᇙ〮)이〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 니ᄅᆞ샨〮 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로〮 호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 太(탱〮)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 내〮 로ᇰ〮담ᄒᆞ〮다라〮",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An imperfective aspect marker, denoting an action or state in the past which is perceived as continuous, loosely equivalent to English \"was [...]ing\". When used together with the conjectural suffix -으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮- (-úlí/olí-), it is loosely equivalent to English \"would be [...]ing\". Sometimes somewhat misleadingly called \"retrospective\" due to conflation with its modern descendant."
],
"links": [
[
"imperfective aspect",
"imperfective aspect#English"
],
[
"-으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮-",
"-으리-#Middle_Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tə́/"
}
],
"word": "-더-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -더- meaning in Middle Korean (6.5kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </small>",
"path": [
"-더-"
],
"section": "Middle Korean",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-더-",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle Korean dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-20 using wiktextract (a4e883e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.