See -더- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-da",
"word": "다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deoguna",
"word": "더구나"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deoguryeo",
"word": "더구려"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deogun",
"word": "더군"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deonya",
"word": "더냐"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deoni",
"word": "더니"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deora",
"word": "더라"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deoman",
"word": "더만"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deomyeon",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "더면"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deon",
"word": "던"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deonde",
"word": "던데"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "더〮",
"tr": "-té"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean 더〮 (-té)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "oko",
"3": "如",
"tr": "*-ta"
},
"expansion": "Old Korean 如 (*-ta)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 더〮 (-té), from Old Korean 如 (*-ta). The Middle Korean suffix (and presumably Old Korean, although data is rather lacking) was quite different in meaning, being closer to a simple imperfective aspect marker; see the Middle Korean entry for more. The shift to the modern nuances is first attested in texts from the late eighteenth century. 던 (-deon, past adnominal marker) preserves the original meaning.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "더",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-deo-",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "더 • (-deo-)",
"name": "ko-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-da-",
"word": "다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-daga",
"word": "다가"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-daet-",
"word": "댓"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-deoraet-",
"word": "더랫"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-de",
"word": "데"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-do",
"word": "도"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-seupdikka",
"word": "습디까"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-seupdida",
"word": "습디다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-eulladi",
"word": "을라디"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "-euri, conjectural marker",
"word": "으리"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "60 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "63 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "79 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "80 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The addressee has personally observed the atmosphere in China, and this observation took place in the past.",
"text": "중국 분위기는 어떻더냐?\nJungguk bunwigi-neun eotteo-teo-nya?\nWhat was the atmosphere/vibe in China like?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The speaker has personally observed the listener being happy, and this observation took place in the past.",
"text": "어제 기분 좋아 보이더라. 무슨 좋은 일 있어?\nEoje gibun joa boi-deo-ra. Museun jo'eun il isseo?\nYou looked happy yesterday—did something nice happen?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The speaker has personally observed the fact from which tomorrow being cold can be inferred, and this observation took place in the past.",
"text": "일기예보 보니까 내일은 또 춥겠더라.\nIlgiyebo bonikka naeir-eun tto chup-get-deo-ra.\nI was looking at the weather forecast, and it looks like it's going to be cold again tomorrow.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The speaker did not intend to drink this much, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.",
"text": "일어나 보니까 내가 술 열 병을 혼자 먹었더라고.\nIreona bonikka nae-ga sul yeol byeong-eul honja meog-eot-deo-rago.\nWhen I got up, I realized I had eaten ten bottles of alcohol all by myself.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The speaker did not intend to become angry, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.",
"text": "그 말 듣고 있으니까 너무 화가 나더라.\nGeu mal deutgo isseunikka neomu hwa-ga nadeo-ra.\nWhen I was listening to what he was saying, I got so angry.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The retrospective suffix, marking that the speaker (in declaratives) or the addressee (in interrogatives) has personally observed the action/state conveyed by the verb/adjective, or a fact from which the action/state could be inferred; that either this action/state was not taken by the observer, or the observer did not do so purposefully; and that this action/state occurred at a place or time removed from the current conversation. It adds a nuance that one is speaking of the action/state from the subjective viewpoint of an external observer."
],
"id": "en--더--ko-suffix-0AXMHwwX",
"links": [
[
"retrospective",
"retrospective#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Gyeongsang Korean",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "You shouldn't have eaten the bread I was eating.",
"roman": "Nae-ga meokdeon ppang-eul meogeumyeon an doeji.",
"text": "내가 먹던 빵을 먹으면 안 되지.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Where were you gone yesterday? — I was gone to Yeongdeok.",
"ref": "1999, 이기갑 [igigap, Yi Ki-gap], “국어 방언의 시상 체계—그 분화의 역사— [gugeo bang'eonui sisang chegye-geu bunhwaui yeoksa-, The tense and aspect systems of Korean dialects: The history of divergence]”, in Eoneohak, volume 25, pages 185—210:",
"roman": "igigap",
"text": "니 어제 어디 갓더노? — 영덕 갓더라.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix."
],
"id": "en--더--ko-suffix-pP6nAFVl",
"links": [
[
"던",
"-던#Korean"
],
[
"imperfective aspect",
"imperfective aspect#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal 던 (-deon)) The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix. [in conservative literary style, used up to the early 20th century]"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[dʌ̹~də~dɯ]"
}
],
"word": "-더-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean inflectional suffixes",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean suffixes",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms derived from Old Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Old Korean",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Korean terms without ko-IPA template",
"Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "-da",
"word": "다"
},
{
"roman": "-deoguna",
"word": "더구나"
},
{
"roman": "-deoguryeo",
"word": "더구려"
},
{
"roman": "-deogun",
"word": "더군"
},
{
"roman": "-deonya",
"word": "더냐"
},
{
"roman": "-deoni",
"word": "더니"
},
{
"roman": "-deora",
"word": "더라"
},
{
"roman": "-deoman",
"word": "더만"
},
{
"roman": "-deomyeon",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "더면"
},
{
"roman": "-deon",
"word": "던"
},
{
"roman": "-deonde",
"word": "던데"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "더〮",
"tr": "-té"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean 더〮 (-té)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "oko",
"3": "如",
"tr": "*-ta"
},
"expansion": "Old Korean 如 (*-ta)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 더〮 (-té), from Old Korean 如 (*-ta). The Middle Korean suffix (and presumably Old Korean, although data is rather lacking) was quite different in meaning, being closer to a simple imperfective aspect marker; see the Middle Korean entry for more. The shift to the modern nuances is first attested in texts from the late eighteenth century. 던 (-deon, past adnominal marker) preserves the original meaning.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "더",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-deo-",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "더 • (-deo-)",
"name": "ko-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"roman": "-da-",
"word": "다"
},
{
"roman": "-daga",
"word": "다가"
},
{
"roman": "-daet-",
"word": "댓"
},
{
"roman": "-deoraet-",
"word": "더랫"
},
{
"roman": "-de",
"word": "데"
},
{
"roman": "-do",
"word": "도"
},
{
"roman": "-seupdikka",
"word": "습디까"
},
{
"roman": "-seupdida",
"word": "습디다"
},
{
"roman": "-eulladi",
"word": "을라디"
},
{
"roman": "-euri, conjectural marker",
"word": "으리"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The addressee has personally observed the atmosphere in China, and this observation took place in the past.",
"text": "중국 분위기는 어떻더냐?\nJungguk bunwigi-neun eotteo-teo-nya?\nWhat was the atmosphere/vibe in China like?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The speaker has personally observed the listener being happy, and this observation took place in the past.",
"text": "어제 기분 좋아 보이더라. 무슨 좋은 일 있어?\nEoje gibun joa boi-deo-ra. Museun jo'eun il isseo?\nYou looked happy yesterday—did something nice happen?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The speaker has personally observed the fact from which tomorrow being cold can be inferred, and this observation took place in the past.",
"text": "일기예보 보니까 내일은 또 춥겠더라.\nIlgiyebo bonikka naeir-eun tto chup-get-deo-ra.\nI was looking at the weather forecast, and it looks like it's going to be cold again tomorrow.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The speaker did not intend to drink this much, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.",
"text": "일어나 보니까 내가 술 열 병을 혼자 먹었더라고.\nIreona bonikka nae-ga sul yeol byeong-eul honja meog-eot-deo-rago.\nWhen I got up, I realized I had eaten ten bottles of alcohol all by myself.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The speaker did not intend to become angry, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.",
"text": "그 말 듣고 있으니까 너무 화가 나더라.\nGeu mal deutgo isseunikka neomu hwa-ga nadeo-ra.\nWhen I was listening to what he was saying, I got so angry.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The retrospective suffix, marking that the speaker (in declaratives) or the addressee (in interrogatives) has personally observed the action/state conveyed by the verb/adjective, or a fact from which the action/state could be inferred; that either this action/state was not taken by the observer, or the observer did not do so purposefully; and that this action/state occurred at a place or time removed from the current conversation. It adds a nuance that one is speaking of the action/state from the subjective viewpoint of an external observer."
],
"links": [
[
"retrospective",
"retrospective#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Gyeongsang Korean",
"Korean terms with quotations",
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "You shouldn't have eaten the bread I was eating.",
"roman": "Nae-ga meokdeon ppang-eul meogeumyeon an doeji.",
"text": "내가 먹던 빵을 먹으면 안 되지.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Where were you gone yesterday? — I was gone to Yeongdeok.",
"ref": "1999, 이기갑 [igigap, Yi Ki-gap], “국어 방언의 시상 체계—그 분화의 역사— [gugeo bang'eonui sisang chegye-geu bunhwaui yeoksa-, The tense and aspect systems of Korean dialects: The history of divergence]”, in Eoneohak, volume 25, pages 185—210:",
"roman": "igigap",
"text": "니 어제 어디 갓더노? — 영덕 갓더라.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix."
],
"links": [
[
"던",
"-던#Korean"
],
[
"imperfective aspect",
"imperfective aspect#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal 던 (-deon)) The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix. [in conservative literary style, used up to the early 20th century]"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[dʌ̹~də~dɯ]"
}
],
"word": "-더-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -더- meaning in Korean (5.8kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal 던 (-deon)",
"path": [
"-더-"
],
"section": "Korean",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-더-",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal 던 (-deon)",
"path": [
"-더-"
],
"section": "Korean",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-더-",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Korean dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.