See turbulent in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gravitoturbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gravoturbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "macroturbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "microturbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "nonturbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "turbulent flow"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "turbulently"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turbulent"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turbulent",
"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "turbulent"
},
"expansion": "Middle French turbulent",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "turbulentus"
},
"expansion": "Latin turbulentus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turbulent, from Middle French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus, from turba (“disorder, tumult, crowd”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more turbulent",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most turbulent",
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"superlative"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {},
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}
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"tur‧bu‧lent"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "disturb"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "perturb"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "trouble"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "turbid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "turbine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "turbulence"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "It is dangerous to sail in turbulent seas.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"violently disturbed or agitated; tempestuous, tumultuous"
],
"id": "en-turbulent-en-adj-pnMZyqmN",
"links": [
[
"disturbed",
"disturbed"
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[
"agitated",
"agitated"
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[
"tempestuous",
"tempestuous"
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[
"tumultuous",
"tumultuous"
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"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "xṙovahuyz",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "խռովահույզ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "buren",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "бурен"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razvǎlnuvan",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "развълнуван"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulenttinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "myrskyisä"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mouvementé"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulentus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "tuarangaranga"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "motalâtem",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "متلاطم"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "atribulado"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "agitado"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "búrnyj",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "бу́рный"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "tempestuoso"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "agitado"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "accidentado"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "burxlývyj",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "бурхли́вий"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "nespokíjnyj",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "неспокі́йний"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "turbuléntnyj",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "турбуле́нтний"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
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"kind": "other",
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
"_dis": "22 78",
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},
{
"_dis": "19 81",
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},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
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},
{
"_dis": "19 81",
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},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
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},
{
"_dis": "19 81",
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"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "12 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "12 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
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"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
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"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
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{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
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{
"_dis": "12 88",
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{
"_dis": "27 73",
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{
"_dis": "14 86",
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{
"_dis": "29 71",
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},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
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}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The mid-19th century was a turbulent time in American history.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013 August 10, Lexington, “Keeping the mighty honest”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848",
"text": "The [Washington] Post's proprietor through those turbulent [Watergate] days, Katharine Graham, held a double place in Washington’s hierarchy: at once regal Georgetown hostess and scrappy newshound, ready to hold the establishment to account. That is a very American position.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"being in, or causing, disturbance or unrest"
],
"id": "en-turbulent-en-adj-LcJ9nVNc",
"links": [
[
"disturbance",
"disturbance"
],
[
"unrest",
"unrest"
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],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "buen",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "буен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neobuzdan",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "необуздан"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulentti"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "myllertävä"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "melskeinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulentus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "atribulado"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "agitado"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "tempestuoso"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "agitado"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "accidentado"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "burxlývyj",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "бурхли́вий"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɜːbjələnt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɝbjələnt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-turbulent.ogg",
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}
],
"word": "turbulent"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of German translations",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Requests for review of Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
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"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
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"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gravitoturbulent"
},
{
"word": "gravoturbulent"
},
{
"word": "macroturbulent"
},
{
"word": "microturbulent"
},
{
"word": "nonturbulent"
},
{
"word": "turbulent flow"
},
{
"word": "turbulently"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "enm",
"3": "turbulent"
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"expansion": "Middle English turbulent",
"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "turbulent"
},
"expansion": "Middle French turbulent",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "turbulentus"
},
"expansion": "Latin turbulentus",
"name": "der"
}
],
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"forms": [
{
"form": "more turbulent",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most turbulent",
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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{
"args": {},
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],
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "disturb"
},
{
"word": "perturb"
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{
"word": "trouble"
},
{
"word": "turbid"
},
{
"word": "turbine"
},
{
"word": "turbulence"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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],
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{
"text": "It is dangerous to sail in turbulent seas.",
"type": "example"
}
],
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"violently disturbed or agitated; tempestuous, tumultuous"
],
"links": [
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"disturbed"
],
[
"agitated",
"agitated"
],
[
"tempestuous",
"tempestuous"
],
[
"tumultuous",
"tumultuous"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The mid-19th century was a turbulent time in American history.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013 August 10, Lexington, “Keeping the mighty honest”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848",
"text": "The [Washington] Post's proprietor through those turbulent [Watergate] days, Katharine Graham, held a double place in Washington’s hierarchy: at once regal Georgetown hostess and scrappy newshound, ready to hold the establishment to account. That is a very American position.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"being in, or causing, disturbance or unrest"
],
"links": [
[
"disturbance",
"disturbance"
],
[
"unrest",
"unrest"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɜːbjələnt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɝbjələnt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-turbulent.ogg",
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"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-turbulent.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "xṙovahuyz",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "խռովահույզ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "buren",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "бурен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razvǎlnuvan",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "развълнуван"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulenttinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "myrskyisä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mouvementé"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulentus"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "tuarangaranga"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "motalâtem",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "متلاطم"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "atribulado"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "agitado"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "búrnyj",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "бу́рный"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "tempestuoso"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "agitado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "accidentado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "burxlývyj",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "бурхли́вий"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "nespokíjnyj",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "неспокі́йний"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "turbuléntnyj",
"sense": "violently disturbed or agitated",
"word": "турбуле́нтний"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "buen",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "буен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neobuzdan",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "необуздан"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulentti"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "myllertävä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "melskeinen"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulentus"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "atribulado"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "agitado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "tempestuoso"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "agitado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "accidentado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "burxlývyj",
"sense": "being in disturbance or unrest",
"word": "бурхли́вий"
}
],
"word": "turbulent"
}
Download raw JSONL data for turbulent meaning in English (8.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-08-20 using wiktextract (8e41825 and f99c758). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.