See turbulence in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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"word": "clear-air turbulence"
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"ref": "2008, Luo Ji, The Dark Forest, →ISBN:",
"text": "Turbulence was everywhere, within every blade of grass, every drop of dew on a leaf, every cloud in the sky, and every star beyond. The turbulence was purposeless, but in huge quantities of purposeless turbulence, purpose took shape.",
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"id": "en-turbulence-en-noun-yTJrB7UH",
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"(uncountable) The state or fact of being turbulent or agitated; tempestuousness, disturbance."
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"(uncountable) Disturbance in a gas or fluid, characterized by evidence of internal motion or unrest."
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"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "mrrkayin šaržum",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "մրրկային շարժում"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "az",
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"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "çalxantı"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "türbülans"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "turbuljéntnascʹ",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбуле́нтнасць"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "turbulentnost",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбулентност"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tuānliú",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "湍流"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "wěnliú",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "紊流"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "亂流"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "luànliú",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "乱流"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
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"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulentie"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulenssi"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulence"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ṭurbulenṭoba",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "ტურბულენტობა"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Turbulenz"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulensi"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbolenza"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"alt": "らんりゅう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ranryū",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "乱流"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "kk",
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"roman": "turbulenttılık",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "турбуленттілік"
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{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "nan'giryu",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "난기류"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "nallyu",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "난류"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ky",
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"roman": "turbulenttüülük",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "турбуленттүүлүк"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "gelora"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "pergolakan"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulens"
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{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "antarīkṣavikṣōbhaṁ",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "അന്തരീക്ഷവിക്ഷോഭം"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to waves in a storm",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "puahiri"
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"code": "nb",
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"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
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{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "nn",
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"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
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"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "آشفتگی"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulência"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tulburare"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulență"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "turbuléntnostʹ",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбуле́нтность"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "turbuléncija",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбуле́нция"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
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"word": "turbulencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "oşuftagī"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "kontaḷippu ōṭṭam",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "கொந்தளிப்பு ஓட்டம்"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "turbuléntnistʹ",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбуле́нтність"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 44 22 18",
"alt": "𣳔𬈰𦇒",
"code": "vi",
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"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "dòng chảy rối"
}
]
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"tags": [
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"aerospace",
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"ref": "2022 October 3, Kwasi Kwarteng, quotee, “Tory MPs plot to avert welfare squeeze after humiliating U-turns”, in The Guardian:",
"text": "In a brief and abashed Tory conference speech, Kwarteng admitted it had been a “tough day” – hours after rowing back on the tax cut for high earners. He said his economic plan had caused “a little turbulence”.",
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],
"glosses": [
"An instance or type of such state or disturbance."
],
"id": "en-turbulence-en-noun-H7ovG6z7",
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) An instance or type of such state or disturbance."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɜː.bjə.ləns/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɝ.bjə.ləns/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vininn126-turbulence.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-turbulence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-turbulence.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-turbulence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-turbulence.wav.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"turbulence"
],
"word": "turbulence"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms suffixed with -ence",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Malayalam translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Tamil translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:Atmospheric phenomena",
"en:Aviation",
"en:Fluid dynamics"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "clear-air turbulence"
},
{
"word": "turbulence energy"
},
{
"word": "wake turbulence"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "turbulentia"
},
"expansion": "Latin turbulentia",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "turbulent",
"3": "ence"
},
"expansion": "turbulent + -ence",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin turbulentia, or from turbulent + -ence.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turbulences",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "turbulence (countable and uncountable, plural turbulences)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"tur‧bu‧lens"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "turbidity"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"word": "mechanical turbulence"
},
{
"word": "thermal turbulence"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2008, Luo Ji, The Dark Forest, →ISBN:",
"text": "Turbulence was everywhere, within every blade of grass, every drop of dew on a leaf, every cloud in the sky, and every star beyond. The turbulence was purposeless, but in huge quantities of purposeless turbulence, purpose took shape.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The state or fact of being turbulent or agitated; tempestuousness, disturbance."
],
"links": [
[
"turbulent",
"turbulent"
],
[
"agitated",
"agitated"
],
[
"tempestuousness",
"tempestuousness"
],
[
"disturbance",
"disturbance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The state or fact of being turbulent or agitated; tempestuousness, disturbance."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"Disturbance in a gas or fluid, characterized by evidence of internal motion or unrest."
],
"links": [
[
"gas",
"gas"
],
[
"fluid",
"fluid"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Disturbance in a gas or fluid, characterized by evidence of internal motion or unrest."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Aviation"
],
"glosses": [
"Specifically, a state of agitation or disturbance in the air which is disruptive to an aircraft."
],
"links": [
[
"aviation",
"aviation"
],
[
"aircraft",
"aircraft"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, aviation) Specifically, a state of agitation or disturbance in the air which is disruptive to an aircraft."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"aeronautics",
"aerospace",
"aviation",
"business",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2022 October 3, Kwasi Kwarteng, quotee, “Tory MPs plot to avert welfare squeeze after humiliating U-turns”, in The Guardian:",
"text": "In a brief and abashed Tory conference speech, Kwarteng admitted it had been a “tough day” – hours after rowing back on the tax cut for high earners. He said his economic plan had caused “a little turbulence”.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An instance or type of such state or disturbance."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) An instance or type of such state or disturbance."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɜː.bjə.ləns/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɝ.bjə.ləns/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vininn126-turbulence.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-turbulence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-turbulence.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-turbulence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-turbulence.wav.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "mrrkayin šaržum",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "մրրկային շարժում"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "çalxantı"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "türbülans"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "turbuljéntnascʹ",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбуле́нтнасць"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "turbulentnost",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбулентност"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tuānliú",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "湍流"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "wěnliú",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "紊流"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "亂流"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "luànliú",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "乱流"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulentie"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulenssi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulence"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulencia"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ṭurbulenṭoba",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "ტურბულენტობა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Turbulenz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulencia"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulensi"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbolenza"
},
{
"alt": "らんりゅう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ranryū",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "乱流"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "turbulenttılık",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "турбуленттілік"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "nan'giryu",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "난기류"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "nallyu",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "난류"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "turbulenttüülük",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "турбуленттүүлүк"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "gelora"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "pergolakan"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "antarīkṣavikṣōbhaṁ",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "അന്തരീക്ഷവിക്ഷോഭം"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to waves in a storm",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "puahiri"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "آشفتگی"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulência"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tulburare"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulență"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "turbuléntnostʹ",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбуле́нтность"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "turbuléncija",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбуле́нция"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turbulencia"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "turbulens"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "oşuftagī"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "kontaḷippu ōṭṭam",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "கொந்தளிப்பு ஓட்டம்"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "turbuléntnistʹ",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "турбуле́нтність"
},
{
"alt": "𣳔𬈰𦇒",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "disturbance in gas, fluid",
"word": "dòng chảy rối"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"turbulence"
],
"word": "turbulence"
}
Download raw JSONL data for turbulence meaning in English (10.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.