See shingle in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "architectural shingle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asphalt shingle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dimensional shingle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hang a shingle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "shingle cap"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "shingle oak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "shit on a shingle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "square tab shingle"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sek-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "shyngel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English shyngel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċingul"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċingul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skindulā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skindulā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "scindula"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin scindula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "scandula"
},
"expansion": "Latin scandula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sked-",
"4": "",
"5": "to split, scatter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shindle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of shindle",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English shyngel, from Old English sċingul, a late variant of sċindel, from Proto-West Germanic *skindulā, borrowed from Late Latin scindula, from Latin scandula, from Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”), from *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of shindle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shingle (plural shingles)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1760, John Ray, Select Remains of the Learned John Ray, M.A. and F.R.S., page 123:",
"text": "I reached St. Asaph, a Bishop's See, where there is a very poor Cathedral Church, covered with Shingles or Tiles",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small, thin piece of building material, often with one end thicker than the other, for laying in overlapping rows as a covering for the roof or sides of a building."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-noun-keXkeFni",
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"thin",
"thin"
],
[
"piece",
"piece"
],
[
"building",
"building"
],
[
"material",
"material"
],
[
"row",
"row"
],
[
"roof",
"roof"
],
[
"side",
"side"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "shklesë"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "ballanike"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "dhogë"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "tjegull"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "hónta",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "гонта"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "chr",
"lang": "Cherokee",
"roman": "svdalugi",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "ᏒᏓᎷᎩ"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "šindel"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "ŝindo"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "takspónur"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "päre"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "kattopäre"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "kattolaatta"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "paanu"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bardeau"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "tella"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Schindel"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "zsindely"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "päre"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "scandola"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"alt": "こけらいた kokera ita",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "杮板"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"alt": "こけら kokera",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "杮"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "lld",
"lang": "Ladin",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "scintla"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "scandula"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "šíndra",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ши́ндра"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "mzn",
"lang": "Mazanderani",
"roman": "lat",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "لت"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "seingl'ye"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "pedavra, padavra",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "پداوره"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "şendere, şindere",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "شندره"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "šingel",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "شینگل"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Schindel"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gont"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "szyndzioł"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "telha"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "șindrilă"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dránka",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "дра́нка"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šíndelʹ",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ши́ндель"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "sgs",
"lang": "Samogitian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "guonts"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "šindeľ"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "teja"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tablilla"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "gont",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ґонт"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 7 6 0",
"code": "wym",
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "śynduł"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A rectangular piece of steel obtained by means of a shingling process involving hammering of puddled steel."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-noun-OnR7Qh8X",
"links": [
[
"rectangular",
"rectangular"
],
[
"piece",
"piece"
],
[
"steel",
"steel"
],
[
"obtained",
"obtained"
],
[
"shingling",
"shingling"
],
[
"hammering",
"hammering"
],
[
"puddled",
"puddled"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2016, Colson Whitehead, The Underground Railroad, Fleet (2017), page 311:",
"text": "He [...] hung a shingle as a barber.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022, Peter S. Canellos, interviewed by Ronald Collins in eGreater than Holmes? The life and legacy of John Marshall Harlan, SCOTUSblog, April 13 2022",
"text": "When [these attorneys] were born, in the early decades of the 19th century, being a lawyer meant putting out a shingle and representing your neighbors."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small signboard designating a professional office; this may be both a physical signboard or a metaphoric term for a small production company (a production shingle)."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-noun-xIDrUORM",
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"signboard",
"signboard"
],
[
"professional",
"professional"
],
[
"office",
"office"
],
[
"physical",
"physical"
],
[
"metaphoric",
"metaphoric"
],
[
"production",
"production"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 2 88 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "tabela",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "табела"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 2 88 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"word": "nimikyltti"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 2 88 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Firmenschild"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 2 88 5",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"word": "névtábla"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 2 88 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "targa"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Computational linguistics",
"orig": "en:Computational linguistics",
"parents": [
"Computer science",
"Linguistics",
"Computing",
"Sciences",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Communication",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 8 19 11 9 19 1 4 5 10 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 6 27 17 7 18 3 3 2 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 9 8 21 8 6 26 2 3 4 9 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 20 37 5 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Belarusian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 19 37 5 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 18 38 5 8 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cherokee translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 9 17 13 10 19 2 4 3 12 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 17 40 6 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 22 36 5 9 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 9 18 12 10 21 2 4 2 9 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 20 38 5 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 8 21 14 8 21 3 5 2 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 15 41 4 7 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 17 39 6 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ingrian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 17 40 6 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 20 38 6 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ladin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 17 40 6 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 22 36 5 9 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 13 17 38 5 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mazanderani translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 22 36 5 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norman translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 19 34 4 12 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 22 36 5 10 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 12 58 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 11 17 31 10 12 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 11 21 38 4 11 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 20 38 5 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 22 36 5 9 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Samogitian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 22 36 5 9 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 20 38 5 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 13 16 47 4 6 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vilamovian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1997 September 1, Andrei Z. Broder, Steven C. Glassman, Mark S. Manasse, Geoffrey Zweig, “Syntactic clustering of the Web”, in Computer Networks and ISDN Systems (Papers from the Sixth International World Wide Web Conference), volume 29, number 8, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 1157–1166:",
"text": "In the second phase, we produce a list of all the shingles and the documents they appear in, sorted by shingle value.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A word-based n-gram."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-noun-IJ52tiKU",
"links": [
[
"computational linguistics",
"computational linguistics"
],
[
"word",
"word"
],
[
"n-gram",
"n-gram"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(computational linguistics) A word-based n-gram."
],
"topics": [
"computational",
"computing",
"engineering",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "shindle"
}
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hang out one's shingle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "shingle up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "shingler"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "solar shingle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "w-shingling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "shingly"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sek-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "shyngel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English shyngel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċingul"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċingul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skindulā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skindulā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "scindula"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin scindula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "scandula"
},
"expansion": "Latin scandula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sked-",
"4": "",
"5": "to split, scatter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shindle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of shindle",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English shyngel, from Old English sċingul, a late variant of sċindel, from Proto-West Germanic *skindulā, borrowed from Late Latin scindula, from Latin scandula, from Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”), from *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of shindle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shingling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shingled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shingled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shingle (third-person singular simple present shingles, present participle shingling, simple past and past participle shingled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "shake"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "tile"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To cover with small, thin pieces of building material, with shingles."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-verb-bH8crHZR",
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover"
],
[
"shingles",
"shingles"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To cover with small, thin pieces of building material, with shingles."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "mbuloj me dhoga"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "barder"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "mit Schindeln decken"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "zsindelyez"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "zsindellyel fed"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "ricoprire con tegole"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "telhar"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "entelhar"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "șindrili"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 10 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "techar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, like shingles on a roof."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-verb-eoWp8JiE",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, like shingles on a roof."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To increase the storage density of (a hard disk) by writing tracks that partially overlap."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-verb-CFtRo3cf",
"links": [
[
"storage",
"storage"
],
[
"density",
"density"
],
[
"hard disk",
"hard disk"
],
[
"track",
"track"
],
[
"overlap",
"overlap"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To increase the storage density of (a hard disk) by writing tracks that partially overlap."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
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},
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "shindle"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Shake (shingle)"
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "chingler",
"4": "",
"5": "to strap, whip"
},
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"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "cingula",
"4": "",
"5": "girt, belt"
},
"expansion": "Latin cingula (“girt, belt”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From dialectal French chingler (“to strap, whip”), from Latin cingula (“girt, belt”), from cingere (“to girt”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shingling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shingled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shingled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
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}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Manufacturing",
"orig": "en:Manufacturing",
"parents": [
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 9 17 13 10 19 2 4 3 12 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To hammer and squeeze material in order to expel cinder and impurities from it, as in metallurgy."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-verb-gNRcxaHy",
"links": [
[
"manufacturing",
"manufacturing#Noun"
],
[
"hammer",
"hammer"
],
[
"squeeze",
"squeeze"
],
[
"cinder",
"cinder"
],
[
"metallurgy",
"metallurgy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, manufacturing) To hammer and squeeze material in order to expel cinder and impurities from it, as in metallurgy."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"manufacturing"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To beat with a shingle."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-verb-6SG-v54V",
"links": [
[
"beat",
"beat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To beat with a shingle."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
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"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "chingler",
"4": "",
"5": "to strap, whip"
},
"expansion": "French chingler (“to strap, whip”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "cingula",
"4": "",
"5": "girt, belt"
},
"expansion": "Latin cingula (“girt, belt”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From dialectal French chingler (“to strap, whip”), from Latin cingula (“girt, belt”), from cingere (“to girt”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shingle (plural shingles)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 8 8 19 11 9 19 1 4 5 10 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 9 17 13 10 19 2 4 3 12 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 9 18 12 10 21 2 4 2 9 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 8 21 14 8 21 3 5 2 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A punitive strap such as a belt."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-noun--fnUGzJO",
"links": [
[
"strap",
"strap"
],
[
"belt",
"belt"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Any paddle used for corporal punishment."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-noun-9SJzWMCn",
"links": [
[
"paddle",
"paddle"
],
[
"corporal punishment",
"corporal punishment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Any paddle used for corporal punishment."
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "shingly"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "shingel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English shingel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "singel",
"3": "",
"4": "pebble(s)"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål singel (“pebble(s)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "singel",
"3": "",
"4": "pebble(s)"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk singel (“pebble(s)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "singel",
"3": "",
"4": "gravel"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian singel (“gravel”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English shingel, chingel, singel (“gravel, pebbles”), cognate with Norwegian Bokmål singel (“pebble(s)”), Norwegian Nynorsk singel (“pebble(s)”), and North Frisian singel (“gravel”), imitative of the sound of water running over such pebbles.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "shingle (countable and uncountable, plural shingles)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 8 8 19 11 9 19 1 4 5 10 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 9 8 21 8 6 26 2 3 4 9 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 8 20 11 9 27 2 2 1 7 1",
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"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 11 17 11 10 22 2 4 2 9 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 9 17 13 10 19 2 4 3 12 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 8 17 15 9 22 4 5 3 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 9 18 12 10 21 2 4 2 9 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 8 17 15 9 23 4 5 3 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 8 21 14 8 21 3 5 2 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 8 20 13 9 24 3 4 2 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 8 19 15 8 24 3 4 2 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 9 17 11 10 22 2 6 2 9 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 7 20 13 8 27 3 4 2 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1867, Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach:",
"text": "And naked shingles of the world.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property):",
"text": "You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted \"hoggin\" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 2, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL, number 969, page 57:",
"text": "One can't escape the huge nuclear facility at Sellafield (supplier of much of the line's remaining freight traffic), or miss the wild shingle beaches with exposed and precarious bungalows sandwiched between the railway and the shore at Braystones.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Small, smooth pebbles, as found on a beach."
],
"id": "en-shingle-en-noun-E7wmifEt",
"links": [
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"beach",
"beach"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"word": "guralecë"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "oblázky"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grind"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "pikkukivet"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "galets"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kiesel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kieselstein"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ciottolo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gálʹka",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "га́лька"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mol"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"word": "guijarro"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sek-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
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"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cherokee translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Ladin translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mazanderani translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Samogitian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vilamovian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "architectural shingle"
},
{
"word": "asphalt shingle"
},
{
"word": "dimensional shingle"
},
{
"word": "hang a shingle"
},
{
"word": "shingle cap"
},
{
"word": "shingle oak"
},
{
"word": "shit on a shingle"
},
{
"word": "square tab shingle"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sek-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "shyngel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English shyngel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċingul"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċingul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skindulā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skindulā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "scindula"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin scindula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "scandula"
},
"expansion": "Latin scandula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sked-",
"4": "",
"5": "to split, scatter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shindle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of shindle",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English shyngel, from Old English sċingul, a late variant of sċindel, from Proto-West Germanic *skindulā, borrowed from Late Latin scindula, from Latin scandula, from Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”), from *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of shindle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shingle (plural shingles)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1760, John Ray, Select Remains of the Learned John Ray, M.A. and F.R.S., page 123:",
"text": "I reached St. Asaph, a Bishop's See, where there is a very poor Cathedral Church, covered with Shingles or Tiles",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small, thin piece of building material, often with one end thicker than the other, for laying in overlapping rows as a covering for the roof or sides of a building."
],
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"thin",
"thin"
],
[
"piece",
"piece"
],
[
"building",
"building"
],
[
"material",
"material"
],
[
"row",
"row"
],
[
"roof",
"roof"
],
[
"side",
"side"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A rectangular piece of steel obtained by means of a shingling process involving hammering of puddled steel."
],
"links": [
[
"rectangular",
"rectangular"
],
[
"piece",
"piece"
],
[
"steel",
"steel"
],
[
"obtained",
"obtained"
],
[
"shingling",
"shingling"
],
[
"hammering",
"hammering"
],
[
"puddled",
"puddled"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2016, Colson Whitehead, The Underground Railroad, Fleet (2017), page 311:",
"text": "He [...] hung a shingle as a barber.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022, Peter S. Canellos, interviewed by Ronald Collins in eGreater than Holmes? The life and legacy of John Marshall Harlan, SCOTUSblog, April 13 2022",
"text": "When [these attorneys] were born, in the early decades of the 19th century, being a lawyer meant putting out a shingle and representing your neighbors."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small signboard designating a professional office; this may be both a physical signboard or a metaphoric term for a small production company (a production shingle)."
],
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"signboard",
"signboard"
],
[
"professional",
"professional"
],
[
"office",
"office"
],
[
"physical",
"physical"
],
[
"metaphoric",
"metaphoric"
],
[
"production",
"production"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Computational linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1997 September 1, Andrei Z. Broder, Steven C. Glassman, Mark S. Manasse, Geoffrey Zweig, “Syntactic clustering of the Web”, in Computer Networks and ISDN Systems (Papers from the Sixth International World Wide Web Conference), volume 29, number 8, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 1157–1166:",
"text": "In the second phase, we produce a list of all the shingles and the documents they appear in, sorted by shingle value.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A word-based n-gram."
],
"links": [
[
"computational linguistics",
"computational linguistics"
],
[
"word",
"word"
],
[
"n-gram",
"n-gram"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(computational linguistics) A word-based n-gram."
],
"topics": [
"computational",
"computing",
"engineering",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "shindle"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "shklesë"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "ballanike"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "dhogë"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "tjegull"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "hónta",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "гонта"
},
{
"code": "chr",
"lang": "Cherokee",
"roman": "svdalugi",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "ᏒᏓᎷᎩ"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "šindel"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "ŝindo"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "takspónur"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "päre"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "kattopäre"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "kattolaatta"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "paanu"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bardeau"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "tella"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Schindel"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "zsindely"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "päre"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "scandola"
},
{
"alt": "こけらいた kokera ita",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "杮板"
},
{
"alt": "こけら kokera",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "杮"
},
{
"code": "lld",
"lang": "Ladin",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "scintla"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "scandula"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "šíndra",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ши́ндра"
},
{
"code": "mzn",
"lang": "Mazanderani",
"roman": "lat",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "لت"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "seingl'ye"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "pedavra, padavra",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "پداوره"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "şendere, şindere",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "شندره"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "šingel",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"word": "شینگل"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Schindel"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gont"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "szyndzioł"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "telha"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "șindrilă"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dránka",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "дра́нка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šíndelʹ",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ши́ндель"
},
{
"code": "sgs",
"lang": "Samogitian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "guonts"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "šindeľ"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "teja"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tablilla"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "gont",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ґонт"
},
{
"code": "wym",
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"sense": "small, thin piece of building material",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "śynduł"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "tabela",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "табела"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"word": "nimikyltti"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Firmenschild"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"word": "névtábla"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "small signboard designating a professional office",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "targa"
}
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sek-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cherokee translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Ladin translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mazanderani translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Samogitian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vilamovian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hang out one's shingle"
},
{
"word": "shingle up"
},
{
"word": "shingler"
},
{
"word": "shingly"
},
{
"word": "solar shingle"
},
{
"word": "w-shingling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sek-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "shyngel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English shyngel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċingul"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċingul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skindulā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skindulā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "scindula"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin scindula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "scandula"
},
"expansion": "Latin scandula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sked-",
"4": "",
"5": "to split, scatter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shindle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of shindle",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English shyngel, from Old English sċingul, a late variant of sċindel, from Proto-West Germanic *skindulā, borrowed from Late Latin scindula, from Latin scandula, from Proto-Indo-European *sked- (“to split, scatter”), from *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of shindle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shingling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shingled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shingled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shingle (third-person singular simple present shingles, present participle shingling, simple past and past participle shingled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "shake"
},
{
"word": "tile"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To cover with small, thin pieces of building material, with shingles."
],
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover"
],
[
"shingles",
"shingles"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To cover with small, thin pieces of building material, with shingles."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, like shingles on a roof."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, like shingles on a roof."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To increase the storage density of (a hard disk) by writing tracks that partially overlap."
],
"links": [
[
"storage",
"storage"
],
[
"density",
"density"
],
[
"hard disk",
"hard disk"
],
[
"track",
"track"
],
[
"overlap",
"overlap"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To increase the storage density of (a hard disk) by writing tracks that partially overlap."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "shindle"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "mbuloj me dhoga"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "barder"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "mit Schindeln decken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "zsindelyez"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "zsindellyel fed"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "ricoprire con tegole"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "telhar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "entelhar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "șindrili"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to cover with shingles (building material)",
"word": "techar"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Shake (shingle)"
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "chingler",
"4": "",
"5": "to strap, whip"
},
"expansion": "French chingler (“to strap, whip”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "cingula",
"4": "",
"5": "girt, belt"
},
"expansion": "Latin cingula (“girt, belt”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From dialectal French chingler (“to strap, whip”), from Latin cingula (“girt, belt”), from cingere (“to girt”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shingling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shingled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shingled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shingle (third-person singular simple present shingles, present participle shingling, simple past and past participle shingled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Manufacturing"
],
"glosses": [
"To hammer and squeeze material in order to expel cinder and impurities from it, as in metallurgy."
],
"links": [
[
"manufacturing",
"manufacturing#Noun"
],
[
"hammer",
"hammer"
],
[
"squeeze",
"squeeze"
],
[
"cinder",
"cinder"
],
[
"metallurgy",
"metallurgy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, manufacturing) To hammer and squeeze material in order to expel cinder and impurities from it, as in metallurgy."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"manufacturing"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To beat with a shingle."
],
"links": [
[
"beat",
"beat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To beat with a shingle."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "chingler",
"4": "",
"5": "to strap, whip"
},
"expansion": "French chingler (“to strap, whip”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "cingula",
"4": "",
"5": "girt, belt"
},
"expansion": "Latin cingula (“girt, belt”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From dialectal French chingler (“to strap, whip”), from Latin cingula (“girt, belt”), from cingere (“to girt”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shingle (plural shingles)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A punitive strap such as a belt."
],
"links": [
[
"strap",
"strap"
],
[
"belt",
"belt"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Any paddle used for corporal punishment."
],
"links": [
[
"paddle",
"paddle"
],
[
"corporal punishment",
"corporal punishment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Any paddle used for corporal punishment."
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"word": "shingle"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl",
"Rhymes:English/ɪŋɡəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "shingly"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "shingel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English shingel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "singel",
"3": "",
"4": "pebble(s)"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål singel (“pebble(s)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "singel",
"3": "",
"4": "pebble(s)"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk singel (“pebble(s)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "singel",
"3": "",
"4": "gravel"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian singel (“gravel”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English shingel, chingel, singel (“gravel, pebbles”), cognate with Norwegian Bokmål singel (“pebble(s)”), Norwegian Nynorsk singel (“pebble(s)”), and North Frisian singel (“gravel”), imitative of the sound of water running over such pebbles.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shingles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "shingle (countable and uncountable, plural shingles)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1867, Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach:",
"text": "And naked shingles of the world.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property):",
"text": "You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted \"hoggin\" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 2, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL, number 969, page 57:",
"text": "One can't escape the huge nuclear facility at Sellafield (supplier of much of the line's remaining freight traffic), or miss the wild shingle beaches with exposed and precarious bungalows sandwiched between the railway and the shore at Braystones.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Small, smooth pebbles, as found on a beach."
],
"links": [
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"beach",
"beach"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃɪŋ.ɡəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shingle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shingle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪŋɡəl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"word": "guralecë"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "oblázky"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grind"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "pikkukivet"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "galets"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kiesel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kieselstein"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ciottolo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gálʹka",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "га́лька"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mol"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "small, smooth pebbles",
"word": "guijarro"
}
],
"word": "shingle"
}
Download raw JSONL data for shingle meaning in English (29.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.