See pugnacious in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pewǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin, from a derivative of pugnāx, from pugnō (“I fight”), from pugnus (“fist”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more pugnacious",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most pugnacious",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pugnacious (comparative more pugnacious, superlative most pugnacious)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kazakh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Personality",
"orig": "en:Personality",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "pugnaciously"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1858, Anthony Trollope, chapter 3, in Dr Thorne:",
"text": "Not that the doctor was a bully, or even pugnacious, in the usual sense of the word; he had no disposition to provoke a fight, no propense love of quarrelling.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1904, Jack London, chapter 15, in The Sea-Wolf (Macmillan’s Standard Library), New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, →OCLC:",
"text": "As he made the demand he spat out a mouthful of blood and teeth and shoved his pugnacious face close to Oofty-Oofty.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003, Ken Follett, Hornet Flight, →ISBN, pages 249–250:",
"text": "In the face of bad news Churchill normally became even more pugnacious, always wanting to respond to defeat by going on the attack.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2014 October 21, Oliver Brown, “Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):",
"text": "[I]n the 575 days since [Oscar] Pistorius shot dead his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp, there has been an unseemly scramble to construct revisionist histories, to identify evidence beneath that placid exterior of a pugnacious, hair-trigger personality.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2019 February 27, Drachinifel, 29:50 from the start, in The Battle of Samar - Odds? What are those?, archived from the original on 2022-11-03:",
"text": "Of course the Johnston swings around to engage the entire flotilla, and, despite taking several more hits, Johnston successfully forces away the first two ships, which leads to the entire squadron taking a detour to avoid the single pugnacious ship.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Naturally aggressive or hostile; combative; belligerent; bellicose."
],
"id": "en-pugnacious-en-adj-ThP6XJc4",
"links": [
[
"aggressive",
"aggressive"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"combative",
"combative"
],
[
"belligerent",
"belligerent"
],
[
"bellicose",
"bellicose"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "impugn"
},
{
"word": "poniard"
},
{
"word": "pugilism"
},
{
"word": "pugnacity"
},
{
"word": "repugn"
},
{
"word": "repugnant"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "svadliv",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "свадлив"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaç"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "好戰的"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hàozhàn de",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "好战的"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "好鬥的"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hàodòu de",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "好斗的"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "strijdlustig"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "vechtlustig"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "vijandig"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "taistelunhaluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnace"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaz"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "kampflustig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "streitsüchtig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "streitlustig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "rauflustig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "kampfeslustig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "kämpferisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "aggressiv"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "trodach"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnace"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "sotqar",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "сотқар"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "töbeleskış",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "төбелескіш"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "töbelesşıl",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "төбелесшіл"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnāx"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pukungangare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "ririhau"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "stridslysten"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaç"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "wojowniczy"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "awanturniczy"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnace"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "belicoso"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dračlívyj",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "драчли́вый"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "ратоборан"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "ratoboran"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaz"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "belicoso"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "stridslysten"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pʌɡˈneɪ.ʃəs/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪʃəs"
}
],
"word": "pugnacious"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "pugnaciously"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pewǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin, from a derivative of pugnāx, from pugnō (“I fight”), from pugnus (“fist”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more pugnacious",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most pugnacious",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pugnacious (comparative more pugnacious, superlative most pugnacious)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "impugn"
},
{
"word": "poniard"
},
{
"word": "pugilism"
},
{
"word": "pugnacity"
},
{
"word": "repugn"
},
{
"word": "repugnant"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pewǵ-",
"English terms with quotations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/eɪʃəs",
"Rhymes:English/eɪʃəs/3 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"en:Personality"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1858, Anthony Trollope, chapter 3, in Dr Thorne:",
"text": "Not that the doctor was a bully, or even pugnacious, in the usual sense of the word; he had no disposition to provoke a fight, no propense love of quarrelling.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1904, Jack London, chapter 15, in The Sea-Wolf (Macmillan’s Standard Library), New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, →OCLC:",
"text": "As he made the demand he spat out a mouthful of blood and teeth and shoved his pugnacious face close to Oofty-Oofty.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003, Ken Follett, Hornet Flight, →ISBN, pages 249–250:",
"text": "In the face of bad news Churchill normally became even more pugnacious, always wanting to respond to defeat by going on the attack.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2014 October 21, Oliver Brown, “Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):",
"text": "[I]n the 575 days since [Oscar] Pistorius shot dead his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp, there has been an unseemly scramble to construct revisionist histories, to identify evidence beneath that placid exterior of a pugnacious, hair-trigger personality.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2019 February 27, Drachinifel, 29:50 from the start, in The Battle of Samar - Odds? What are those?, archived from the original on 2022-11-03:",
"text": "Of course the Johnston swings around to engage the entire flotilla, and, despite taking several more hits, Johnston successfully forces away the first two ships, which leads to the entire squadron taking a detour to avoid the single pugnacious ship.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Naturally aggressive or hostile; combative; belligerent; bellicose."
],
"links": [
[
"aggressive",
"aggressive"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"combative",
"combative"
],
[
"belligerent",
"belligerent"
],
[
"bellicose",
"bellicose"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pʌɡˈneɪ.ʃəs/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pugnacious.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪʃəs"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "svadliv",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "свадлив"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaç"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "好戰的"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hàozhàn de",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "好战的"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "好鬥的"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hàodòu de",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "好斗的"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "strijdlustig"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "vechtlustig"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "vijandig"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "vijandig"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "taistelunhaluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnace"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaz"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "kampflustig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "streitsüchtig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "streitlustig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "rauflustig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "kampfeslustig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "kämpferisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "aggressiv"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "trodach"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnace"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "sotqar",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "сотқар"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "töbeleskış",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "төбелескіш"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "töbelesşıl",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "төбелесшіл"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnāx"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pukungangare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "ririhau"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "stridslysten"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaç"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "wojowniczy"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "awanturniczy"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnace"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "belicoso"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dračlívyj",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "драчли́вый"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "ратоборан"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "ratoboran"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "pugnaz"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "belicoso"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "aggressive, belligerent",
"word": "stridslysten"
}
],
"word": "pugnacious"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pugnacious meaning in English (8.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.