See impugn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "impugnable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "impugner"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "impugnment"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "impugnation"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pewǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "impugner"
},
"expansion": "Middle French impugner",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "impugnō"
},
"expansion": "Latin impugnō",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French impugner, from Latin impugnō, from im- + pugnō (“fight”), from pugnus (“fist”), as in English pugilism (“fighting with fists, boxing”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "impugns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "impugning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "impugned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "impugned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "impugn (third-person singular simple present impugns, present participle impugning, simple past and past participle impugned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To assault, attack."
],
"id": "en-impugn-en-verb-hn3m3~iU",
"links": [
[
"assault",
"assault"
],
[
"attack",
"attack"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) To assault, attack."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "napadnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "aanvallen"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "attaquer"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "angreifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "arremeter"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "vilipendiar"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "attackera"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "angripa"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "authenticate"
},
{
"word": "endorse"
},
{
"word": "support"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 89",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "For quotations using this term, see Citations:impugn."
},
{
"ref": "2023 March 13, Mark Sappenfield, “Governing wisely”, in The Christian Science Monitor:",
"text": "[The fact] that Americans’ trust in government is at historic lows […] makes it easier for politicians to impugn the system – courts, parties, and institutions.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To verbally assault, especially to argue against an opinion, motive, or action; to question the truth or validity of."
],
"id": "en-impugn-en-verb-nTHN-0ky",
"links": [
[
"assault",
"assault"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To verbally assault, especially to argue against an opinion, motive, or action; to question the truth or validity of."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "call into question"
},
{
"word": "challenge"
},
{
"word": "contest"
},
{
"word": "contradict"
},
{
"word": "deny"
},
{
"word": "disavow"
},
{
"word": "dispute"
},
{
"word": "oppugn"
},
{
"word": "negate"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "oprovergavam",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "опровергавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "bestrijden"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "weerspreken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "kyseenalaistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "kiistää"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "contredire"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "widersprechen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "bestreiten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "anfechten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ónomai",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "ὄνομαι"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "bestrida"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "ifrågasätta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "osporvam",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "оспорвам"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "zpochybňovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zpochybnit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "betwisten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "kyseenalaistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "contester"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "angreifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "in Zweifel ziehen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "bestreiten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "infrage stellen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "anfechten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "osparivatʹ",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "оспаривать"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "подвергать сомнению"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "impugnar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "ifrågasätta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "jäva"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "osporjuvaty",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "оспорювати"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "stavyty pid sumniv",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "ставити під сумнів"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪmˈpjuːn/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-impugn.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/En-us-impugn.ogg/En-us-impugn.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/En-us-impugn.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːn"
},
{
"homophone": "impune"
}
],
"word": "impugn"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms borrowed from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pewǵ-",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/uːn",
"Rhymes:English/uːn/2 syllables",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "impugnable"
},
{
"word": "impugner"
},
{
"word": "impugnment"
},
{
"word": "impugnation"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pewǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "impugner"
},
"expansion": "Middle French impugner",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "impugnō"
},
"expansion": "Latin impugnō",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French impugner, from Latin impugnō, from im- + pugnō (“fight”), from pugnus (“fist”), as in English pugilism (“fighting with fists, boxing”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "impugns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "impugning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "impugned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "impugned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "impugn (third-person singular simple present impugns, present participle impugning, simple past and past participle impugned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To assault, attack."
],
"links": [
[
"assault",
"assault"
],
[
"attack",
"attack"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) To assault, attack."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "authenticate"
},
{
"word": "endorse"
},
{
"word": "support"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "For quotations using this term, see Citations:impugn."
},
{
"ref": "2023 March 13, Mark Sappenfield, “Governing wisely”, in The Christian Science Monitor:",
"text": "[The fact] that Americans’ trust in government is at historic lows […] makes it easier for politicians to impugn the system – courts, parties, and institutions.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To verbally assault, especially to argue against an opinion, motive, or action; to question the truth or validity of."
],
"links": [
[
"assault",
"assault"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To verbally assault, especially to argue against an opinion, motive, or action; to question the truth or validity of."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "call into question"
},
{
"word": "challenge"
},
{
"word": "contest"
},
{
"word": "contradict"
},
{
"word": "deny"
},
{
"word": "disavow"
},
{
"word": "dispute"
},
{
"word": "oppugn"
},
{
"word": "negate"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪmˈpjuːn/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-impugn.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/En-us-impugn.ogg/En-us-impugn.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/En-us-impugn.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːn"
},
{
"homophone": "impune"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "napadnout"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "aanvallen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "attaquer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "angreifen"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "arremeter"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "vilipendiar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "attackera"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "To assault, attack",
"word": "angripa"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "oprovergavam",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "опровергавам"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "bestrijden"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "weerspreken"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "kyseenalaistaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "kiistää"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "contredire"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "widersprechen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "bestreiten"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "anfechten"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ónomai",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "ὄνομαι"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "bestrida"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "A rejoinder using a false equivalence; to imply using a disingenuous argument while arguing against an opinion, motive, or action",
"word": "ifrågasätta"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "osporvam",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "оспорвам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "zpochybňovat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zpochybnit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "betwisten"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "kyseenalaistaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "contester"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "angreifen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "in Zweifel ziehen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "bestreiten"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "infrage stellen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "anfechten"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "osparivatʹ",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "оспаривать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "подвергать сомнению"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "impugnar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "ifrågasätta"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "jäva"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "osporjuvaty",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "оспорювати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "stavyty pid sumniv",
"sense": "question the validity of",
"word": "ставити під сумнів"
}
],
"word": "impugn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for impugn meaning in English (8.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.