See espionage in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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{
"args": {
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"2": "fr",
"3": "espionnage"
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"expansion": "French espionnage",
"name": "bor"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "espionner",
"t": "to spy"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "fro",
"3": "espion",
"t": "spy"
},
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{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*spehōną",
"t": "to spy, peek, peer"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "spione",
"t": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Italian spione (“spy”)",
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],
"etymology_text": "Recorded since 1793, from French espionnage, from espionner (“to spy”), from Middle French espionner (“to spy”), from espion (“spy”), from Old French espion (“spy”), from Frankish *spehō (“spy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy”), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy, peek, peer”). In modern times, the French pronunciation of the s, which had fallen silent since the 13th century, was restored due to the influence of Italian spione (“spy”), and was therefore also adopted by the English. More at spy.",
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{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Espionage",
"orig": "en:Espionage",
"parents": [
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"Secrecy",
"Security",
"Ethics",
"Human behaviour",
"Society",
"Philosophy",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "reconnaissance"
},
{
"word": "undercover"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "counterespionage"
},
{
"word": "counter-espionage"
},
{
"word": "industrial espionage"
},
{
"word": "lexpionage"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1859, George Meredith, chapter 16, in The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. A History of Father and Son. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC:",
"text": "So intolerable did Heavy Benson's espionage become, that Raynham would have grown depopulated of its womankind had not Adrian interfered, who pointed out to the Baronet what a fearful arm his butler was wielding.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003 June 20, Joseph Purdy, “Totally Switched”, in Totally Spies!, season 2, episode 19, spoken by Alexandra “Alex” (Andrea Taylor as Clover and Katie Leigh), Marathon Media, via Teletoon:",
"text": "What a freak show! I mean, how often do you meet a wrestling librarian?\nYeah, about as often as you meet a high schoolgirl involved in international espionage… Okay, bad example.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act or process of learning secret information through clandestine means."
],
"id": "en-espionage-en-noun-en:Q165950",
"links": [
[
"clandestine",
"clandestine"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "tradecraft"
},
{
"word": "spycraft"
},
{
"word": "spywork"
}
],
"senseid": [
"en:Q165950"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "spying"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "spioenasie"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spiunazh"
},
{
"code": "am",
"lang": "Amharic",
"roman": "səläla",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ስለላ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tajassus",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "تَجَسُّس"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jāsūsiyya",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "جَاسُوسِيَّة"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "lrtesutʻyun",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "լրտեսություն"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "casusluq"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "espioitza"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "špijanáž",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шпіяна́ж"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "špionáž",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шпиона́ж"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espionatge"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "間諜活動"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiàndié huódòng",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "间谍活动"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "špionáž"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "spionage"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spionage"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "spionado"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "spionaaž"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "vakoilu"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espionnage"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espionaxe"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šṗionaži",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "შპიონაჟი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "agenṭura",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "აგენტურა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Spionage"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kataskopía",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κατασκοπία"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kataskopeía",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κατασκοπεία"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ריגול"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "rigúl",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "רִגּוּל"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "jāsūsī",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "जासूसी"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "kémkedés"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "njósnir"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "njósn"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "spionase"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spionaggio"
},
{
"alt": "スパイこうい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "supai kōi",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "スパイ行為"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "tyñşylyq",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "тыңшылық"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "caarĕəʼ kam",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ចារកម្ម"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seupai haeng'wi",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "스파이 행위"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "cesûsî"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "sîxurî"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "şpionaj",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "шпионаж"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "chā ra kam",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ຈາຣະກັມ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "speculatio"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spiegošana"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "žvalgyba"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "špionáža",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "шпиона́жа"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "pengintipan"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "mahi tūtei"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "tūteitanga"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "tagnuul",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "тагнуул"
},
{
"code": "zdj",
"lang": "Ngazidja Comorian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"class-11"
],
"word": "udjasusi"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spionasje"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "jāsūsī",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "جاسوسي"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "jâsusi",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "جاسوسی"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "szpiegostwo"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "wywiad"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espionagem"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "spionaj"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "špionáž",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шпиона́ж"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "шпијуна́жа"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "špijunáža"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "špionáž"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vohunstvo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espionaje"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "spioneri"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "spionage"
},
{
"code": "tab",
"lang": "Tabasaran",
"roman": "žasusval",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "жасусвал"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "pagbatyaw"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "josusi",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ҷосусӣ"
},
{
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "vēgu",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "వేగు"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "jaa-rá-gam",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "จารกรรม"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "espiyonaj"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "casusluk"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "špyhúnstvo",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "шпигу́нство"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "špionáž",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шпіона́ж"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "jāsūsī",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "جاسوسی"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "jasusluq",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "جاسۇسلۇق"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "josuslik"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "shpionlik"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "hoạt động tình báo"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "shpyonazh",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "שפּיאָנאַזש"
}
],
"wikidata": [
"Q165950"
],
"wikipedia": [
"espionage"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛs.pi.əˌnɑːʒ/"
},
{
"enpr": "ĕsʹ-pē-ə-näzh"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-espionage.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-espionage.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-espionage.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"enpr": "-năzh",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"enpr": "-nizh",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
}
],
"word": "espionage"
}
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "reconnaissance"
},
{
"word": "undercover"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "counterespionage"
},
{
"word": "counter-espionage"
},
{
"word": "industrial espionage"
},
{
"word": "lexpionage"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*speḱ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espionnage"
},
"expansion": "French espionnage",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "espionner",
"t": "to spy"
},
"expansion": "Middle French espionner (“to spy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "espion",
"t": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Old French espion (“spy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*spehō",
"t": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *spehō (“spy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*spehōn",
"t": "to spy"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *spehōn (“to spy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*spehōną",
"t": "to spy, peek, peer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy, peek, peer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "spione",
"t": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Italian spione (“spy”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Recorded since 1793, from French espionnage, from espionner (“to spy”), from Middle French espionner (“to spy”), from espion (“spy”), from Old French espion (“spy”), from Frankish *spehō (“spy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy”), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy, peek, peer”). In modern times, the French pronunciation of the s, which had fallen silent since the 13th century, was restored due to the influence of Italian spione (“spy”), and was therefore also adopted by the English. More at spy.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espionages",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "espionage (countable and uncountable, plural espionages)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "tradecraft"
},
{
"word": "spycraft"
},
{
"word": "spywork"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from Frankish",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *speḱ-",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Japanese translations",
"Requests for review of Korean translations",
"Requests for review of Latin translations",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Amharic translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
"Terms with Lao translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Ngazidja Comorian translations",
"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Pashto translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tabasaran translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Telugu translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Urdu translations",
"Terms with Uyghur translations",
"Terms with Uzbek translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations",
"Urdu terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"en:Espionage"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1859, George Meredith, chapter 16, in The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. A History of Father and Son. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC:",
"text": "So intolerable did Heavy Benson's espionage become, that Raynham would have grown depopulated of its womankind had not Adrian interfered, who pointed out to the Baronet what a fearful arm his butler was wielding.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003 June 20, Joseph Purdy, “Totally Switched”, in Totally Spies!, season 2, episode 19, spoken by Alexandra “Alex” (Andrea Taylor as Clover and Katie Leigh), Marathon Media, via Teletoon:",
"text": "What a freak show! I mean, how often do you meet a wrestling librarian?\nYeah, about as often as you meet a high schoolgirl involved in international espionage… Okay, bad example.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act or process of learning secret information through clandestine means."
],
"links": [
[
"clandestine",
"clandestine"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:Q165950"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q165950"
],
"wikipedia": [
"espionage"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛs.pi.əˌnɑːʒ/"
},
{
"enpr": "ĕsʹ-pē-ə-näzh"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-espionage.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-espionage.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-espionage.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-espionage.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-espionage.wav.ogg"
},
{
"enpr": "-năzh",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"enpr": "-nizh",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "spying"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "spioenasie"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spiunazh"
},
{
"code": "am",
"lang": "Amharic",
"roman": "səläla",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ስለላ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tajassus",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "تَجَسُّس"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jāsūsiyya",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "جَاسُوسِيَّة"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "lrtesutʻyun",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "լրտեսություն"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "casusluq"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "espioitza"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "špijanáž",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шпіяна́ж"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "špionáž",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шпиона́ж"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espionatge"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "間諜活動"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiàndié huódòng",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "间谍活动"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "špionáž"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "spionage"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spionage"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "spionado"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "spionaaž"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "vakoilu"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espionnage"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espionaxe"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šṗionaži",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "შპიონაჟი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "agenṭura",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "აგენტურა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Spionage"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kataskopía",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κατασκοπία"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kataskopeía",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κατασκοπεία"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ריגול"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "rigúl",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "רִגּוּל"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "jāsūsī",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "जासूसी"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "kémkedés"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "njósnir"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "njósn"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "spionase"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spionaggio"
},
{
"alt": "スパイこうい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "supai kōi",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "スパイ行為"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "tyñşylyq",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "тыңшылық"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "caarĕəʼ kam",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ចារកម្ម"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seupai haeng'wi",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "스파이 행위"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "cesûsî"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "sîxurî"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "şpionaj",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "шпионаж"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "chā ra kam",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ຈາຣະກັມ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "speculatio"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spiegošana"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "žvalgyba"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "špionáža",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "шпиона́жа"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "pengintipan"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "mahi tūtei"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "tūteitanga"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "tagnuul",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "тагнуул"
},
{
"code": "zdj",
"lang": "Ngazidja Comorian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"class-11"
],
"word": "udjasusi"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spionasje"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "jāsūsī",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "جاسوسي"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "jâsusi",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "جاسوسی"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "szpiegostwo"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "wywiad"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espionagem"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "spionaj"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "špionáž",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шпиона́ж"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "шпијуна́жа"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "špijunáža"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "špionáž"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vohunstvo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espionaje"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "spioneri"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "spionage"
},
{
"code": "tab",
"lang": "Tabasaran",
"roman": "žasusval",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "жасусвал"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "pagbatyaw"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "josusi",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "ҷосусӣ"
},
{
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "vēgu",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "వేగు"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "jaa-rá-gam",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "จารกรรม"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "espiyonaj"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "casusluk"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "špyhúnstvo",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "шпигу́нство"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "špionáž",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шпіона́ж"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "jāsūsī",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "جاسوسی"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "jasusluq",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "جاسۇسلۇق"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "josuslik"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "shpionlik"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"word": "hoạt động tình báo"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "shpyonazh",
"sense": "act of learning secret information through clandestine means",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "שפּיאָנאַזש"
}
],
"word": "espionage"
}
Download raw JSONL data for espionage meaning in English (19.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.