See Low German in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for Low German meaning in English (19.7kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"english": "High-Dutch",
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"West Germanic languages that are not High German\"",
"word": "High Dutch"
},
{
"english": "includes numerous Upper German and Middle German/Central German dialects from which Standard High German mainly developed",
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"West Germanic languages that are not High German\"",
"word": "High German"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "American Low German",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: American Low German",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: American Low German"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Because northern Germany (Low Germany), where it is spoken, is lower in elevation than southern Germany.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"head": "Low German"
},
"expansion": "Low German (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 44 35 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 62 24 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 54 28 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 47 41 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Languages",
"orig": "en:Languages",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Names",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "LG"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"english": "Low German",
"word": "L. G."
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"english": "German: Ostniederdeutsch",
"word": "East Low German"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"english": "German: Westniederdeutsch",
"word": "West Low German"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Middle Low German"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Old Low German"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "American Low German"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Mennonite Low German"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"english": "East Frisian Low German",
"word": "EFLG"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "West Low German"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A West Germanic language spoken in Low (i.e. Northern) Germany and north-eastern parts of the Netherlands, and formerly also in large parts of eastern and north-eastern Europe, which developed out of Middle Low German from Old Saxon; often treated as a dialect group of German (or Dutch) for convenience, but widely recognized as a separate language."
],
"id": "en-Low_German-en-noun-sR~Vy5eH",
"links": [
[
"West Germanic",
"West Germanic"
],
[
"language",
"language"
],
[
"Low (i.e. Northern) Germany",
"Low Germany"
],
[
"Middle Low German",
"Middle Low German"
],
[
"Old Saxon",
"Old Saxon"
],
[
"German",
"German"
],
[
"Dutch",
"Dutch"
]
],
"meronyms": [
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"alt": "synchronic",
"english": "variety or varieties in the Netherlands",
"word": "Dutch Low Saxon"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "EFLG"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "East Frisian"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Westphalian"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Eastphalian"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Mecklenburgish"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Brandenburgish"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "East Pomeranian"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Low Prussian"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Mennonite Low German"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"english": "variety spoken in America etc.",
"word": "Plautdietsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "New Saxon"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Middle Saxon"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Old Saxon"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"alt": "synchronic",
"word": "Low Saxon"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 27 26",
"word": "Low Franconian"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 38 14",
"sense": "diachronic",
"word": "New Low Saxon"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 38 14",
"sense": "diachronic",
"word": "Old Low German"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "82 13 5",
"sense": "descended from Old Saxon",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Plattdeutsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 13 5",
"sense": "descended from Old Saxon",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Platt"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 13 5",
"sense": "descended from Old Saxon",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Low Saxon"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 13 5",
"sense": "descended from Old Saxon",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Nether-Saxon"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "storin germaneren",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "ստորին գերմաներեն"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "alamaneg izel"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baix alemany"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "低地德語"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dīdì Déyǔ",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "低地德语"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "nedertysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "plattysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "nedersaksisk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nedersaksisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"note": "in a stricter sense",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nederduits"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Platduits"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alamsaksa"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alamsaksa keel"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "lágtýskt"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alasaksa"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alasaksi"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bas saxon"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baixo alemán"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "kvemogermanuli",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "ქვემოგერმანული"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "kvemogermanuli ena",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "ქვემოგერმანული ენა"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "in a stricter sense",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Niederdeutsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Niedersächsisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattdeutsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alnémet"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lágþýska"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "niðursaxneska"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plattþýska"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Gearmáinis Íochtarach"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "basso sassone"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "teichi Doitsu-go",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "低地ドイツ語"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "aalləɨmɑŋ kraom",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "អាល្លឺម៉ង់ក្រោម"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Münsterländisch",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattdütsk (Plattdüütsk n)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Sauerländisch",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattduitsk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-nl",
"lang": "Dutch Low Saxon",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Platduuts"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-nl",
"lang": "Dutch Low Saxon",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Nedersaksies"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-nl",
"lang": "Dutch Low Saxon",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Nedersaksisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattdütsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattdüütsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"Netherlands",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Platdütsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nedderdüütsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Neddersassisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lavtysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nedertysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plattysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "platt-tysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nedersaksisk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lågtysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nedertysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plattysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "platt-tysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nedersaksisk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"note": "often refers specifically to the Mennonite Low German variety",
"roman": "nds",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Plautdietsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dolnoniemiecki"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baixo alemão"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"alt": "язы́к",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nižneneméckij",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "нижненеме́цкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "donjonjemački"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bajo sajón"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "in a stricter sense",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bajo alemán"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "lågtyska"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "plattyska"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "nedersaksiska"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Aşağı Almanca"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Isel Almaeneg"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nederdútsk"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 37 2",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Platdútsk"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "en:Linguistics",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 47 41 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Languages",
"orig": "en:Languages",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Names",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1951, Joseph Wright, A Middle High German primer, 4th ed. revised by M. O'C. Walshe, p. 1",
"text": "(Low Franconian (Dutch) is a dialect of Low German)."
},
{
"ref": "1983, Henry W. Sullivan, Calderón in the German Lands and the Low Countries: his reception and influence, 1654-1980, part of the series Cambridge Iberian and Latin American Studies, published by Cambridge University Press, page 9",
"text": "Low German itself falls into two divisions: a western division, namely Low Franconian, the parent (with the admixture of Frisian and Saxon elements) of Flamish and Dutch; and an eastern division, Low Saxon or, as it is simply called, Low German (Plattdeutsch). High German (Hochdeutsch) became …"
},
{
"ref": "2016 (originally 2001), John M. Jeep (ed.), Michael Frassetto, Joan A. Holladay, Edward R. Haymes, Stephanie Cain Van D'Elden (associate eds.), Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia, published by Routledge (originally by Garland Publishing), p. 266 (section German Language, Dialects)",
"text": "… we may distinguish:\n…\nLow German, containing:\nLow Franconian (lower Rhine), known from some psalm translations.\nOld Saxon (modern Lower Saxony), best known from the poem Heliand."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any of a number of West Germanic languages, primarily spoken in northern Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, that did not undergo the High German consonant shift; the group thereof."
],
"id": "en-Low_German-en-noun-veOMJuMG",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"West Germanic",
"West Germanic"
],
[
"languages",
"languages"
],
[
"Germany",
"Germany"
],
[
"Netherlands",
"Netherlands"
],
[
"Belgium",
"Belgium"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) Any of a number of West Germanic languages, primarily spoken in northern Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, that did not undergo the High German consonant shift; the group thereof."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "43 53 4",
"english": "Low Dutch",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"word": "Low-Dutch"
},
{
"_dis1": "43 53 4",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"word": "Netherdutch"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "40 55 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nederduits"
},
{
"_dis1": "40 55 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bas allemand"
},
{
"_dis1": "40 55 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Niederdeutsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "40 55 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "basso tedesco"
},
{
"_dis1": "40 55 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bajo alemán"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Any of many German dialects that are not the official standard although they are usually referred to only as \"Platt\"."
],
"id": "en-Low_German-en-noun-0RWB~VgI",
"links": [
[
"German",
"German"
],
[
"official",
"official"
],
[
"standard",
"standard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard) Any of many German dialects that are not the official standard although they are usually referred to only as \"Platt\"."
],
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "31 18 17 35",
"word": "Low-German"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Low German"
],
"word": "Low German"
}
{
"etymology_text": "Because northern Germany (Low Germany), where it is spoken, is lower in elevation than southern Germany.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "adjective",
"head": "Low German"
},
"expansion": "Low German",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1983, Philip Baldi, An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages, p. 127 (note: it has the chapters 10 Germanic, 10.2. West Germanic; 10.2.2. German; 10.2.2.1. Low German; 10.2.2.2. High German; 10.2.2.3. Yiddish, the quoted part is from 10.2.2.1.)",
"text": "The Low German group contains, in addition to Old Saxon, Low Franconian, the ancestor of modern Dutch-Flemish, and Afrikans, a sixteenth-century import into South Africa brought by Dutch colonists."
},
{
"ref": "M. Springer, Location in Space and Time, in: 2003, The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, edited by Dennis H. Green and Frank Siegmund, p. 19",
"text": "The linguists distinguish Old Low Franconian from the other Franconian dialects, e. g., Rhenish Franconian. Old Low Franconian belonged to the Low German language group, while the other Franconian dialects belong to High German."
}
],
"glosses": [
"in, of or relating to Low German"
],
"id": "en-Low_German-en-adj-rQjw~EsW",
"related": [
{
"word": "Ingvaeonic"
},
{
"word": "Low Germanic"
},
{
"word": "Low Germany"
},
{
"word": "North Sea Germanic"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Translations",
"word": "Nederduits"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Translations",
"word": "niederdeutsch"
}
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "31 18 17 35",
"word": "Low-German"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Low German"
],
"word": "Low German"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"english": "High-Dutch",
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"West Germanic languages that are not High German\"",
"word": "High Dutch"
},
{
"english": "includes numerous Upper German and Middle German/Central German dialects from which Standard High German mainly developed",
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"West Germanic languages that are not High German\"",
"word": "High German"
}
],
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Translation table header lacks gloss",
"en:Languages"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "LG"
},
{
"english": "Low German",
"word": "L. G."
},
{
"english": "German: Ostniederdeutsch",
"word": "East Low German"
},
{
"english": "German: Westniederdeutsch",
"word": "West Low German"
},
{
"word": "Middle Low German"
},
{
"word": "Old Low German"
},
{
"word": "American Low German"
},
{
"word": "Mennonite Low German"
},
{
"english": "East Frisian Low German",
"word": "EFLG"
},
{
"word": "West Low German"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "American Low German",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: American Low German",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: American Low German"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Because northern Germany (Low Germany), where it is spoken, is lower in elevation than southern Germany.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"head": "Low German"
},
"expansion": "Low German (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"meronyms": [
{
"alt": "synchronic",
"english": "variety or varieties in the Netherlands",
"word": "Dutch Low Saxon"
},
{
"word": "EFLG"
},
{
"word": "East Frisian"
},
{
"word": "Westphalian"
},
{
"word": "Eastphalian"
},
{
"word": "Mecklenburgish"
},
{
"word": "Brandenburgish"
},
{
"word": "East Pomeranian"
},
{
"word": "Low Prussian"
},
{
"word": "Mennonite Low German"
},
{
"english": "variety spoken in America etc.",
"word": "Plautdietsch"
},
{
"sense": "diachronic",
"word": "New Low Saxon"
},
{
"word": "New Saxon"
},
{
"word": "Middle Saxon"
},
{
"word": "Old Saxon"
},
{
"alt": "synchronic",
"word": "Low Saxon"
},
{
"word": "Low Franconian"
},
{
"sense": "diachronic",
"word": "Old Low German"
}
],
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A West Germanic language spoken in Low (i.e. Northern) Germany and north-eastern parts of the Netherlands, and formerly also in large parts of eastern and north-eastern Europe, which developed out of Middle Low German from Old Saxon; often treated as a dialect group of German (or Dutch) for convenience, but widely recognized as a separate language."
],
"links": [
[
"West Germanic",
"West Germanic"
],
[
"language",
"language"
],
[
"Low (i.e. Northern) Germany",
"Low Germany"
],
[
"Middle Low German",
"Middle Low German"
],
[
"Old Saxon",
"Old Saxon"
],
[
"German",
"German"
],
[
"Dutch",
"Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1951, Joseph Wright, A Middle High German primer, 4th ed. revised by M. O'C. Walshe, p. 1",
"text": "(Low Franconian (Dutch) is a dialect of Low German)."
},
{
"ref": "1983, Henry W. Sullivan, Calderón in the German Lands and the Low Countries: his reception and influence, 1654-1980, part of the series Cambridge Iberian and Latin American Studies, published by Cambridge University Press, page 9",
"text": "Low German itself falls into two divisions: a western division, namely Low Franconian, the parent (with the admixture of Frisian and Saxon elements) of Flamish and Dutch; and an eastern division, Low Saxon or, as it is simply called, Low German (Plattdeutsch). High German (Hochdeutsch) became …"
},
{
"ref": "2016 (originally 2001), John M. Jeep (ed.), Michael Frassetto, Joan A. Holladay, Edward R. Haymes, Stephanie Cain Van D'Elden (associate eds.), Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia, published by Routledge (originally by Garland Publishing), p. 266 (section German Language, Dialects)",
"text": "… we may distinguish:\n…\nLow German, containing:\nLow Franconian (lower Rhine), known from some psalm translations.\nOld Saxon (modern Lower Saxony), best known from the poem Heliand."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any of a number of West Germanic languages, primarily spoken in northern Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, that did not undergo the High German consonant shift; the group thereof."
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"West Germanic",
"West Germanic"
],
[
"languages",
"languages"
],
[
"Germany",
"Germany"
],
[
"Netherlands",
"Netherlands"
],
[
"Belgium",
"Belgium"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) Any of a number of West Germanic languages, primarily spoken in northern Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, that did not undergo the High German consonant shift; the group thereof."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English nonstandard terms"
],
"glosses": [
"Any of many German dialects that are not the official standard although they are usually referred to only as \"Platt\"."
],
"links": [
[
"German",
"German"
],
[
"official",
"official"
],
[
"standard",
"standard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard) Any of many German dialects that are not the official standard although they are usually referred to only as \"Platt\"."
],
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "descended from Old Saxon",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Plattdeutsch"
},
{
"sense": "descended from Old Saxon",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Platt"
},
{
"sense": "descended from Old Saxon",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Low Saxon"
},
{
"sense": "descended from Old Saxon",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Nether-Saxon"
},
{
"english": "Low Dutch",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"word": "Low-Dutch"
},
{
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"word": "Netherdutch"
},
{
"word": "Low-German"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "storin germaneren",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "ստորին գերմաներեն"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "alamaneg izel"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baix alemany"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "低地德語"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dīdì Déyǔ",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "低地德语"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "nedertysk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "plattysk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "nedersaksisk"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nedersaksisch"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"note": "in a stricter sense",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nederduits"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Platduits"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alamsaksa"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alamsaksa keel"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "lágtýskt"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alasaksa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alasaksi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bas saxon"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baixo alemán"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "kvemogermanuli",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "ქვემოგერმანული"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "kvemogermanuli ena",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "ქვემოგერმანული ენა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "in a stricter sense",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Niederdeutsch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Niedersächsisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattdeutsch"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "alnémet"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lágþýska"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "niðursaxneska"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plattþýska"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Gearmáinis Íochtarach"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "basso sassone"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "teichi Doitsu-go",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "低地ドイツ語"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "aalləɨmɑŋ kraom",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "អាល្លឺម៉ង់ក្រោម"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Münsterländisch",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattdütsk (Plattdüütsk n)"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Sauerländisch",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattduitsk"
},
{
"code": "nds-nl",
"lang": "Dutch Low Saxon",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Platduuts"
},
{
"code": "nds-nl",
"lang": "Dutch Low Saxon",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Nedersaksies"
},
{
"code": "nds-nl",
"lang": "Dutch Low Saxon",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Nedersaksisch"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattdütsch"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Plattdüütsch"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"Netherlands",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Platdütsch"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nedderdüütsch"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"neuter"
],
"word": "Neddersassisch"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lavtysk"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nedertysk"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plattysk"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "platt-tysk"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nedersaksisk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lågtysk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nedertysk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "plattysk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "platt-tysk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nedersaksisk"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"note": "often refers specifically to the Mennonite Low German variety",
"roman": "nds",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Plautdietsch"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dolnoniemiecki"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baixo alemão"
},
{
"alt": "язы́к",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nižneneméckij",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "нижненеме́цкий"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "donjonjemački"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bajo sajón"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "in a stricter sense",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bajo alemán"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "lågtyska"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "plattyska"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "nedersaksiska"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"word": "Aşağı Almanca"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Isel Almaeneg"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nederdútsk"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "West Germanic language",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Platdútsk"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Nederduits"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bas allemand"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Niederdeutsch"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "basso tedesco"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "West Germanic languages that are not High German",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bajo alemán"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Low German"
],
"word": "Low German"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Translation table header lacks gloss",
"en:Languages"
],
"etymology_text": "Because northern Germany (Low Germany), where it is spoken, is lower in elevation than southern Germany.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "adjective",
"head": "Low German"
},
"expansion": "Low German",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "Ingvaeonic"
},
{
"word": "Low Germanic"
},
{
"word": "Low Germany"
},
{
"word": "North Sea Germanic"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1983, Philip Baldi, An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages, p. 127 (note: it has the chapters 10 Germanic, 10.2. West Germanic; 10.2.2. German; 10.2.2.1. Low German; 10.2.2.2. High German; 10.2.2.3. Yiddish, the quoted part is from 10.2.2.1.)",
"text": "The Low German group contains, in addition to Old Saxon, Low Franconian, the ancestor of modern Dutch-Flemish, and Afrikans, a sixteenth-century import into South Africa brought by Dutch colonists."
},
{
"ref": "M. Springer, Location in Space and Time, in: 2003, The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, edited by Dennis H. Green and Frank Siegmund, p. 19",
"text": "The linguists distinguish Old Low Franconian from the other Franconian dialects, e. g., Rhenish Franconian. Old Low Franconian belonged to the Low German language group, while the other Franconian dialects belong to High German."
}
],
"glosses": [
"in, of or relating to Low German"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Low-German"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Translations",
"word": "Nederduits"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Translations",
"word": "niederdeutsch"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Low German"
],
"word": "Low German"
}
{
"called_from": "translations/369",
"msg": "unrecognized prefix (language name?) in translation item: Low Prussian (Niederpreußisch): Plattdietsch (nds) n",
"path": [
"Low German"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "Low German",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/369",
"msg": "unrecognized prefix (language name?) in translation item: Westphalian (Westfälisch):",
"path": [
"Low German"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "Low German",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/369",
"msg": "unrecognized prefix (language name?) in translation item: Eastphalian (Ostfälisch): Plattduitsch n",
"path": [
"Low German"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "Low German",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.