See 男性 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 男性 meaning in Chinese (8.0kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "nǚxìng",
"word": "女性"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "People",
"orig": "zh:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "男性主義"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "男性主义"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "nánxìnghuà",
"word": "男性化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "男性沙文主義"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "男性沙文主义"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "男性病"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "男性貶抑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "男性贬抑"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "男性"
},
"expansion": "男性",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "男性",
"2": "だんせい",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "男性(だんせい) (dansei)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "남성(男性)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 남성(男性) (namseong)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "男性",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "男性",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "nam tính",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "男性"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: nam tính (男性)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "男性",
"2": "だんせい",
"3": "남성",
"4": "nam tính",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "男性",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "男性",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "男性",
"v": "男性",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (男性):\n* → Japanese: 男性(だんせい) (dansei)\n* → Korean: 남성(男性) (namseong)\n* → Vietnamese: nam tính (男性)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "だんせい",
"3": "남성",
"4": "nam tính"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (男性):\n* → Japanese: 男性(だんせい) (dansei)\n* → Korean: 남성(男性) (namseong)\n* → Vietnamese: nam tính (男性)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (男性):\n* → Japanese: 男性(だんせい) (dansei)\n* → Korean: 남성(男性) (namseong)\n* → Vietnamese: nam tính (男性)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "男性",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 32 5 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Male",
"orig": "zh:Male",
"parents": [
"Gender",
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Sociology",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the male sex; male"
],
"id": "en-男性-zh-noun-epv9knZF",
"links": [
[
"male",
"male"
],
[
"sex",
"sex"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(often attributive) the male sex; male"
],
"tags": [
"attributive",
"often"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 32 5 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Male",
"orig": "zh:Male",
"parents": [
"Gender",
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Sociology",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"man; male"
],
"id": "en-男性-zh-noun-UvHgw06Z",
"links": [
[
"man",
"man"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "nánxìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄋㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "naam⁴ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "nàm-sin"
},
{
"zh-pron": "nàng-séng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lâm-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lam⁵ sên³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶noe-shin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "nánxìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "nánsìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "nan²-hsing⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "nán-syìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "nanshinq"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "наньсин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "nanʹsin"
},
{
"ipa": "/nän³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "nàahm sing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "naam⁴ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "nam⁴ xing³"
},
{
"ipa": "/naːm²¹ sɪŋ³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "nàm-sin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "namˇ xin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "nam² xin⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/nam¹¹ sin⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "nàng-séng"
},
{
"ipa": "/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lâm-sìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lamsexng"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/lam¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lâm sèⁿ"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶noe-shin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "noe^去 shin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³noe-xin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/nø²² ɕin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nän³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/naːm²¹ sɪŋ³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nam¹¹ sin⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nø²² ɕin⁴⁴/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "dīngnán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "丁男"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shìrén",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "士人"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "hànzi",
"word": "漢子"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "hànzi",
"word": "汉子"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "nándīng",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "男丁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "男人"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "nán'ér",
"word": "男兒"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "nán'ér",
"word": "男儿"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "nánshì",
"word": "男士"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "nánzǐ",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "男子"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "especially one with masculine features or character",
"roman": "nánzǐhàn",
"word": "男子漢"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "especially one with masculine features or character",
"roman": "nánzǐhàn",
"word": "男子汉"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "nánde",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "男的"
}
],
"word": "男性"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "nǚxìng",
"word": "女性"
}
],
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"zh:Male",
"zh:People"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "男性主義"
},
{
"word": "男性主义"
},
{
"roman": "nánxìnghuà",
"word": "男性化"
},
{
"word": "男性沙文主義"
},
{
"word": "男性沙文主义"
},
{
"word": "男性病"
},
{
"word": "男性貶抑"
},
{
"word": "男性贬抑"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "男性"
},
"expansion": "男性",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "男性",
"2": "だんせい",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "男性(だんせい) (dansei)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "남성(男性)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 남성(男性) (namseong)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "男性",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "男性",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "nam tính",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "男性"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: nam tính (男性)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "男性",
"2": "だんせい",
"3": "남성",
"4": "nam tính",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "男性",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "男性",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "男性",
"v": "男性",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (男性):\n* → Japanese: 男性(だんせい) (dansei)\n* → Korean: 남성(男性) (namseong)\n* → Vietnamese: nam tính (男性)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "だんせい",
"3": "남성",
"4": "nam tính"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (男性):\n* → Japanese: 男性(だんせい) (dansei)\n* → Korean: 남성(男性) (namseong)\n* → Vietnamese: nam tính (男性)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (男性):\n* → Japanese: 男性(だんせい) (dansei)\n* → Korean: 남성(男性) (namseong)\n* → Vietnamese: nam tính (男性)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "男性",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the male sex; male"
],
"links": [
[
"male",
"male"
],
[
"sex",
"sex"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(often attributive) the male sex; male"
],
"tags": [
"attributive",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"man; male"
],
"links": [
[
"man",
"man"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "nánxìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄋㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "naam⁴ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "nàm-sin"
},
{
"zh-pron": "nàng-séng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lâm-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lam⁵ sên³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶noe-shin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "nánxìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "nánsìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "nan²-hsing⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "nán-syìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "nanshinq"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "наньсин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "nanʹsin"
},
{
"ipa": "/nän³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "nàahm sing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "naam⁴ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "nam⁴ xing³"
},
{
"ipa": "/naːm²¹ sɪŋ³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "nàm-sin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "namˇ xin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "nam² xin⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/nam¹¹ sin⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "nàng-séng"
},
{
"ipa": "/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lâm-sìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lamsexng"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/lam¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lâm sèⁿ"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶noe-shin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "noe^去 shin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³noe-xin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/nø²² ɕin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nän³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/naːm²¹ sɪŋ³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nam¹¹ sin⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nø²² ɕin⁴⁴/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "dīngnán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "丁男"
},
{
"roman": "shìrén",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "士人"
},
{
"roman": "hànzi",
"word": "漢子"
},
{
"roman": "hànzi",
"word": "汉子"
},
{
"roman": "nándīng",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "男丁"
},
{
"word": "男人"
},
{
"roman": "nán'ér",
"word": "男兒"
},
{
"roman": "nán'ér",
"word": "男儿"
},
{
"roman": "nánshì",
"word": "男士"
},
{
"roman": "nánzǐ",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "男子"
},
{
"english": "especially one with masculine features or character",
"roman": "nánzǐhàn",
"word": "男子漢"
},
{
"english": "especially one with masculine features or character",
"roman": "nánzǐhàn",
"word": "男子汉"
},
{
"roman": "nánde",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "男的"
}
],
"word": "男性"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.