See 理論 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 理論 meaning in Chinese (24.2kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "shíjiàn",
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"theory\"",
"word": "實踐"
},
{
"roman": "shíjiàn",
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"theory\"",
"word": "实践"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "gōngnéng fānyì lǐlùn",
"word": "功能翻譯理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "gōngnéng fānyì lǐlùn",
"word": "功能翻译理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Dàpīlì Lǐlùn",
"word": "大霹靂理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Dàpīlì Lǐlùn",
"word": "大霹雳理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "xiánlǐlùn",
"word": "弦理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "xiánlǐlùn",
"word": "弦理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "xīnzhì lǐlùn",
"word": "心智理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "xīnzhì lǐlùn",
"word": "心智理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "pīpàn lǐlùn",
"word": "批判理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "pīpàn lǐlùn",
"word": "批判理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wénxué lǐlùn",
"word": "文學理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wénxué lǐlùn",
"word": "文学理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wényì lǐlùn",
"word": "文藝理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wényì lǐlùn",
"word": "文艺理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "yuèlǐ",
"word": "樂理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "yuèlǐ",
"word": "乐理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hùndùn lǐlùn",
"word": "混沌理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hùndùn lǐlùn",
"word": "混沌理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lǐlùnshàng",
"word": "理論上"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lǐlùnshàng",
"word": "理论上"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lǐlùnjiā",
"word": "理論家"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lǐlùnjiā",
"word": "理论家"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "mùdìxìng lǐlùn",
"word": "目的性理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "mùdìxìng lǐlùn",
"word": "目的性理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "tūbiàn lǐlùn",
"word": "突變理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "tūbiàn lǐlùn",
"word": "突变理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "sàijú lǐlùn",
"word": "賽局理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "sàijú lǐlùn",
"word": "赛局理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "kù'ér lǐlùn",
"word": "酷兒理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "kù'ér lǐlùn",
"word": "酷儿理论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "yīnyuè lǐlùn",
"word": "音樂理論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "yīnyuè lǐlùn",
"word": "音乐理论"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "sīxiǎng",
"word": "思想"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhǔyì",
"word": "主義"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhǔyì",
"word": "主义"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Mathematics",
"orig": "zh:Mathematics",
"parents": [
"Formal sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Physics",
"orig": "zh:Physics",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Politics",
"orig": "zh:Politics",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "25 16 29 4 5 3 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 23 22 3 3 2 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 34 13 16 14 6 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Elementary Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Marxist theory",
"roman": "mǎkèsīzhǔyì lǐlùn",
"text": "馬克思主義理論／马克思主义理论",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"theory"
],
"id": "en-理論-zh-noun-9Dl7SAXg",
"links": [
[
"mathematics",
"mathematics"
],
[
"physics",
"physics"
],
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"theory",
"theory"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(mathematics, physics, literary, politics, etc.) theory"
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"physics",
"politics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 16 29 4 5 3 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 23 22 3 3 2 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"theory (as opposed to practice)"
],
"id": "en-理論-zh-noun-i5UCCrvA"
},
{
"glosses": [
"reason"
],
"id": "en-理論-zh-noun-j8~M9nWx",
"links": [
[
"reason",
"reason"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "лилун"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "lilun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ leon⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "li² lung⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "li³-lun⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐ-lwùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "liiluenn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лилунь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lilunʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "léih leuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ loen⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "léi⁵ lên⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li´ lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li¹ lun⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lylun"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lí lŭng"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "liX lwon|lwonH"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "xuéshuō",
"word": "學說"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "xuéshuō",
"word": "学说"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lǐniàn",
"word": "理念"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lǐxiǎng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "理想"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "說"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "说"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lùnlǐ",
"word": "論理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lùnlǐ",
"word": "论理"
}
],
"word": "理論"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 8 15 13 30 7 14",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Talking",
"orig": "zh:Talking",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Human",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to debate; to argue (with)"
],
"id": "en-理論-zh-verb-dEbmWRxm",
"links": [
[
"debate",
"debate"
],
[
"argue",
"argue"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to reason things out; to judge between right and wrong"
],
"id": "en-理論-zh-verb-7jasV9-8",
"links": [
[
"reason",
"reason"
],
[
"judge",
"judge"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 16 29 4 5 3 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 23 22 3 3 2 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to look after; to tend; to be in charge of"
],
"id": "en-理論-zh-verb-O9MjDhwS",
"links": [
[
"look after",
"look after"
],
[
"tend",
"tend"
],
[
"charge",
"charge"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) to look after; to tend; to be in charge of"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "лилун"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "lilun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ leon⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "li² lung⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "li³-lun⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐ-lwùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "liiluenn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лилунь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lilunʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "léih leuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ loen⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "léi⁵ lên⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li´ lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li¹ lun⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lylun"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lí lŭng"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "liX lwon|lwonH"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "fēnshuō",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "分說"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "fēnshuō",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "分说"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "fēnbiàn",
"word": "分辯"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "fēnbiàn",
"word": "分辩"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lìzhēng",
"word": "力爭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lìzhēng",
"word": "力争"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "fǎnbó",
"word": "反駁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "fǎnbó",
"word": "反驳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "jíguō",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "急聒"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "扳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "pībó",
"word": "批駁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "pībó",
"word": "批驳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēngzhí",
"word": "爭執"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēngzhí",
"word": "争执"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēngchí",
"word": "爭持"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēngchí",
"word": "争持"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēnglùn",
"word": "爭論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēnglùn",
"word": "争论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēngyì",
"word": "爭議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēngyì",
"word": "争议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēngbiàn",
"word": "爭辯"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēngbiàn",
"word": "争辩"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "as a denouncement",
"word": "痛斥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Taiwanese-Hokkien"
],
"word": "盤喙錦"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Taiwanese-Hokkien"
],
"word": "盘喙锦"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "盤話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "盘话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hakka"
],
"word": "相拗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "相諍"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "相诤"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "相諍相拁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "相诤相拁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "fēnzhēng",
"word": "紛爭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "fēnzhēng",
"word": "纷争"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "shēngbiàn",
"word": "聲辯"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "shēngbiàn",
"word": "声辩"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "計較"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "计较"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "諍喙"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "诤喙"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lùnzhàn",
"word": "論戰"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lùnzhàn",
"word": "论战"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lùnzhēng",
"word": "論爭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "lùnzhēng",
"word": "论争"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "jiàoliàng",
"word": "較量"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "jiàoliàng",
"word": "较量"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "bìng-cṳ̌",
"tags": [
"Min",
"Northern"
],
"word": "辯嘴"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "bìng-cṳ̌",
"tags": [
"Min",
"Northern"
],
"word": "辩嘴"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "biànbái",
"word": "辯白"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "biànbái",
"word": "辩白"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to try to defend oneself",
"roman": "biànjiě",
"word": "辯解"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to try to defend oneself",
"roman": "biànjiě",
"word": "辩解"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "biànlùn",
"word": "辯論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "biànlùn",
"word": "辩论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "biànhù",
"word": "辯護"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "biànhù",
"word": "辩护"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "biànbó",
"word": "辯駁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "biànbó",
"word": "辩驳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "as a denouncement",
"word": "駁斥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "as a denouncement",
"word": "驳斥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "bóyì",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "駁議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "bóyì",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "驳议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "pínglǐ",
"word": "評理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "pínglǐ",
"word": "评理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "shuōmíng dàolǐ",
"word": "說明道理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "shuōmíng dàolǐ",
"word": "说明道理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "shuōlǐ",
"word": "說理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "shuōlǐ",
"word": "说理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hēhù",
"word": "呵護"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hēhù",
"word": "呵护"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhāohū",
"word": "招呼"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàoying",
"word": "照應"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàoying",
"word": "照应"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàofú",
"word": "照拂"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàoliào",
"word": "照料"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàolǐ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "照理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàokàn",
"word": "照看"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàoguǎn",
"word": "照管"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàogù",
"word": "照顧"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhàogù",
"word": "照顾"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "kānguǎn",
"word": "看管"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "觀顧"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "观顾"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "tiáolǐ",
"word": "調理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "tiáolǐ",
"word": "调理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "guānzhào",
"word": "關照"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "guānzhào",
"word": "关照"
}
],
"word": "理論"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "理論"
},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "理%論",
"2": "り%ろん",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "理(り)論(ろん) (riron)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "이론(理論)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 이론(理論) (iron)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "理論",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "lý luận",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "理論"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: lý luận (理論)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "理論",
"2": "り%ろん",
"3": "이론",
"4": "lý luận",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "理論",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "理論",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "理%論",
"v": "理論",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (理論):\n* → Japanese: 理(り)論(ろん) (riron)\n* → Korean: 이론(理論) (iron)\n* → Vietnamese: lý luận (理論)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "り%ろん",
"3": "이론",
"4": "lý luận",
"j": "理%論"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (理論):\n* → Japanese: 理(り)論(ろん) (riron)\n* → Korean: 이론(理論) (iron)\n* → Vietnamese: lý luận (理論)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (理論):\n* → Japanese: 理(り)論(ろん) (riron)\n* → Korean: 이론(理論) (iron)\n* → Vietnamese: lý luận (理論)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 16 29 4 5 3 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 23 22 3 3 2 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "theoretical framework",
"roman": "lǐlùn kuàngjià",
"text": "理論框架／理论框架",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"theoretical"
],
"id": "en-理論-zh-adj-O0nQSnnF",
"links": [
[
"theoretical",
"theoretical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(attributive) theoretical"
],
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "лилун"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "lilun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ leon⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "li² lung⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "li³-lun⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐ-lwùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "liiluenn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лилунь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lilunʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "léih leuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ loen⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "léi⁵ lên⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li´ lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li¹ lun⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lylun"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lí lŭng"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "liX lwon|lwonH"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/"
}
],
"word": "理論"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "shíjiàn",
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"theory\"",
"word": "實踐"
},
{
"roman": "shíjiàn",
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"theory\"",
"word": "实践"
}
],
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Chinese verbs",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"zh:Talking"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "gōngnéng fānyì lǐlùn",
"word": "功能翻譯理論"
},
{
"roman": "gōngnéng fānyì lǐlùn",
"word": "功能翻译理论"
},
{
"roman": "Dàpīlì Lǐlùn",
"word": "大霹靂理論"
},
{
"roman": "Dàpīlì Lǐlùn",
"word": "大霹雳理论"
},
{
"roman": "xiánlǐlùn",
"word": "弦理論"
},
{
"roman": "xiánlǐlùn",
"word": "弦理论"
},
{
"roman": "xīnzhì lǐlùn",
"word": "心智理論"
},
{
"roman": "xīnzhì lǐlùn",
"word": "心智理论"
},
{
"roman": "pīpàn lǐlùn",
"word": "批判理論"
},
{
"roman": "pīpàn lǐlùn",
"word": "批判理论"
},
{
"roman": "wénxué lǐlùn",
"word": "文學理論"
},
{
"roman": "wénxué lǐlùn",
"word": "文学理论"
},
{
"roman": "wényì lǐlùn",
"word": "文藝理論"
},
{
"roman": "wényì lǐlùn",
"word": "文艺理论"
},
{
"roman": "yuèlǐ",
"word": "樂理"
},
{
"roman": "yuèlǐ",
"word": "乐理"
},
{
"roman": "hùndùn lǐlùn",
"word": "混沌理論"
},
{
"roman": "hùndùn lǐlùn",
"word": "混沌理论"
},
{
"roman": "lǐlùnshàng",
"word": "理論上"
},
{
"roman": "lǐlùnshàng",
"word": "理论上"
},
{
"roman": "lǐlùnjiā",
"word": "理論家"
},
{
"roman": "lǐlùnjiā",
"word": "理论家"
},
{
"roman": "mùdìxìng lǐlùn",
"word": "目的性理論"
},
{
"roman": "mùdìxìng lǐlùn",
"word": "目的性理论"
},
{
"roman": "tūbiàn lǐlùn",
"word": "突變理論"
},
{
"roman": "tūbiàn lǐlùn",
"word": "突变理论"
},
{
"roman": "sàijú lǐlùn",
"word": "賽局理論"
},
{
"roman": "sàijú lǐlùn",
"word": "赛局理论"
},
{
"roman": "kù'ér lǐlùn",
"word": "酷兒理論"
},
{
"roman": "kù'ér lǐlùn",
"word": "酷儿理论"
},
{
"roman": "yīnyuè lǐlùn",
"word": "音樂理論"
},
{
"roman": "yīnyuè lǐlùn",
"word": "音乐理论"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "sīxiǎng",
"word": "思想"
},
{
"roman": "zhǔyì",
"word": "主義"
},
{
"roman": "zhǔyì",
"word": "主义"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese literary terms",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples",
"zh:Mathematics",
"zh:Physics",
"zh:Politics"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Marxist theory",
"roman": "mǎkèsīzhǔyì lǐlùn",
"text": "馬克思主義理論／马克思主义理论",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"theory"
],
"links": [
[
"mathematics",
"mathematics"
],
[
"physics",
"physics"
],
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"theory",
"theory"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(mathematics, physics, literary, politics, etc.) theory"
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"physics",
"politics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"theory (as opposed to practice)"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"reason"
],
"links": [
[
"reason",
"reason"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "лилун"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "lilun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ leon⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "li² lung⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "li³-lun⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐ-lwùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "liiluenn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лилунь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lilunʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "léih leuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ loen⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "léi⁵ lên⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li´ lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li¹ lun⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lylun"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lí lŭng"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "liX lwon|lwonH"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "xuéshuō",
"word": "學說"
},
{
"roman": "xuéshuō",
"word": "学说"
},
{
"roman": "lǐniàn",
"word": "理念"
},
{
"roman": "lǐxiǎng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "理想"
},
{
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "說"
},
{
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "说"
},
{
"roman": "lùnlǐ",
"word": "論理"
},
{
"roman": "lùnlǐ",
"word": "论理"
}
],
"word": "理論"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Chinese verbs",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"zh:Talking"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to debate; to argue (with)"
],
"links": [
[
"debate",
"debate"
],
[
"argue",
"argue"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to reason things out; to judge between right and wrong"
],
"links": [
[
"reason",
"reason"
],
[
"judge",
"judge"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"to look after; to tend; to be in charge of"
],
"links": [
[
"look after",
"look after"
],
[
"tend",
"tend"
],
[
"charge",
"charge"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) to look after; to tend; to be in charge of"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "лилун"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "lilun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ leon⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "li² lung⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "li³-lun⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐ-lwùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "liiluenn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лилунь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lilunʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "léih leuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ loen⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "léi⁵ lên⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li´ lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li¹ lun⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lylun"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lí lŭng"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "liX lwon|lwonH"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "fēnshuō",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "分說"
},
{
"roman": "fēnshuō",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "分说"
},
{
"roman": "fēnbiàn",
"word": "分辯"
},
{
"roman": "fēnbiàn",
"word": "分辩"
},
{
"roman": "lìzhēng",
"word": "力爭"
},
{
"roman": "lìzhēng",
"word": "力争"
},
{
"roman": "fǎnbó",
"word": "反駁"
},
{
"roman": "fǎnbó",
"word": "反驳"
},
{
"roman": "jíguō",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "急聒"
},
{
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "扳"
},
{
"roman": "pībó",
"word": "批駁"
},
{
"roman": "pībó",
"word": "批驳"
},
{
"roman": "zhēngzhí",
"word": "爭執"
},
{
"roman": "zhēngzhí",
"word": "争执"
},
{
"roman": "zhēngchí",
"word": "爭持"
},
{
"roman": "zhēngchí",
"word": "争持"
},
{
"roman": "zhēnglùn",
"word": "爭論"
},
{
"roman": "zhēnglùn",
"word": "争论"
},
{
"roman": "zhēngyì",
"word": "爭議"
},
{
"roman": "zhēngyì",
"word": "争议"
},
{
"roman": "zhēngbiàn",
"word": "爭辯"
},
{
"roman": "zhēngbiàn",
"word": "争辩"
},
{
"roman": "as a denouncement",
"word": "痛斥"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taiwanese-Hokkien"
],
"word": "盤喙錦"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taiwanese-Hokkien"
],
"word": "盘喙锦"
},
{
"word": "盤話"
},
{
"word": "盘话"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka"
],
"word": "相拗"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "相諍"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "相诤"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "相諍相拁"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "相诤相拁"
},
{
"roman": "fēnzhēng",
"word": "紛爭"
},
{
"roman": "fēnzhēng",
"word": "纷争"
},
{
"roman": "shēngbiàn",
"word": "聲辯"
},
{
"roman": "shēngbiàn",
"word": "声辩"
},
{
"word": "計較"
},
{
"word": "计较"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "諍喙"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "诤喙"
},
{
"roman": "lùnzhàn",
"word": "論戰"
},
{
"roman": "lùnzhàn",
"word": "论战"
},
{
"roman": "lùnzhēng",
"word": "論爭"
},
{
"roman": "lùnzhēng",
"word": "论争"
},
{
"roman": "jiàoliàng",
"word": "較量"
},
{
"roman": "jiàoliàng",
"word": "较量"
},
{
"roman": "bìng-cṳ̌",
"tags": [
"Min",
"Northern"
],
"word": "辯嘴"
},
{
"roman": "bìng-cṳ̌",
"tags": [
"Min",
"Northern"
],
"word": "辩嘴"
},
{
"roman": "biànbái",
"word": "辯白"
},
{
"roman": "biànbái",
"word": "辩白"
},
{
"english": "to try to defend oneself",
"roman": "biànjiě",
"word": "辯解"
},
{
"english": "to try to defend oneself",
"roman": "biànjiě",
"word": "辩解"
},
{
"roman": "biànlùn",
"word": "辯論"
},
{
"roman": "biànlùn",
"word": "辩论"
},
{
"roman": "biànhù",
"word": "辯護"
},
{
"roman": "biànhù",
"word": "辩护"
},
{
"roman": "biànbó",
"word": "辯駁"
},
{
"roman": "biànbó",
"word": "辩驳"
},
{
"roman": "as a denouncement",
"word": "駁斥"
},
{
"roman": "as a denouncement",
"word": "驳斥"
},
{
"roman": "bóyì",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "駁議"
},
{
"roman": "bóyì",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "驳议"
},
{
"roman": "pínglǐ",
"word": "評理"
},
{
"roman": "pínglǐ",
"word": "评理"
},
{
"roman": "shuōmíng dàolǐ",
"word": "說明道理"
},
{
"roman": "shuōmíng dàolǐ",
"word": "说明道理"
},
{
"roman": "shuōlǐ",
"word": "說理"
},
{
"roman": "shuōlǐ",
"word": "说理"
},
{
"roman": "hēhù",
"word": "呵護"
},
{
"roman": "hēhù",
"word": "呵护"
},
{
"roman": "zhāohū",
"word": "招呼"
},
{
"roman": "zhàoying",
"word": "照應"
},
{
"roman": "zhàoying",
"word": "照应"
},
{
"roman": "zhàofú",
"word": "照拂"
},
{
"roman": "zhàoliào",
"word": "照料"
},
{
"roman": "zhàolǐ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "照理"
},
{
"roman": "zhàokàn",
"word": "照看"
},
{
"roman": "zhàoguǎn",
"word": "照管"
},
{
"roman": "zhàogù",
"word": "照顧"
},
{
"roman": "zhàogù",
"word": "照顾"
},
{
"roman": "kānguǎn",
"word": "看管"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "觀顧"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "观顾"
},
{
"roman": "tiáolǐ",
"word": "調理"
},
{
"roman": "tiáolǐ",
"word": "调理"
},
{
"roman": "guānzhào",
"word": "關照"
},
{
"roman": "guānzhào",
"word": "关照"
}
],
"word": "理論"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Chinese verbs",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"zh:Talking"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "理論"
},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "理%論",
"2": "り%ろん",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "理(り)論(ろん) (riron)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "이론(理論)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 이론(理論) (iron)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "理論",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "lý luận",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "理論"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: lý luận (理論)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "理論",
"2": "り%ろん",
"3": "이론",
"4": "lý luận",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "理論",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "理論",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "理%論",
"v": "理論",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (理論):\n* → Japanese: 理(り)論(ろん) (riron)\n* → Korean: 이론(理論) (iron)\n* → Vietnamese: lý luận (理論)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "り%ろん",
"3": "이론",
"4": "lý luận",
"j": "理%論"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (理論):\n* → Japanese: 理(り)論(ろん) (riron)\n* → Korean: 이론(理論) (iron)\n* → Vietnamese: lý luận (理論)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (理論):\n* → Japanese: 理(り)論(ろん) (riron)\n* → Korean: 이론(理論) (iron)\n* → Vietnamese: lý luận (理論)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "理論",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "theoretical framework",
"roman": "lǐlùn kuàngjià",
"text": "理論框架／理论框架",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"theoretical"
],
"links": [
[
"theoretical",
"theoretical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(attributive) theoretical"
],
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "лилун"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "lilun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ leon⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "li² lung⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐlùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "li³-lun⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǐ-lwùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "liiluenn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лилунь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lilunʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "léih leuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lei⁵ loen⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "léi⁵ lên⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "lî-lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li´ lun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "li¹ lun⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lí-lūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lylun"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "lí lŭng"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "liX lwon|lwonH"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴ luŋ⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lei̯¹³ lɵn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lun⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/li⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/"
}
],
"word": "理論"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.