See 孤獨 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 孤獨 meaning in Chinese (12.6kB)
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "37 0 39 24",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "zh:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"text": "孤獨終老／孤独终老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"ref": "心底的孤獨和嘆息 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "心底的孤独和叹息 [MSC, simp.]\nxīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-zBprlu7v",
"links": [
[
"lonely",
"lonely"
],
[
"lonesome",
"lonesome"
],
[
"solitary",
"solitary"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"isolated and helpless"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-M4HDk2N8",
"links": [
[
"isolated",
"isolated"
],
[
"helpless",
"helpless"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu´ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "俗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤單"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤单"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūjié",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "孤孑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūjì",
"word": "孤寂"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìmò",
"word": "寂寞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìliáo",
"word": "寂寥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
],
"word": "挑另"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "literary or Eastern Min",
"roman": "suǒmò",
"word": "索寞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "luòmò",
"word": "落寞"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤%独",
"2": "こ%どく",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "고독(孤獨)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "孤獨",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cô độc",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤獨",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "孤獨",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "孤獨",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "孤%独",
"v": "孤獨",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"s": "孤%独"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 4 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 0 39 24",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "zh:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤獨感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤独感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤獨症"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤独症"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "註孤生"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "注孤生"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鰥寡孤獨"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鳏寡孤独"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"ref": "矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
"text": "矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version\nGuānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-noun-0JuK3yYK",
"links": [
[
"isolation",
"isolation"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"orphan",
"orphan#English"
],
[
"childless",
"childless#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "單獨"
},
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "单独"
}
],
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu´ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Min Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "37 0 39 24",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "zh:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unsociable"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-SpfLuVkY",
"links": [
[
"unsociable",
"unsociable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Southern Min) unsociable"
],
"tags": [
"Min",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"text": "孤獨終老／孤独终老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"ref": "心底的孤獨和嘆息 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "心底的孤独和叹息 [MSC, simp.]\nxīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate"
],
"links": [
[
"lonely",
"lonely"
],
[
"lonesome",
"lonesome"
],
[
"solitary",
"solitary"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"isolated and helpless"
],
"links": [
[
"isolated",
"isolated"
],
[
"helpless",
"helpless"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu´ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "俗"
},
{
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤單"
},
{
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤单"
},
{
"roman": "gūjié",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "孤孑"
},
{
"roman": "gūjì",
"word": "孤寂"
},
{
"roman": "jìmò",
"word": "寂寞"
},
{
"roman": "jìliáo",
"word": "寂寥"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
],
"word": "挑另"
},
{
"english": "literary or Eastern Min",
"roman": "suǒmò",
"word": "索寞"
},
{
"roman": "luòmò",
"word": "落寞"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤獨感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤独感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤獨症"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤独症"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "註孤生"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "注孤生"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鰥寡孤獨"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鳏寡孤独"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤%独",
"2": "こ%どく",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "고독(孤獨)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "孤獨",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cô độc",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤獨",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "孤獨",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "孤獨",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "孤%独",
"v": "孤獨",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"s": "孤%独"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "單獨"
},
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "单独"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"ref": "矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
"text": "矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version\nGuānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"links": [
[
"isolation",
"isolation"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"orphan",
"orphan#English"
],
[
"childless",
"childless#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu´ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Southern Min Chinese"
],
"glosses": [
"unsociable"
],
"links": [
[
"unsociable",
"unsociable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Southern Min) unsociable"
],
"tags": [
"Min",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.