See 孤獨 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
]
],
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "孤獨終老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
]
],
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "孤独终老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
5
]
],
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "心底的孤獨和嘆息",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
5
]
],
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "心底的孤独和叹息",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-zBprlu7v",
"links": [
[
"lonely",
"lonely"
],
[
"lonesome",
"lonesome"
],
[
"solitary",
"solitary"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"isolated and helpless"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-M4HDk2N8",
"links": [
[
"isolated",
"isolated"
],
[
"helpless",
"helpless"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-gudú.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Zh-gudú.ogg/Zh-gudú.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-gudú.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"roman": "gudu",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "гуду"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "俗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤單"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤单"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūjié",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "孤孑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūjì",
"word": "孤寂"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìmò",
"word": "寂寞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìliáo",
"word": "寂寥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
],
"word": "挑另"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "suǒmò",
"tags": [
"Eastern",
"Min",
"literary"
],
"word": "索寞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "luòmò",
"word": "落寞"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤%独",
"2": "こ%どく",
"gloss": "",
"pos": ""
},
"expansion": "孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "고독(孤獨)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"id": "孤獨",
"id2": "",
"id3": "",
"id4": "",
"pos": "",
"pos2": "",
"pos3": "",
"pos4": "",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cô độc",
"bor": "1",
"id": "孤獨",
"pos": "",
"t": "",
"tr": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤獨",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "孤獨",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "孤獨",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "孤%独",
"v": "孤獨",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"s": "孤%独"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 13 7 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 4 74 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 84 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 1 8 86",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "zh:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤獨感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤独感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤獨症"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤独症"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "註孤生"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "注孤生"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鰥寡孤獨"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鳏寡孤独"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
49,
56
],
[
58,
71
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
8,
12
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
4
]
],
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese poetry"
],
"ref": " The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
49,
56
],
[
58,
71
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
8,
12
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
4
]
],
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese poetry"
],
"ref": " The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-noun-0JuK3yYK",
"links": [
[
"isolation",
"isolation"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"orphan",
"orphan#English"
],
[
"childless",
"childless#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "單獨"
},
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "单独"
}
],
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-gudú.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Zh-gudú.ogg/Zh-gudú.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-gudú.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"roman": "gudu",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "гуду"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Min Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unsociable"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-SpfLuVkY",
"links": [
[
"unsociable",
"unsociable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Southern Min) unsociable"
],
"tags": [
"Min",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-gudú.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Zh-gudú.ogg/Zh-gudú.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-gudú.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"roman": "gudu",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "гуду"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 孤",
"Chinese terms spelled with 獨",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
]
],
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "孤獨終老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
]
],
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "孤独终老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
5
]
],
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "心底的孤獨和嘆息",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
5
]
],
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "心底的孤独和叹息",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate"
],
"links": [
[
"lonely",
"lonely"
],
[
"lonesome",
"lonesome"
],
[
"solitary",
"solitary"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"isolated and helpless"
],
"links": [
[
"isolated",
"isolated"
],
[
"helpless",
"helpless"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-gudú.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Zh-gudú.ogg/Zh-gudú.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-gudú.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"roman": "gudu",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "гуду"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "俗"
},
{
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤單"
},
{
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤单"
},
{
"roman": "gūjié",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "孤孑"
},
{
"roman": "gūjì",
"word": "孤寂"
},
{
"roman": "jìmò",
"word": "寂寞"
},
{
"roman": "jìliáo",
"word": "寂寥"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
],
"word": "挑另"
},
{
"roman": "suǒmò",
"tags": [
"Eastern",
"Min",
"literary"
],
"word": "索寞"
},
{
"roman": "luòmò",
"word": "落寞"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 孤",
"Chinese terms spelled with 獨",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤獨感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤独感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤獨症"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤独症"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "註孤生"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "注孤生"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鰥寡孤獨"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鳏寡孤独"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤%独",
"2": "こ%どく",
"gloss": "",
"pos": ""
},
"expansion": "孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "고독(孤獨)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"id": "孤獨",
"id2": "",
"id3": "",
"id4": "",
"pos": "",
"pos2": "",
"pos3": "",
"pos4": "",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cô độc",
"bor": "1",
"id": "孤獨",
"pos": "",
"t": "",
"tr": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤獨",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "孤獨",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "孤獨",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "孤%独",
"v": "孤獨",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"s": "孤%独"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "單獨"
},
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "单独"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
49,
56
],
[
58,
71
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
8,
12
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
4
]
],
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese poetry"
],
"ref": " The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
49,
56
],
[
58,
71
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
8,
12
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
4
]
],
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese poetry"
],
"ref": " The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"links": [
[
"isolation",
"isolation"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"orphan",
"orphan#English"
],
[
"childless",
"childless#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-gudú.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Zh-gudú.ogg/Zh-gudú.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-gudú.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"roman": "gudu",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "гуду"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 孤",
"Chinese terms spelled with 獨",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Southern Min Chinese"
],
"glosses": [
"unsociable"
],
"links": [
[
"unsociable",
"unsociable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Southern Min) unsociable"
],
"tags": [
"Min",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-gudú.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Zh-gudú.ogg/Zh-gudú.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-gudú.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"roman": "gudu",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "гуду"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 孤獨 meaning in Chinese (21.2kB)
{
"called_from": "page/2196",
"msg": "parse_linkage_recurse unhandled NodeKind.URL: <URL(['https://wiki.local/w/index.php?action=edit&title=Thesaurus%3A%E5%AD%A4%E5%AF%82'], ['edit']){} >",
"path": [
"孤獨"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "孤獨",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (7cef23e and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.