See 孤獨 on Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 0 34 33",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "zh:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"text": "孤獨終老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"text": "孤独终老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "心底的孤獨和嘆息",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "心底的孤独和叹息",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-zBprlu7v",
"links": [
[
"lonely",
"lonely"
],
[
"lonesome",
"lonesome"
],
[
"solitary",
"solitary"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"isolated and helpless"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-M4HDk2N8",
"links": [
[
"isolated",
"isolated"
],
[
"helpless",
"helpless"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "俗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤單"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤单"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūjié",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "孤孑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gūjì",
"word": "孤寂"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìmò",
"word": "寂寞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìliáo",
"word": "寂寥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
],
"word": "挑另"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "suǒmò",
"tags": [
"Eastern",
"Min",
"literary"
],
"word": "索寞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "luòmò",
"word": "落寞"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤%独",
"2": "こ%どく",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "고독(孤獨)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cô độc",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤獨",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "孤獨",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "孤獨",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "孤%独",
"v": "孤獨",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"s": "孤%独"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 4 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 4 3 72 5 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 2 81 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 0 34 33",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "zh:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤獨感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤独感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤獨症"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤独症"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "註孤生"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "注孤生"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鰥寡孤獨"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鳏寡孤独"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-noun-0JuK3yYK",
"links": [
[
"isolation",
"isolation"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"orphan",
"orphan#English"
],
[
"childless",
"childless#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "單獨"
},
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "单独"
}
],
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Min Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "33 0 34 33",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "zh:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unsociable"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-zh-adj-SpfLuVkY",
"links": [
[
"unsociable",
"unsociable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Southern Min) unsociable"
],
"tags": [
"Min",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "godok",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "고독",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "고독"
},
"expansion": "孤獨 • (godok) (hangeul 고독)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "loneliness",
"word": "고독"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 고독 (“loneliness”)"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-ko-noun-nkZ8eQZh",
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"고독",
"고독#Korean"
],
[
"loneliness",
"loneliness"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 76",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 75",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "A childless old person.",
"word": "고독"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 고독 (“A childless old person.”)"
],
"id": "en-孤獨-ko-noun-M2IepW1n",
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"고독",
"고독#Korean"
],
[
"childless",
"childless"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 孤",
"Chinese terms spelled with 獨",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"text": "孤獨終老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to die alone; to die a lonely death",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "gūdú zhōnglǎo",
"text": "孤独终老",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "心底的孤獨和嘆息",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "endless sighs from lonely souls",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "心底的孤独和叹息",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate"
],
"links": [
[
"lonely",
"lonely"
],
[
"lonesome",
"lonesome"
],
[
"solitary",
"solitary"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"isolated and helpless"
],
"links": [
[
"isolated",
"isolated"
],
[
"helpless",
"helpless"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "俗"
},
{
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤單"
},
{
"roman": "gūdān",
"word": "孤单"
},
{
"roman": "gūjié",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "孤孑"
},
{
"roman": "gūjì",
"word": "孤寂"
},
{
"roman": "jìmò",
"word": "寂寞"
},
{
"roman": "jìliáo",
"word": "寂寥"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
],
"word": "挑另"
},
{
"roman": "suǒmò",
"tags": [
"Eastern",
"Min",
"literary"
],
"word": "索寞"
},
{
"roman": "luòmò",
"word": "落寞"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 孤",
"Chinese terms spelled with 獨",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤獨感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúgǎn",
"word": "孤独感"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤獨症"
},
{
"roman": "gūdúzhèng",
"word": "孤独症"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "註孤生"
},
{
"roman": "zhùgūshēng",
"word": "注孤生"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鰥寡孤獨"
},
{
"roman": "guānguǎgūdú",
"word": "鳏寡孤独"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤%独",
"2": "こ%どく",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "고독(孤獨)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cô độc",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "孤獨"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "孤獨",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "孤獨",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "孤獨",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "孤%独",
"v": "孤獨",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "こ%どく",
"3": "고독",
"4": "cô độc",
"s": "孤%独"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (孤獨):\n* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)\n* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)\n* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "單獨"
},
{
"roman": "dāndú",
"word": "单独"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "(They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"links": [
[
"isolation",
"isolation"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"orphan",
"orphan#English"
],
[
"childless",
"childless#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)"
],
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 孤",
"Chinese terms spelled with 獨",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤独",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "孤獨",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Southern Min Chinese"
],
"glosses": [
"unsociable"
],
"links": [
[
"unsociable",
"unsociable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Southern Min) unsociable"
],
"tags": [
"Min",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dog⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gūdú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "ku¹-tu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū-dú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "gudwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "гуду"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "gudu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gū duhk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ duk⁹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ dug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "kû-thu̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu^ˊ tug"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "gu¹ tug⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-to̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dok"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou to̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ku duwk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[d]"
},
{
"other": "/*kʷaː doːɡ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ko͘-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "gou¹ dag⁸"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "koo-ta̍k"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ko'dak"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "kou ta̍k"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/"
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean nouns in Han script",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "godok",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "고독",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "고독"
},
"expansion": "孤獨 • (godok) (hangeul 고독)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean hanja forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "loneliness",
"word": "고독"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 고독 (“loneliness”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"고독",
"고독#Korean"
],
[
"loneliness",
"loneliness"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean hanja forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "A childless old person.",
"word": "고독"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 고독 (“A childless old person.”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"고독",
"고독#Korean"
],
[
"childless",
"childless"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "孤獨"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 孤獨 meaning in All languages combined (19.5kB)
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"孤獨"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "孤獨",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"孤獨"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "孤獨",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"孤獨"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "孤獨",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "page/2196",
"msg": "parse_linkage_recurse unhandled NodeKind.URL: <URL(['https://wiki.local/w/index.php?action=edit&title=Thesaurus%3A%E5%AD%A4%E5%AF%82'], ['edit']){} >",
"path": [
"孤獨"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "孤獨",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"孤獨"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "孤獨",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.