See topp on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for topp meaning in All languages combined (17.2kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "topp",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 22 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "toppen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"singular imperative of toppen"
],
"id": "en-topp-de-verb-BC~sMIuz",
"links": [
[
"toppen",
"toppen#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 22 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "toppen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first-person singular present of toppen"
],
"id": "en-topp-de-verb-P~4qZJdF",
"links": [
[
"toppen",
"toppen#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) first-person singular present of toppen"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɔp/"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "nds",
"3": "topp",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Low German topp",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "nds",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Low German topp",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "toppen",
"t": "to beat"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German toppen (“to beat”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Low German topp, perhaps related to Middle Low German toppen (“to beat”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "interjection"
},
"expansion": "topp",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 22 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Alright, the bet is on!",
"text": "Topp, die Wette gilt!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates agreement, especially of an arrangement or a wager."
],
"id": "en-topp-de-intj-wDmBQrTR",
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Indicates agreement, especially of an arrangement or a wager."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "top"
}
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɔp/"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "topp",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "top"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of top"
],
"id": "en-topp-enm-noun-xgFZZYpR",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "fjelltopp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "fra topp til tå"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rødtopp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppetasje"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppfart"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "topphemmelig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "topplokk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppløs"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppmøte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppseil"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "topptung"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "non",
"3": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse toppr",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tuppaz",
"4": "",
"5": "tuft, top, summit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“tuft, top, summit”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*tebō"
},
"expansion": "*tebō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*tappaz",
"t": "tuft, knot, peg"
},
"expansion": "*tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*tumpaz"
},
"expansion": "*tumpaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewmb-",
"t": "penis, tail, rod"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse toppr, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“tuft, top, summit”), either a secondary formation from *tebō, *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), or from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toppen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topper",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the top (highest point)"
],
"id": "en-topp-nb-noun-Xu5nt30A",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 99 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nb",
"name": "Clothing",
"orig": "nb:Clothing",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a top (garment covering the upper body)"
],
"id": "en-topp-nb-noun-uJTluKcr",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"peak, summit (e.g. of a mountain)"
],
"id": "en-topp-nb-noun-fObTjEsv",
"links": [
[
"peak",
"peak#English"
],
[
"summit",
"summit#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɔpː/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔp"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "fjelltopp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "frå topp til tå"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppetasje"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppfart"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "topplokk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toppmøte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "topptung"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "non",
"3": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse toppr",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse toppr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toppen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppar",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppane",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the top (highest point)"
],
"id": "en-topp-nn-noun-Xu5nt30A",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 99 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nn",
"name": "Clothing",
"orig": "nn:Clothing",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a top (garment covering the upper body)"
],
"id": "en-topp-nn-noun-uJTluKcr",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"peak, summit (e.g. of a mountain)"
],
"id": "en-topp-nn-noun-fObTjEsv",
"links": [
[
"peak",
"peak#English"
],
[
"summit",
"summit#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɔpː/"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "mountain peak",
"word": "bergstopp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "sugar-loaf; sweetheart",
"word": "sockertopp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "bobble hat",
"word": "toppluva"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "toppa",
"bor": "1",
"t1": "pile, heap; cylindrical container"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gmq-osw",
"3": "topper"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish topper",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "tupper"
},
"expansion": "tupper",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "non",
"3": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse toppr",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tuppaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tuppaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dumb-",
"4": "",
"5": "tail, rod, staff, pole, penis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dumb- (“tail, rod, staff, pole, penis”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Swedish topper, tupper, from Old Norse toppr, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dumb- (“tail, rod, staff, pole, penis”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-infl-noun-c-ar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topparna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topps",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppars",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topparnas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "c",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "topp c",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c"
},
"expansion": "topp c",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sv-infl-noun-c-ar"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "topp",
"2": "toppen",
"3": "toppar",
"4": "topparna",
"5": "topps",
"6": "toppens",
"7": "toppars",
"8": "topparnas",
"base": "topp",
"definitions": "",
"gender": "Common"
},
"name": "sv-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"top, peak"
],
"id": "en-topp-sv-noun-pbObYbpl",
"links": [
[
"peak",
"peak"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 4 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"top; head (topmost part of anything)"
],
"id": "en-topp-sv-noun-23fEn6VE",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"head",
"head"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Sv-topp.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Sv-topp.ogg/Sv-topp.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sv-topp.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "fr",
"3": "tope",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "French tope",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "fr",
"3": "tope"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French tope",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "toper"
},
"expansion": "toper",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French tope, from the verb toper.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "interjection"
},
"expansion": "topp",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"agreed!"
],
"id": "en-topp-sv-intj-P-8X5p3D",
"links": [
[
"agreed",
"agreed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) agreed!"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Sv-topp.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Sv-topp.ogg/Sv-topp.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sv-topp.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "top",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Old English: top, topp",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "toppa"
},
"expansion": "toppa",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old English: top, topp; toppa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "topp",
"3": "top"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: topp, top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: topp, top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "top",
"3": "tap",
"4": "tup"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian: top, tap, tup",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian: top, tap, tup"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Top"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: top",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "toppe"
},
"expansion": "toppe",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: top; toppe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*top"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Topp"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Topp"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Topp",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Topp"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*topp",
"3": "*top"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *topp, *top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *topp, *top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "top",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: top, topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: top, topp"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zoph"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "*toppus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tuppaz",
"4": "",
"5": "summit, crest, tuft of hair"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppē",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*topp m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/topp",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "63 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"top, summit, crest"
],
"id": "en-topp-gmw-pro-noun-RWwCSvGm",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"summit",
"summit"
],
[
"crest",
"crest"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"tuft (of hair)"
],
"id": "en-topp-gmw-pro-noun-hXO~DWLZ",
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"categories": [
"German 1-syllable words",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German interjections",
"German lemmas",
"German non-lemma forms",
"German terms borrowed from Low German",
"German terms derived from Low German",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"German verb forms"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "topp",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "toppen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"singular imperative of toppen"
],
"links": [
[
"toppen",
"toppen#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"German colloquialisms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "toppen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first-person singular present of toppen"
],
"links": [
[
"toppen",
"toppen#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) first-person singular present of toppen"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɔp/"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"categories": [
"German 1-syllable words",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German interjections",
"German lemmas",
"German terms borrowed from Low German",
"German terms derived from Low German",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "nds",
"3": "topp",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Low German topp",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "nds",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Low German topp",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "toppen",
"t": "to beat"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German toppen (“to beat”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Low German topp, perhaps related to Middle Low German toppen (“to beat”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "interjection"
},
"expansion": "topp",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"German dated terms",
"German terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Alright, the bet is on!",
"text": "Topp, die Wette gilt!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates agreement, especially of an arrangement or a wager."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Indicates agreement, especially of an arrangement or a wager."
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɔp/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "top"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "topp",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "top"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of top"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"categories": [
"nb:Clothing"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fjelltopp"
},
{
"word": "fra topp til tå"
},
{
"word": "rødtopp"
},
{
"word": "toppetasje"
},
{
"word": "toppfart"
},
{
"word": "topphemmelig"
},
{
"word": "topplokk"
},
{
"word": "toppløs"
},
{
"word": "toppmøte"
},
{
"word": "toppseil"
},
{
"word": "topptung"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "non",
"3": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse toppr",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tuppaz",
"4": "",
"5": "tuft, top, summit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“tuft, top, summit”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*tebō"
},
"expansion": "*tebō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*tappaz",
"t": "tuft, knot, peg"
},
"expansion": "*tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*tumpaz"
},
"expansion": "*tumpaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewmb-",
"t": "penis, tail, rod"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse toppr, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“tuft, top, summit”), either a secondary formation from *tebō, *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), or from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toppen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topper",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the top (highest point)"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a top (garment covering the upper body)"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"peak, summit (e.g. of a mountain)"
],
"links": [
[
"peak",
"peak#English"
],
[
"summit",
"summit#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɔpː/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔp"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"categories": [
"nn:Clothing"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fjelltopp"
},
{
"word": "frå topp til tå"
},
{
"word": "toppetasje"
},
{
"word": "toppfart"
},
{
"word": "topplokk"
},
{
"word": "toppmøte"
},
{
"word": "topptung"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "non",
"3": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse toppr",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse toppr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toppen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppar",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppane",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the top (highest point)"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a top (garment covering the upper body)"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"peak, summit (e.g. of a mountain)"
],
"links": [
[
"peak",
"peak#English"
],
[
"summit",
"summit#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɔpː/"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "top",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Old English: top, topp",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "toppa"
},
"expansion": "toppa",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old English: top, topp; toppa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "topp",
"3": "top"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: topp, top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: topp, top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "top",
"3": "tap",
"4": "tup"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian: top, tap, tup",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian: top, tap, tup"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Top"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: top",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "toppe"
},
"expansion": "toppe",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: top; toppe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*top"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Topp"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Topp"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Topp",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Topp"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*topp",
"3": "*top"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *topp, *top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *topp, *top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "top",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: top, topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: top, topp"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zoph"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "*toppus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tuppaz",
"4": "",
"5": "summit, crest, tuft of hair"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppē",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*topp m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/topp",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"top, summit, crest"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"summit",
"summit"
],
[
"crest",
"crest"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Hair"
],
"glosses": [
"tuft (of hair)"
],
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"categories": [
"Swedish common-gender nouns",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish interjections",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish nouns",
"Swedish terms borrowed from French",
"Swedish terms derived from French",
"Swedish terms derived from Old Norse",
"Swedish terms derived from Old Swedish",
"Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Swedish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Swedish terms with audio links"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "mountain peak",
"word": "bergstopp"
},
{
"english": "sugar-loaf; sweetheart",
"word": "sockertopp"
},
{
"english": "bobble hat",
"word": "toppluva"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "toppa",
"bor": "1",
"t1": "pile, heap; cylindrical container"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gmq-osw",
"3": "topper"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish topper",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "tupper"
},
"expansion": "tupper",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "non",
"3": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse toppr",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tuppaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tuppaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dumb-",
"4": "",
"5": "tail, rod, staff, pole, penis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dumb- (“tail, rod, staff, pole, penis”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Swedish topper, tupper, from Old Norse toppr, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dumb- (“tail, rod, staff, pole, penis”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-infl-noun-c-ar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topparna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topps",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppars",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topparnas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "c",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "topp c",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c"
},
"expansion": "topp c",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sv-infl-noun-c-ar"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "topp",
"2": "toppen",
"3": "toppar",
"4": "topparna",
"5": "topps",
"6": "toppens",
"7": "toppars",
"8": "topparnas",
"base": "topp",
"definitions": "",
"gender": "Common"
},
"name": "sv-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"top, peak"
],
"links": [
[
"peak",
"peak"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top; head (topmost part of anything)"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"head",
"head"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Sv-topp.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Sv-topp.ogg/Sv-topp.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sv-topp.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"categories": [
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish interjections",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish terms borrowed from French",
"Swedish terms derived from French",
"Swedish terms with audio links"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "fr",
"3": "tope",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "French tope",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "fr",
"3": "tope"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French tope",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "toper"
},
"expansion": "toper",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French tope, from the verb toper.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "interjection"
},
"expansion": "topp",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Swedish colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"agreed!"
],
"links": [
[
"agreed",
"agreed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) agreed!"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Sv-topp.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Sv-topp.ogg/Sv-topp.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sv-topp.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.