See topp in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for topp meaning in Proto-West Germanic (5.4kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "top",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Old English: top, topp",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "toppa"
},
"expansion": "toppa",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old English: top, topp; toppa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "topp",
"3": "top"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: topp, top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: topp, top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "top",
"3": "tap",
"4": "tup"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian: top, tap, tup",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian: top, tap, tup"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Top"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: top",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "toppe"
},
"expansion": "toppe",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: top; toppe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*top"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Topp"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Topp"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Topp",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Topp"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*topp",
"3": "*top"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *topp, *top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *topp, *top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "top",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: top, topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: top, topp"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zoph"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "*toppus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tuppaz",
"4": "",
"5": "summit, crest, tuft of hair"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppē",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*topp m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/topp",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "63 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"top, summit, crest"
],
"id": "en-topp-gmw-pro-noun-RWwCSvGm",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"summit",
"summit"
],
[
"crest",
"crest"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"tuft (of hair)"
],
"id": "en-topp-gmw-pro-noun-hXO~DWLZ",
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "top",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Old English: top, topp",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "toppa"
},
"expansion": "toppa",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old English: top, topp; toppa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "topp",
"3": "top"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: topp, top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: topp, top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "top",
"3": "tap",
"4": "tup"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian: top, tap, tup",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian: top, tap, tup"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Top"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: top",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "toppe"
},
"expansion": "toppe",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: top; toppe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*top"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Topp"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Topp"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Topp",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Topp"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*topp",
"3": "*top"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *topp, *top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *topp, *top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "top",
"3": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: top, topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: top, topp"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zoph"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "*toppus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tuppaz",
"4": "",
"5": "summit, crest, tuft of hair"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topp",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppē",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toppu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toppum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*topp m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/topp",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"top, summit, crest"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"summit",
"summit"
],
[
"crest",
"crest"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Hair"
],
"glosses": [
"tuft (of hair)"
],
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "topp"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (a644e18 and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.