See gerund on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for gerund meaning in All languages combined (17.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gerundal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gerund-grinder"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gerund-grinding"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gerundial"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gerundive"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gerund-participle"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "gerundium"
},
"expansion": "Latin gerundium",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gerendus",
"3": "",
"4": "which is to be carried out"
},
"expansion": "gerendus (“which is to be carried out”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gerō",
"3": "",
"4": "carry, bear"
},
"expansion": "gerō (“carry, bear”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin gerundium, from gerendus (“which is to be carried out”), future passive participle (gerundive) of gerō (“carry, bear”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gerunds",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gerund (plural gerunds)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "verbal"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Grammar",
"orig": "en:Grammar",
"parents": [
"Linguistics",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "63 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "62 38",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Nouns",
"orig": "en:Nouns",
"parents": [
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "64 36",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Parts of speech",
"orig": "en:Parts of speech",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Verbs",
"orig": "en:Verbs",
"parents": [
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1991, Edward Johnson, The Handbook of Good English, page 208",
"text": "Compounds in which gerunds are the second element look exactly like compounds in which present participles are the second element, but different principles of hyphenation apply.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2002, Dan Mulvey, Grammar the Easy Way, page 25",
"text": "Like any noun, the gerund functions as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, or predicate nominative. The gerund phrase is made up of the present participle (\"-ing\") and can contain an object and/or a modifier (and sometimes many modifiers). The gerund is a verbal noun.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2005, Gary Lutz, Diane Stevenson, The Writer's Digest Grammar Desk Reference, page 55",
"text": "Gerunds and gerund phrases are always nouns, so they are always predicate nominatives when used as complements. Do be careful to distinguish progressive-tense verbs from gerunds used as subjective complements.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A verbal form that functions as a verbal noun. (In English, a gerund has the same spelling as a present participle, but functions differently; however, this distinction may be ambiguous or unclear and so is no longer made in some modern texts such as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language)"
],
"id": "en-gerund-en-noun-Jf4vdoGe",
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"verbal",
"verbal"
],
[
"function",
"function"
],
[
"verbal noun",
"verbal noun"
],
[
"present participle",
"present participle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(grammar) A verbal form that functions as a verbal noun. (In English, a gerund has the same spelling as a present participle, but functions differently; however, this distinction may be ambiguous or unclear and so is no longer made in some modern texts such as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language)"
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṣīḡat fiʕl",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "صِيغَة فِعْل"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "maṣdar",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مَصْدَر"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundi"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "ceb",
"lang": "Cebuano",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "punglihongan"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "動名詞"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dòng-míngcí",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "动名词"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "gerundi"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gérondif"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "xerundio"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gerundi",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "გერუნდი"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "Vertretungswort"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "geroúndio",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "γερούνδιο"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kriyāvācak sañjñā",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "क्रियावाचक संज्ञा"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "ing-es alak"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "igéből képzett főnév"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "deverbális főnév"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "sagnarnafnorð"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"alt": "どうめいし",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dōmeishi",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "動名詞"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "dongmyeongsa",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "동명사"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nom vèrbal"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rzeczownik odczasownikowy"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "odsłownik"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerúndio"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gerúndij",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "геру́ндий"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "pandiwang makangalan"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "pangngalang-diwa"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "aa-gaa-rá-naam",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "อาการนาม"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "ulaç"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerwnd"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 28",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cyfrediad"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Grammar",
"orig": "en:Grammar",
"parents": [
"Linguistics",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, John Butt, Carmen Benjamin, A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish, Kindle edition, Routledge",
"text": "The Spanish gerund is quite unlike the English -ing form (‘walking’, ‘replying’, ‘saying’, etc.), which can function as a gerund, a present participle, a noun or an adjective; and it is also unlike the French form ending in -ant, which covers the functions of both the Spanish gerund and the adjectival form in -ante, -(i)ente discussed at 19.4.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In some languages such as Dutch, Italian or Russian, a verbal form similar to a present participle, but functioning as an adverb to form adverbial phrases or continuous tense. These constructions have various names besides gerund, depending on the language, such as conjunctive participles, active participles, adverbial participles, transgressives, etc."
],
"id": "en-gerund-en-noun-LksOgarN",
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"Dutch",
"Dutch"
],
[
"Italian",
"Italian"
],
[
"Russian",
"Russian"
],
[
"present participle",
"present participle"
],
[
"function",
"function"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb"
],
[
"adverbial phrase",
"adverbial phrase"
],
[
"conjunctive",
"conjunctive"
],
[
"participle",
"participle"
],
[
"active participle",
"active participle"
],
[
"adverbial participle",
"adverbial participle"
],
[
"transgressive",
"transgressive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(grammar) In some languages such as Dutch, Italian or Russian, a verbal form similar to a present participle, but functioning as an adverb to form adverbial phrases or continuous tense. These constructions have various names besides gerund, depending on the language, such as conjunctive participles, active participles, adverbial participles, transgressives, etc."
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈd͡ʒɛɹənd/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ʌnd/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛɹənd"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛɹʌnd"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gerund.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gerund.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gerund.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gerund.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gerund.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "jěr'-ənd"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundi"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "gerundi"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gérondif"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gerundi",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "გერუნდი"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "ing-es alak"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "határozói igenév"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "igéből képzett határozó"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "deverbális határozó"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerúndio"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dejepričástije",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "дееприча́стие"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of English",
"roman": "gerúndij",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "геру́ндий"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "zarf-fiil"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "ulaç"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "durum ulacı"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "sıla sıygası"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerwnd"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cyfrediad"
}
],
"word": "gerund"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-decl-past-ptc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "gerund",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "gerunde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerund",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerunde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerunde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "gerunds",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "nl-decl-past-ptc"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "runnen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"past participle of runnen"
],
"id": "en-gerund-nl-verb-Ff~M5RHa",
"links": [
[
"runnen",
"runnen#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Nl-gerund.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Nl-gerund.ogg/Nl-gerund.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Nl-gerund.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "gerund"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-decl-past-ptc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "gerund",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "gerunde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerund",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerunde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerunde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "gerunds",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "nl-decl-past-ptc"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch non-lemma forms",
"Dutch past participles",
"Dutch terms with audio links"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "runnen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"past participle of runnen"
],
"links": [
[
"runnen",
"runnen#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Nl-gerund.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Nl-gerund.ogg/Nl-gerund.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Nl-gerund.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "gerund"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ɛɹənd",
"Rhymes:English/ɛɹənd/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:English/ɛɹʌnd",
"Rhymes:English/ɛɹʌnd/2 syllables",
"en:Nouns",
"en:Parts of speech",
"en:Verbs"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gerundal"
},
{
"word": "gerund-grinder"
},
{
"word": "gerund-grinding"
},
{
"word": "gerundial"
},
{
"word": "gerundive"
},
{
"word": "gerund-participle"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "gerundium"
},
"expansion": "Latin gerundium",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gerendus",
"3": "",
"4": "which is to be carried out"
},
"expansion": "gerendus (“which is to be carried out”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gerō",
"3": "",
"4": "carry, bear"
},
"expansion": "gerō (“carry, bear”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin gerundium, from gerendus (“which is to be carried out”), future passive participle (gerundive) of gerō (“carry, bear”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gerunds",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gerund (plural gerunds)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "verbal"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Grammar"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1991, Edward Johnson, The Handbook of Good English, page 208",
"text": "Compounds in which gerunds are the second element look exactly like compounds in which present participles are the second element, but different principles of hyphenation apply.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2002, Dan Mulvey, Grammar the Easy Way, page 25",
"text": "Like any noun, the gerund functions as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, or predicate nominative. The gerund phrase is made up of the present participle (\"-ing\") and can contain an object and/or a modifier (and sometimes many modifiers). The gerund is a verbal noun.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2005, Gary Lutz, Diane Stevenson, The Writer's Digest Grammar Desk Reference, page 55",
"text": "Gerunds and gerund phrases are always nouns, so they are always predicate nominatives when used as complements. Do be careful to distinguish progressive-tense verbs from gerunds used as subjective complements.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A verbal form that functions as a verbal noun. (In English, a gerund has the same spelling as a present participle, but functions differently; however, this distinction may be ambiguous or unclear and so is no longer made in some modern texts such as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language)"
],
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"verbal",
"verbal"
],
[
"function",
"function"
],
[
"verbal noun",
"verbal noun"
],
[
"present participle",
"present participle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(grammar) A verbal form that functions as a verbal noun. (In English, a gerund has the same spelling as a present participle, but functions differently; however, this distinction may be ambiguous or unclear and so is no longer made in some modern texts such as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language)"
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Grammar"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, John Butt, Carmen Benjamin, A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish, Kindle edition, Routledge",
"text": "The Spanish gerund is quite unlike the English -ing form (‘walking’, ‘replying’, ‘saying’, etc.), which can function as a gerund, a present participle, a noun or an adjective; and it is also unlike the French form ending in -ant, which covers the functions of both the Spanish gerund and the adjectival form in -ante, -(i)ente discussed at 19.4.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In some languages such as Dutch, Italian or Russian, a verbal form similar to a present participle, but functioning as an adverb to form adverbial phrases or continuous tense. These constructions have various names besides gerund, depending on the language, such as conjunctive participles, active participles, adverbial participles, transgressives, etc."
],
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"Dutch",
"Dutch"
],
[
"Italian",
"Italian"
],
[
"Russian",
"Russian"
],
[
"present participle",
"present participle"
],
[
"function",
"function"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb"
],
[
"adverbial phrase",
"adverbial phrase"
],
[
"conjunctive",
"conjunctive"
],
[
"participle",
"participle"
],
[
"active participle",
"active participle"
],
[
"adverbial participle",
"adverbial participle"
],
[
"transgressive",
"transgressive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(grammar) In some languages such as Dutch, Italian or Russian, a verbal form similar to a present participle, but functioning as an adverb to form adverbial phrases or continuous tense. These constructions have various names besides gerund, depending on the language, such as conjunctive participles, active participles, adverbial participles, transgressives, etc."
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈd͡ʒɛɹənd/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ʌnd/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛɹənd"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛɹʌnd"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gerund.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gerund.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gerund.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gerund.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gerund.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "jěr'-ənd"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṣīḡat fiʕl",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "صِيغَة فِعْل"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "maṣdar",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مَصْدَر"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundi"
},
{
"code": "ceb",
"lang": "Cebuano",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "punglihongan"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "動名詞"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dòng-míngcí",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "动名词"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "gerundi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gérondif"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "xerundio"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gerundi",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "გერუნდი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Gerundium"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "Vertretungswort"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "geroúndio",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "γερούνδιο"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kriyāvācak sañjñā",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "क्रियावाचक संज्ञा"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "ing-es alak"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "igéből képzett főnév"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "deverbális főnév"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "sagnarnafnorð"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"alt": "どうめいし",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dōmeishi",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "動名詞"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "dongmyeongsa",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "동명사"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nom vèrbal"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rzeczownik odczasownikowy"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "odsłownik"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerúndio"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gerúndij",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "геру́ндий"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "pandiwang makangalan"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "pangngalang-diwa"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "aa-gaa-rá-naam",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "อาการนาม"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"word": "ulaç"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerwnd"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "verb form functioning as a verbal noun",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cyfrediad"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundi"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "gerundi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gérondif"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gerundi",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "გერუნდი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Gerundium"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "ing-es alak"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "határozói igenév"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "igéből képzett határozó"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "deverbális határozó"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerúndio"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dejepričástije",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "дееприча́стие"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of English",
"roman": "gerúndij",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "геру́ндий"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerundio"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gerundium"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "zarf-fiil"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "ulaç"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "durum ulacı"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"word": "sıla sıygası"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gerwnd"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "verb form functioning as an adverb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cyfrediad"
}
],
"word": "gerund"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2457",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: gerund",
"path": [
"gerund"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "participle",
"title": "gerund",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2457",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: gerund",
"path": [
"gerund"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "participle",
"title": "gerund",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2457",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: gerunds",
"path": [
"gerund"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "participle",
"title": "gerund",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.