See cranium on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for cranium meaning in All languages combined (16.4kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "basicranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chondrocranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "cranial"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "craniate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "cranio-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dermatocranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "desmocranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "ectocranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "endocranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "epicranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hemicrania"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "intracranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "neurocranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "osteocranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "paracranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "postcranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "splanchnocranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "viscerocranium"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱerh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "crānium",
"4": "",
"5": "skull"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "κρᾱνίον",
"4": "",
"5": "skull"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”), from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "craniums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crania",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "s",
"2": "crania"
},
"expansion": "cranium (plural craniums or crania)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Skeleton",
"orig": "en:Skeleton",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "68 25 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "62 26 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1858, Henry Gray, “The Skull”, in Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical, page 19",
"text": "The Skull is divided into two parts, the Cranium and the Face. The Cranium is composed of eight bones; […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1908, J. McFadyean, “Part I: Osteology and Arthrology”, in The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, page 165",
"text": "The cranium of the fowl is composed of the same elements as are present in the mammalian cranium, save that there is no interparietal.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn, “Chapter 7 \"The Skeleton\"”, in Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th edition, page 200",
"text": "The cranial bones, or cranium (kra′ne-um), enclose and protect the fragile brain and furnish attachment sites for head and neck muscles.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"That part of the skull consisting of the bones enclosing the brain, but not including the bones of the face or jaw."
],
"id": "en-cranium-en-noun-ffiJHcpk",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"skull",
"skull"
],
[
"bone",
"bone"
],
[
"enclosing",
"enclosing"
],
[
"brain",
"brain"
],
[
"face",
"face"
],
[
"jaw",
"jaw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) That part of the skull consisting of the bones enclosing the brain, but not including the bones of the face or jaw."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "braincase"
},
{
"word": "neurocranium"
}
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "boest ar penn"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čerepna kutija",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "черепна кутия"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "顱骨"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lúgǔ",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "颅骨"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mozkovna"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "hersenpan"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "kranio"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "cerbujo"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "aivokoppa"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "pääkoppa"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "boîte crânienne"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Hirnschädel"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Hirnschale"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cranio"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "kranium"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "mózgoczaszka"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "crânio"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "čerepnája koróbka",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "черепна́я коро́бка"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "kapāla",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "कपाल"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "claigeann"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "hộp sọ"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 28 6",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "padell yr ymennydd"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Anthropology",
"orig": "en:Anthropology",
"parents": [
"Social sciences",
"Zoology",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"Biology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014, Emma L. Brown, Ronald A. Dixon, Jason W. Birkett, “The Discolouration of Human Teeth from Archaeological Contexts: Elemental Analysis of a Black Tooth from a Roman Cranium Recovered from the River Witham, Lincoln, UK”, in Journal of Anthropology, volume 2014, →DOI",
"text": "In this study, the cranium recovered from the River Witham in Lincoln exhibited a black metallic staining on the surfaces of the teeth.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The upper portion of the skull, including the neurocranium and facial bones, but not including the jawbone (mandible)."
],
"id": "en-cranium-en-noun-ON4fRuiW",
"links": [
[
"anthropology",
"anthropology"
],
[
"skull",
"skull"
],
[
"neurocranium",
"neurocranium"
],
[
"facial",
"facial"
],
[
"bone",
"bone"
],
[
"jawbone",
"jawbone"
],
[
"mandible",
"mandible"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anthropology, informal) The upper portion of the skull, including the neurocranium and facial bones, but not including the jawbone (mandible)."
],
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"topics": [
"anthropology",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "25 48 27",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "upper part of skull without the mandible",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cranio"
},
{
"_dis1": "25 48 27",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "upper part of skull without the mandible",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cranio"
},
{
"_dis1": "25 48 27",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "upper part of skull without the mandible",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "creuan"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of skull."
],
"id": "en-cranium-en-noun-bjIvOXmA",
"links": [
[
"skull",
"skull#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) Synonym of skull."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "skull"
}
],
"tags": [
"informal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.ni.əm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪniəm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cranium.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cranium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cranium.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cranium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cranium.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-cranium.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-cranium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-cranium.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-cranium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-cranium.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "krā'nē-əm"
}
],
"word": "cranium"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "craniu",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Asturian: craniu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Asturian: craniu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "crani",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Catalan: crani",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Catalan: crani"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kranium",
"3": "kranie",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: kranium, kranie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: kranium, kranie"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "cranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: cranium",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: cranium"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: cranium",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: cranium"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "kranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Esperanto: kranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Esperanto: kranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "crâne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: crâne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: crâne"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Kranium",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Kranium"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "cranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Galician: cranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Galician: cranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "io",
"2": "kranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ido: kranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ido: kranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ia",
"2": "cranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Interlingua: cranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Interlingua: cranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "cranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: cranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: cranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kea",
"2": "kraniu",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Kabuverdianu: kraniu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kabuverdianu: kraniu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "kranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: kranium",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: kranium"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "cranne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norman: cranne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norman: cranne"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "kranium",
"3": "kranie",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: kranium, kranie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: kranium, kranie"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "kranium",
"3": "kranie",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kranium, kranie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kranium, kranie"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "crânio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: crânio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: crânio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "craniu",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: craniu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: craniu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cráneo",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: cráneo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: cráneo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: kranium",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kranie"
},
"expansion": "kranie",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: kranium, kranie"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1190"
},
"expansion": "c. 1190",
"name": "c."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "κρᾱνίον",
"4": "",
"5": "upper part of the head, skull"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “upper part of the head, skull”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Earliest attestation c. 1190, from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “upper part of the head, skull”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crānium",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crānī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "crānium",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crānia",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crānī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniōrum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crānium",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crānia",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crānium",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crānia",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crānium<2>"
},
"expansion": "crānium n (genitive crāniī or crānī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crānium<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "la:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "crāniālis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"skull"
],
"id": "en-cranium-la-noun-jBpkpRWL",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"skull",
"skull"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) skull"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "calvāria"
},
{
"word": "calva"
},
{
"word": "testa"
}
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-2"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkraː.ni.um/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkräːniʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkra.ni.um/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkräːnium]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "cranium"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱerh₂-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English undefined derivations",
"Rhymes:English/eɪniəm",
"Rhymes:English/eɪniəm/3 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "basicranium"
},
{
"word": "chondrocranium"
},
{
"word": "cranial"
},
{
"word": "craniate"
},
{
"word": "cranio-"
},
{
"word": "dermatocranium"
},
{
"word": "desmocranium"
},
{
"word": "ectocranium"
},
{
"word": "endocranium"
},
{
"word": "epicranium"
},
{
"word": "hemicrania"
},
{
"word": "intracranium"
},
{
"word": "neurocranium"
},
{
"word": "osteocranium"
},
{
"word": "paracranium"
},
{
"word": "postcranium"
},
{
"word": "splanchnocranium"
},
{
"word": "viscerocranium"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱerh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "crānium",
"4": "",
"5": "skull"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "κρᾱνίον",
"4": "",
"5": "skull"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”), from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "craniums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crania",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "s",
"2": "crania"
},
"expansion": "cranium (plural craniums or crania)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Skeleton"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1858, Henry Gray, “The Skull”, in Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical, page 19",
"text": "The Skull is divided into two parts, the Cranium and the Face. The Cranium is composed of eight bones; […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1908, J. McFadyean, “Part I: Osteology and Arthrology”, in The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, page 165",
"text": "The cranium of the fowl is composed of the same elements as are present in the mammalian cranium, save that there is no interparietal.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn, “Chapter 7 \"The Skeleton\"”, in Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th edition, page 200",
"text": "The cranial bones, or cranium (kra′ne-um), enclose and protect the fragile brain and furnish attachment sites for head and neck muscles.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"That part of the skull consisting of the bones enclosing the brain, but not including the bones of the face or jaw."
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"skull",
"skull"
],
[
"bone",
"bone"
],
[
"enclosing",
"enclosing"
],
[
"brain",
"brain"
],
[
"face",
"face"
],
[
"jaw",
"jaw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) That part of the skull consisting of the bones enclosing the brain, but not including the bones of the face or jaw."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "braincase"
},
{
"word": "neurocranium"
}
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English informal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Anthropology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014, Emma L. Brown, Ronald A. Dixon, Jason W. Birkett, “The Discolouration of Human Teeth from Archaeological Contexts: Elemental Analysis of a Black Tooth from a Roman Cranium Recovered from the River Witham, Lincoln, UK”, in Journal of Anthropology, volume 2014, →DOI",
"text": "In this study, the cranium recovered from the River Witham in Lincoln exhibited a black metallic staining on the surfaces of the teeth.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The upper portion of the skull, including the neurocranium and facial bones, but not including the jawbone (mandible)."
],
"links": [
[
"anthropology",
"anthropology"
],
[
"skull",
"skull"
],
[
"neurocranium",
"neurocranium"
],
[
"facial",
"facial"
],
[
"bone",
"bone"
],
[
"jawbone",
"jawbone"
],
[
"mandible",
"mandible"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anthropology, informal) The upper portion of the skull, including the neurocranium and facial bones, but not including the jawbone (mandible)."
],
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"topics": [
"anthropology",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English informal terms"
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of skull."
],
"links": [
[
"skull",
"skull#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) Synonym of skull."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "skull"
}
],
"tags": [
"informal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.ni.əm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪniəm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cranium.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cranium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cranium.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cranium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cranium.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-cranium.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-cranium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-cranium.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-cranium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-cranium.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "krā'nē-əm"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "boest ar penn"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čerepna kutija",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "черепна кутия"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "顱骨"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lúgǔ",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "颅骨"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mozkovna"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "hersenpan"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "kranio"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "cerbujo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "aivokoppa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "pääkoppa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "boîte crânienne"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Hirnschädel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Hirnschale"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cranio"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "kranium"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "mózgoczaszka"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "crânio"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "čerepnája koróbka",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "черепна́я коро́бка"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "kapāla",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "कपाल"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "claigeann"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"word": "hộp sọ"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "(anatomy) braincase or neurocranium",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "padell yr ymennydd"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "upper part of skull without the mandible",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cranio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "upper part of skull without the mandible",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cranio"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "upper part of skull without the mandible",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "creuan"
}
],
"word": "cranium"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "crāniālis"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "craniu",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Asturian: craniu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Asturian: craniu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "crani",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Catalan: crani",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Catalan: crani"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kranium",
"3": "kranie",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: kranium, kranie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: kranium, kranie"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "cranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: cranium",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: cranium"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: cranium",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: cranium"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "kranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Esperanto: kranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Esperanto: kranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "crâne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: crâne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: crâne"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Kranium",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Kranium"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "cranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Galician: cranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Galician: cranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "io",
"2": "kranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ido: kranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ido: kranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ia",
"2": "cranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Interlingua: cranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Interlingua: cranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "cranio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: cranio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: cranio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kea",
"2": "kraniu",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Kabuverdianu: kraniu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kabuverdianu: kraniu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "kranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: kranium",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: kranium"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "cranne",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norman: cranne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norman: cranne"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "kranium",
"3": "kranie",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: kranium, kranie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: kranium, kranie"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "kranium",
"3": "kranie",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kranium, kranie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kranium, kranie"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "crânio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: crânio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: crânio"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "craniu",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: craniu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: craniu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cráneo",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: cráneo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: cráneo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kranium",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: kranium",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kranie"
},
"expansion": "kranie",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: kranium, kranie"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1190"
},
"expansion": "c. 1190",
"name": "c."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "κρᾱνίον",
"4": "",
"5": "upper part of the head, skull"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “upper part of the head, skull”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Earliest attestation c. 1190, from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “upper part of the head, skull”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crānium",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crānī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "crānium",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crānia",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crānī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniōrum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crānium",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crānia",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crāniīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crānium",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crānia",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crānium<2>"
},
"expansion": "crānium n (genitive crāniī or crānī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crānium<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
"Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Medieval Latin",
"la:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"skull"
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"skull",
"skull"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) skull"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "calvāria"
},
{
"word": "calva"
},
{
"word": "testa"
}
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-2"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkraː.ni.um/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkräːniʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkra.ni.um/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkräːnium]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "cranium"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.