See -ula on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ula meaning in All languages combined (14.3kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ula"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-le"
},
"expansion": "English -le",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dimple"
},
"expansion": "dimple",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nozzle"
},
"expansion": "nozzle",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -el",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "German -el",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ula. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, whence no longer productive English -le (as in dimple and nozzle), Dutch -el, German -el.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ula",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"urls": [
"https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=*ula&title=Special%3ASearch"
],
"word": "-ula at Wikispecies"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form taxonomic names, usually of genera; small-."
],
"id": "en--ula-mul-suffix-teuTaxJJ",
"links": [
[
"genera",
"genus#English"
],
[
"small",
"small"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-u",
"3": "-la",
"id2": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "-u + -la",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "-u + -la",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ylä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"10": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"11": "",
"12": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"13": "linguistic notation",
"14": "-UlA",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{comp}}}",
"17": "",
"18": "{{{sup}}}",
"2": "suffixes",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-ylä",
"5": "",
"6": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"7": "",
"8": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"f3nolink": "1",
"f4nolink": "1",
"f5nolink": "1",
"f6nolink": "1",
"f7nolink": "1",
"f8nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-ula (front vowel harmony variant -ylä, linguistic notation -UlA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun",
"var": "ylä"
},
"expansion": "-ula (front vowel harmony variant -ylä, linguistic notation -UlA)",
"name": "fi-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Finnish terms suffixed with -la (diminutive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutive nouns."
],
"id": "en--ula-fi-suffix-Gjv15xH3",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tlom",
"4": "*-tlom, *-dʰlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rēgula"
},
"expansion": "rēgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tēgula"
},
"expansion": "tēgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "regō"
},
"expansion": "regō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tegō"
},
"expansion": "tegō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rēgula"
},
"expansion": "rēgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tēgula"
},
"expansion": "tēgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rēctus"
},
"expansion": "rēctus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tēctus"
},
"expansion": "tēctus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "rēcula"
},
"expansion": "rēcula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "tēcula"
},
"expansion": "tēcula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "strāgulum"
},
"expansion": "strāgulum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "trāgula"
},
"expansion": "trāgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "neglego"
},
"expansion": "neglego",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pūblicus"
},
"expansion": "pūblicus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-culum"
},
"expansion": "-culum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pōculum"
},
"expansion": "pōculum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ulus"
},
"expansion": "-ulus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gerulus"
},
"expansion": "gerulus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gerula"
},
"expansion": "gerula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ulum"
},
"expansion": "-ulum",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.\nMore information\nThe words rēgula and tēgula are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs regō and tegō. Sihler (1979) reconstructs *-dʰl- in rēgula and tēgula; in contrast, Nielsen (1998) reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's Law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles rēctus and tēctus). As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (*rēcula and *tēcula), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /g/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > strāgulum and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la > trāgula. (Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in neglego, and is argued by Sen 2015 to have occurred in pūblicus; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in -culum such as pōculum).\nAlternatively, related to the suffix -ulus used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as gerulus, gerula.\nCompare instrument nouns in -ulum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ulae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ula<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 15 14 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine suffixes in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "regō + -ula → rēgula",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tegō + -ula → tēgula",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Noun suffix denoting instrument."
],
"id": "en--ula-la-suffix-wMHVgp83",
"links": [
[
"instrument",
"instrument#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ula",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of -ulus:",
"nominative/vocative feminine singular"
],
"id": "en--ula-la-suffix-BDwqTa2Q",
"links": [
[
"-ulus",
"-ulus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of -ulus:",
"nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural"
],
"id": "en--ula-la-suffix-tBeJJCc3",
"links": [
[
"-ulus",
"-ulus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "[ulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ulā",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form",
"head": "-ulā"
},
"expansion": "-ulā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-ulus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ablative feminine singular of -ulus"
],
"id": "en--ula-la-suffix-IZkvuwGi",
"links": [
[
"-ulus",
"-ulus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "[ulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"ipa": "/u.laː/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"ipa": "[ʊɫ̪äː]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"ipa": "[ulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-у́ля"
},
"expansion": "Russian -у́ля (-úlja)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Russian -у́ля (-úlja).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-ula f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"u‧la"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "baba + -ula → babula",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms feminine nouns, usually endearing"
],
"id": "en--ula-pl-suffix-vIT2SRKt",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈu.la/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ula"
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ka",
"2": "-ულა"
},
"expansion": "Georgian: -ულა (-ula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Georgian: -ულა (-ula)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "-ულა"
},
"expansion": "Laz: -ულა (-ula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Laz: -ულა (-ula)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "-ულა"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: -ულა (-ula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: -ულა (-ula)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ul-a",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "*-ul-a"
},
"expansion": "*-ul-a",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Georgian-Zan",
"lang_code": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Georgian-Zan/-ula",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Georgian-Zan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffixed to nouns to form diminutives"
],
"id": "en--ula-ccs-gzn-pro-suffix-pfRW53Ov",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-u",
"3": "-la",
"id2": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "-u + -la",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "-u + -la",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ylä",
"tags": [
"front-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"10": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"11": "",
"12": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"13": "linguistic notation",
"14": "-UlA",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{comp}}}",
"17": "",
"18": "{{{sup}}}",
"2": "suffixes",
"3": "front vowel harmony variant",
"4": "-ylä",
"5": "",
"6": "-{{{stem}}}-",
"7": "",
"8": "-{{{stem2}}}-",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"f3nolink": "1",
"f4nolink": "1",
"f5nolink": "1",
"f6nolink": "1",
"f7nolink": "1",
"f8nolink": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-ula (front vowel harmony variant -ylä, linguistic notation -UlA)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun",
"var": "ylä"
},
"expansion": "-ula (front vowel harmony variant -ylä, linguistic notation -UlA)",
"name": "fi-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
"Finnish lemmas",
"Finnish noun-forming suffixes",
"Finnish suffixes",
"Finnish terms suffixed with -la (diminutive)"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutive nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine suffixes",
"Latin feminine suffixes in the first declension",
"Latin first declension suffixes",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun-forming suffixes",
"Latin suffix forms",
"Latin suffixes",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tlom",
"4": "*-tlom, *-dʰlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rēgula"
},
"expansion": "rēgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tēgula"
},
"expansion": "tēgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "regō"
},
"expansion": "regō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tegō"
},
"expansion": "tegō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rēgula"
},
"expansion": "rēgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tēgula"
},
"expansion": "tēgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rēctus"
},
"expansion": "rēctus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tēctus"
},
"expansion": "tēctus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "rēcula"
},
"expansion": "rēcula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "tēcula"
},
"expansion": "tēcula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "strāgulum"
},
"expansion": "strāgulum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "trāgula"
},
"expansion": "trāgula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "neglego"
},
"expansion": "neglego",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pūblicus"
},
"expansion": "pūblicus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-culum"
},
"expansion": "-culum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pōculum"
},
"expansion": "pōculum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ulus"
},
"expansion": "-ulus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gerulus"
},
"expansion": "gerulus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gerula"
},
"expansion": "gerula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ulum"
},
"expansion": "-ulum",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.\nMore information\nThe words rēgula and tēgula are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs regō and tegō. Sihler (1979) reconstructs *-dʰl- in rēgula and tēgula; in contrast, Nielsen (1998) reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's Law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles rēctus and tēctus). As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (*rēcula and *tēcula), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /g/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > strāgulum and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la > trāgula. (Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in neglego, and is argued by Sen 2015 to have occurred in pūblicus; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in -culum such as pōculum).\nAlternatively, related to the suffix -ulus used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as gerulus, gerula.\nCompare instrument nouns in -ulum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ulae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ula<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "regō + -ula → rēgula",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tegō + -ula → tēgula",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Noun suffix denoting instrument."
],
"links": [
[
"instrument",
"instrument#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin suffix forms",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ula",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of -ulus:",
"nominative/vocative feminine singular"
],
"links": [
[
"-ulus",
"-ulus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of -ulus:",
"nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural"
],
"links": [
[
"-ulus",
"-ulus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "[ulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin suffix forms",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ulā",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form",
"head": "-ulā"
},
"expansion": "-ulā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-ulus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ablative feminine singular of -ulus"
],
"links": [
[
"-ulus",
"-ulus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"ipa": "[ulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"ipa": "/u.laː/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"ipa": "[ʊɫ̪äː]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"ipa": "/u.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"ipa": "[ulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-у́ля"
},
"expansion": "Russian -у́ля (-úlja)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Russian -у́ля (-úlja).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-ula f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"u‧la"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine suffixes",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Polish/ula",
"Rhymes:Polish/ula/2 syllables"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "baba + -ula → babula",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms feminine nouns, usually endearing"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈu.la/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ula"
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ka",
"2": "-ულა"
},
"expansion": "Georgian: -ულა (-ula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Georgian: -ულა (-ula)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "-ულა"
},
"expansion": "Laz: -ულა (-ula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Laz: -ულა (-ula)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "-ულა"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: -ულა (-ula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: -ულა (-ula)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ul-a",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "*-ul-a"
},
"expansion": "*-ul-a",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Georgian-Zan",
"lang_code": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Georgian-Zan/-ula",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Georgian-Zan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Georgian-Zan lemmas",
"Proto-Georgian-Zan suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Suffixed to nouns to form diminutives"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"urls": [
"https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=*ula&title=Special%3ASearch"
],
"word": "-ula at Wikispecies"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ula"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-le"
},
"expansion": "English -le",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dimple"
},
"expansion": "dimple",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nozzle"
},
"expansion": "nozzle",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -el",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "German -el",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ula. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, whence no longer productive English -le (as in dimple and nozzle), Dutch -el, German -el.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ula",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
"Translingual lemmas",
"Translingual suffixes",
"Translingual terms derived from Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form taxonomic names, usually of genera; small-."
],
"links": [
[
"genera",
"genus#English"
],
[
"small",
"small"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ula"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.