"-ula" meaning in Latin

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-tlom",
        "4": "*-tlom, *-dʰlom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rēgula"
      },
      "expansion": "rēgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "tēgula"
      },
      "expansion": "tēgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "regō"
      },
      "expansion": "regō",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "tegō"
      },
      "expansion": "tegō",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rēgula"
      },
      "expansion": "rēgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "tēgula"
      },
      "expansion": "tēgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rēctus"
      },
      "expansion": "rēctus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "tēctus"
      },
      "expansion": "tēctus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "rēcula"
      },
      "expansion": "rēcula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "tēcula"
      },
      "expansion": "tēcula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "strāgulum"
      },
      "expansion": "strāgulum",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "trāgula"
      },
      "expansion": "trāgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "neglego"
      },
      "expansion": "neglego",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "pūblicus"
      },
      "expansion": "pūblicus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-culum"
      },
      "expansion": "-culum",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "pōculum"
      },
      "expansion": "pōculum",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ulus"
      },
      "expansion": "-ulus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "gerulus"
      },
      "expansion": "gerulus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "gerula"
      },
      "expansion": "gerula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ulum"
      },
      "expansion": "-ulum",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Probably from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.\nMore information\nThe words rēgula and tēgula are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs regō and tegō. Sihler (1979) reconstructs *-dʰl- in rēgula and tēgula; in contrast, Nielsen (1998) reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's Law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles rēctus and tēctus). As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (*rēcula and *tēcula), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /g/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > strāgulum and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la > trāgula. (Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in neglego, and is argued by Sen 2015 to have occurred in pūblicus; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in -culum such as pōculum).\nAlternatively, related to the suffix -ulus used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as gerulus, gerula.\nCompare instrument nouns in -ulum.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulārum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulās",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ula<1>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "53 15 14 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine suffixes in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "regō + -ula → rēgula",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "tegō + -ula → tēgula",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Noun suffix denoting instrument."
      ],
      "id": "en--ula-la-suffix-wMHVgp83",
      "links": [
        [
          "instrument",
          "instrument#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "feminine",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ulä]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ula"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
      "name": "nonlemma"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "suffix form"
      },
      "expansion": "-ula",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "inflection of -ulus:",
        "nominative/vocative feminine singular"
      ],
      "id": "en--ula-la-suffix-BDwqTa2Q",
      "links": [
        [
          "-ulus",
          "-ulus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "inflection of -ulus:",
        "nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural"
      ],
      "id": "en--ula-la-suffix-tBeJJCc3",
      "links": [
        [
          "-ulus",
          "-ulus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "[ulä]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ula"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
      "name": "nonlemma"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "suffix form",
        "head": "-ulā"
      },
      "expansion": "-ulā",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "word": "-ulus"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ablative feminine singular of -ulus"
      ],
      "id": "en--ula-la-suffix-IZkvuwGi",
      "links": [
        [
          "-ulus",
          "-ulus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "singular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "[ulä]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "ipa": "/u.laː/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "ipa": "[ʊɫ̪äː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "ipa": "[ulä]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ula"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 2-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin feminine suffixes",
    "Latin feminine suffixes in the first declension",
    "Latin first declension suffixes",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin non-lemma forms",
    "Latin noun-forming suffixes",
    "Latin suffix forms",
    "Latin suffixes",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-tlom",
        "4": "*-tlom, *-dʰlom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rēgula"
      },
      "expansion": "rēgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "tēgula"
      },
      "expansion": "tēgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "regō"
      },
      "expansion": "regō",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "tegō"
      },
      "expansion": "tegō",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rēgula"
      },
      "expansion": "rēgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "tēgula"
      },
      "expansion": "tēgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rēctus"
      },
      "expansion": "rēctus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "tēctus"
      },
      "expansion": "tēctus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "rēcula"
      },
      "expansion": "rēcula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "tēcula"
      },
      "expansion": "tēcula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "strāgulum"
      },
      "expansion": "strāgulum",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "trāgula"
      },
      "expansion": "trāgula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "neglego"
      },
      "expansion": "neglego",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "pūblicus"
      },
      "expansion": "pūblicus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-culum"
      },
      "expansion": "-culum",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "pōculum"
      },
      "expansion": "pōculum",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ulus"
      },
      "expansion": "-ulus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "gerulus"
      },
      "expansion": "gerulus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "gerula"
      },
      "expansion": "gerula",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ulum"
      },
      "expansion": "-ulum",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Probably from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.\nMore information\nThe words rēgula and tēgula are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs regō and tegō. Sihler (1979) reconstructs *-dʰl- in rēgula and tēgula; in contrast, Nielsen (1998) reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's Law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles rēctus and tēctus). As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (*rēcula and *tēcula), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /g/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > strāgulum and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la > trāgula. (Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in neglego, and is argued by Sen 2015 to have occurred in pūblicus; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in -culum such as pōculum).\nAlternatively, related to the suffix -ulus used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as gerulus, gerula.\nCompare instrument nouns in -ulum.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulārum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulās",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ula<1>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "regō + -ula → rēgula",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "tegō + -ula → tēgula",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Noun suffix denoting instrument."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "instrument",
          "instrument#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "feminine",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ulä]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ula"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 2-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin non-lemma forms",
    "Latin suffix forms",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
      "name": "nonlemma"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "suffix form"
      },
      "expansion": "-ula",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "inflection of -ulus:",
        "nominative/vocative feminine singular"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-ulus",
          "-ulus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "inflection of -ulus:",
        "nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-ulus",
          "-ulus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "[ulä]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ula"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 2-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin non-lemma forms",
    "Latin suffix forms",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
      "name": "nonlemma"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "suffix form",
        "head": "-ulā"
      },
      "expansion": "-ulā",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "word": "-ulus"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ablative feminine singular of -ulus"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-ulus",
          "-ulus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "singular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "[ʊɫ̪ä]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "form": "-ula",
      "ipa": "[ulä]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "ipa": "/u.laː/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "ipa": "[ʊɫ̪äː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "ipa": "/u.la/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "form": "-ulā",
      "ipa": "[ulä]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ula"
}