"悲慘" meaning in 漢語

See 悲慘 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /peɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/ [Mandarin, Standard Chinese, Sinological-IPA], /pei̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːm³⁵/ [Cantonese, IPA], /pi²⁴ t͡sʰam³¹/ [IPA], /pui⁵³ t͡sʰam²⁴/ [IPA], /pi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/ [Southern Min], /pi³³ t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/ [Southern Min], /pi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/ [Southern Min], /pi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁵³/ [Southern Min], /pi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁴¹/ [Southern Min] Audio: Zh-beican.ogg Forms: 悲惨 [Simplified-Chinese]
  1. 悲傷慘痛
    Sense id: zh-悲慘-zh-adj-mhbS9fKa
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: 悲慘世界 [Traditional-Chinese], 悲惨世界 [Simplified-Chinese]
Categories (other): 官話形容詞, 官話詞元, 客家語形容詞, 客家語詞元, 帶「悲」的漢語詞, 帶「慘」的漢語詞, 有4個詞條的頁面, 有國際音標的漢語詞, 有詞條的頁面, 有音頻鏈接的官話詞, 泉漳話形容詞, 泉漳話詞元, 漢語 情緒, 漢語形容詞, 漢語水平考試丁級詞, 漢語詞元, 粵語形容詞, 粵語詞元 Synonyms: 京京 (jīngjīng) [literary], 傷心 [Traditional-Chinese], 伤心 [Simplified-Chinese], 傷悲 (shāngbēi) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 伤悲 (shāngbēi) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 傷感 (shānggǎn) [Traditional-Chinese], 伤感 (shānggǎn) [Simplified-Chinese], 傷懷 (shānghuái) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 伤怀 (shānghuái) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 傷痛 (shāngtòng) [Traditional-Chinese], 伤痛 (shāngtòng) [Simplified-Chinese], 傷神 (shāngshén) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 伤神 (shāngshén) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 刺心 (cìxīn), 哀傷 (āishāng) [Traditional-Chinese], 哀伤 (āishāng) [Simplified-Chinese], 哀切, 哀怨 (āiyuàn), 哀悽 [Traditional-Chinese], 哀凄 [Simplified-Chinese], 哀慟 (āitòng) [Traditional-Chinese], 哀恸 (āitòng) [Simplified-Chinese], 哀戚 (āiqī) [literary], 哀痛 (āitòng), 心酸 (xīnsuān), 怛傷 (dáshāng) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 怛伤 (dáshāng) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 悄然 (qiǎorán) [literary], 悱惻 (fěicè) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 悱恻 (fěicè) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 悲催 [neologism], 悲傷 (bēishāng) [Traditional-Chinese], 悲伤 (bēishāng) [Simplified-Chinese], 悲切 (bēiqiè) [literary], 悲哀 (bēi'āi), 悲悽 (bēiqī) [Traditional-Chinese], 悲凄 (bēiqī) [Simplified-Chinese], 悲愴 [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 悲怆 [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 悲慟 (bēitòng) [Traditional-Chinese], 悲恸 (bēitòng) [Simplified-Chinese], 悲戚, 悲摧 [literary], 悲楚 [literary], 悲涼 (bēiliáng) [Traditional-Chinese], 悲凉 (bēiliáng) [Simplified-Chinese], 悲痛 (bēitòng), 悲苦 (bēikǔ), 悽惶 (qīhuáng) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 凄惶 (qīhuáng) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 悽愴 (qīchuàng) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 凄怆 (qīchuàng) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 悽戚 (qīqì) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 凄戚 (qīqì) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 情傷 [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 情伤 [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 惻然 (cèrán) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 恻然 (cèrán) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 愀愴 (qiùchuàng) [Traditional-Chinese], 愀怆 (qiùchuàng) [Simplified-Chinese], 愁楚 (chóuchǔ) [literary], 感傷 [Traditional-Chinese], 感伤 [Simplified-Chinese], 愴然 (chuàngrán) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 怆然 (chuàngrán) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], (cǎn) [Traditional-Chinese], (cǎn) [Simplified-Chinese], 慘悽 (cǎnqī) [Traditional-Chinese], 惨凄 (cǎnqī) [Simplified-Chinese], 慘淡 (cǎndàn) [Traditional-Chinese], 惨淡 (cǎndàn) [Simplified-Chinese], 憂傷 (yōushāng) [Traditional-Chinese], 忧伤 (yōushāng) [Simplified-Chinese], 憂愁 (yōuchóu) [Traditional-Chinese], 忧愁 (yōuchóu) [Simplified-Chinese], 憂戚 (yōuqī) [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 忧戚 (yōuqī) [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 憯懍 (cǎnlǐn) [Traditional-Chinese], 憯懔 (cǎnlǐn) [Simplified-Chinese], 懤懤 (chóuchóu) [Traditional-Chinese], 㤽㤽 (chóuchóu) [Simplified-Chinese], 沉痛, 淒切 [Traditional-Chinese], 凄切 [Simplified-Chinese], 淒惻 [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 凄恻 [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 淒慘 (qīcǎn) [Traditional-Chinese], 凄惨 (qīcǎn) [Simplified-Chinese], 淒楚 [Traditional-Chinese], 凄楚 [Simplified-Chinese], 淒涼 [Traditional-Chinese], 凄凉 [Simplified-Chinese], 淒然 [Traditional-Chinese, literary], 凄然 [Simplified-Chinese, literary], 痛心 (tòngxīn), 蒼涼 (cāngliáng) [Traditional-Chinese], 苍凉 (cāngliáng) [Simplified-Chinese], 酸心 (suānxīn), 難受 (nánshòu) [Traditional-Chinese], 难受 (nánshòu) [Simplified-Chinese], 難過 (nánguò) [Traditional-Chinese], 难过 (nánguò) [Simplified-Chinese], 青凊 [Southern Min], 黯然 (ànrán)
{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "官話形容詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "官話詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "客家語形容詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "客家語詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "帶「悲」的漢語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "帶「慘」的漢語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "有4個詞條的頁面",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "有國際音標的漢語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "有詞條的頁面",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "有音頻鏈接的官話詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "泉漳話形容詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "泉漳話詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "漢語 情緒",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "漢語形容詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "漢語水平考試丁級詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "漢語詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "粵語形容詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "粵語詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲慘世界"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲惨世界"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "悲惨",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "漢語",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "adj",
  "pos_title": "形容詞",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "悲傷慘痛"
      ],
      "id": "zh-悲慘-zh-adj-mhbS9fKa"
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bēicǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "ㄅㄟ ㄘㄢˇ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Zh-beican.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Zh-beican.ogg/Zh-beican.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-beican.ogg"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bei¹ caam²"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pî-chhám"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "(海陸,客家語拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bui^ˋ cam^ˊ"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pi-chhám"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bēicǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "ㄅㄟ ㄘㄢˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "beicǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Wade–Giles"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pei¹-tsʻan³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bēi-tsǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "beitsaan"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "бэйцань (bɛjcanʹ)"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/peɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bei¹ caam²"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bēi cháam"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bei¹ tsaam²"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "béi¹ cam²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pei̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːm³⁵/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣話",
        "包括苗栗和美濃",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pî-chhám"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣話",
        "包括苗栗和美濃",
        "客家語拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bi^ˊ cam^ˋ"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣話",
        "包括苗栗和美濃",
        "客家話拼音方案"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bi¹ cam³"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi²⁴ t͡sʰam³¹/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣話",
        "包括苗栗和美濃"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "海陸",
        "包含竹東",
        "客家語拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bui^ˋ cam^ˊ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pui⁵³ t͡sʰam²⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "海陸",
        "包含竹東"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pi-chhám"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "臺羅"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pi-tshám"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "普實台文"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pizharm"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (廈門)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi³³ t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (泉州)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (漳州)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁵³/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (臺北)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁴¹/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (高雄)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "jīngjīng",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "京京"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "傷心"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "伤心"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngbēi",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "傷悲"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngbēi",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "伤悲"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shānggǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "傷感"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shānggǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "伤感"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shānghuái",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "傷懷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shānghuái",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "伤怀"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngtòng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "傷痛"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngtòng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "伤痛"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngshén",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "傷神"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngshén",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "伤神"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cìxīn",
      "word": "刺心"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āishāng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀傷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āishāng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀伤"
    },
    {
      "word": "哀切"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āiyuàn",
      "word": "哀怨"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀悽"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀凄"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āitòng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀慟"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āitòng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀恸"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āiqī",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "哀戚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āitòng",
      "word": "哀痛"
    },
    {
      "roman": "xīnsuān",
      "word": "心酸"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dáshāng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "怛傷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dáshāng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "怛伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qiǎorán",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悄然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "fěicè",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悱惻"
    },
    {
      "roman": "fěicè",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悱恻"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "詼諧"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neologism"
      ],
      "word": "悲催"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēishāng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲傷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēishāng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiqiè",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲切"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēi'āi",
      "word": "悲哀"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiqī",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲悽"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiqī",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲凄"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲愴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲怆"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēitòng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲慟"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēitòng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲恸"
    },
    {
      "word": "悲戚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲摧"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲楚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiliáng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲涼"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiliáng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲凉"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēitòng",
      "word": "悲痛"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēikǔ",
      "word": "悲苦"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīhuáng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悽惶"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīhuáng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄惶"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīchuàng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悽愴"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīchuàng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄怆"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīqì",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悽戚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīqì",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄戚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "情傷"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "情伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cèrán",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "惻然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cèrán",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "恻然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qiùchuàng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "愀愴"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qiùchuàng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "愀怆"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chóuchǔ",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "愁楚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "感傷"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "感伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chuàngrán",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "愴然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chuàngrán",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "怆然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "慘"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "惨"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎnqī",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "慘悽"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎnqī",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "惨凄"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎndàn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "慘淡"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎndàn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "惨淡"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōushāng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "憂傷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōushāng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "忧伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōuchóu",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "憂愁"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōuchóu",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "忧愁"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōuqī",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "憂戚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōuqī",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "忧戚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎnlǐn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "憯懍"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎnlǐn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "憯懔"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chóuchóu",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "懤懤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chóuchóu",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "㤽㤽"
    },
    {
      "word": "沉痛"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "淒切"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "凄切"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "淒惻"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄恻"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīcǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "淒慘"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīcǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "凄惨"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "淒楚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "凄楚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "淒涼"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "凄凉"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "淒然"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tòngxīn",
      "word": "痛心"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cāngliáng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "蒼涼"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cāngliáng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "苍凉"
    },
    {
      "roman": "suānxīn",
      "word": "酸心"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nánshòu",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "難受"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nánshòu",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "难受"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nánguò",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "難過"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nánguò",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "难过"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "word": "青凊"
    },
    {
      "roman": "ànrán",
      "word": "黯然"
    }
  ],
  "word": "悲慘"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "官話形容詞",
    "官話詞元",
    "客家語形容詞",
    "客家語詞元",
    "帶「悲」的漢語詞",
    "帶「慘」的漢語詞",
    "有4個詞條的頁面",
    "有國際音標的漢語詞",
    "有詞條的頁面",
    "有音頻鏈接的官話詞",
    "泉漳話形容詞",
    "泉漳話詞元",
    "漢語 情緒",
    "漢語形容詞",
    "漢語水平考試丁級詞",
    "漢語詞元",
    "粵語形容詞",
    "粵語詞元"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲慘世界"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲惨世界"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "悲惨",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "漢語",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "adj",
  "pos_title": "形容詞",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "悲傷慘痛"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bēicǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "ㄅㄟ ㄘㄢˇ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Zh-beican.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Zh-beican.ogg/Zh-beican.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-beican.ogg"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bei¹ caam²"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pî-chhám"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "(海陸,客家語拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bui^ˋ cam^ˊ"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pi-chhám"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bēicǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "ㄅㄟ ㄘㄢˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "beicǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Wade–Giles"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pei¹-tsʻan³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bēi-tsǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "beitsaan"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "бэйцань (bɛjcanʹ)"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/peɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Standard Chinese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bei¹ caam²"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bēi cháam"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bei¹ tsaam²"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "béi¹ cam²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pei̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːm³⁵/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "標準粵語",
        "廣州–香港話"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣話",
        "包括苗栗和美濃",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pî-chhám"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣話",
        "包括苗栗和美濃",
        "客家語拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bi^ˊ cam^ˋ"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣話",
        "包括苗栗和美濃",
        "客家話拼音方案"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bi¹ cam³"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi²⁴ t͡sʰam³¹/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "四縣話",
        "包括苗栗和美濃"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "海陸",
        "包含竹東",
        "客家語拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "bui^ˋ cam^ˊ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pui⁵³ t͡sʰam²⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "客家語",
        "海陸",
        "包含竹東"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pi-chhám"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "臺羅"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pi-tshám"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "普實台文"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "pizharm"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (廈門)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi³³ t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (泉州)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (漳州)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁵³/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (臺北)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁴¹/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (高雄)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "jīngjīng",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "京京"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "傷心"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "伤心"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngbēi",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "傷悲"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngbēi",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "伤悲"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shānggǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "傷感"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shānggǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "伤感"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shānghuái",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "傷懷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shānghuái",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "伤怀"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngtòng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "傷痛"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngtòng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "伤痛"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngshén",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "傷神"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shāngshén",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "伤神"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cìxīn",
      "word": "刺心"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āishāng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀傷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āishāng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀伤"
    },
    {
      "word": "哀切"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āiyuàn",
      "word": "哀怨"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀悽"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀凄"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āitòng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀慟"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āitòng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "哀恸"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āiqī",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "哀戚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "āitòng",
      "word": "哀痛"
    },
    {
      "roman": "xīnsuān",
      "word": "心酸"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dáshāng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "怛傷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dáshāng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "怛伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qiǎorán",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悄然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "fěicè",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悱惻"
    },
    {
      "roman": "fěicè",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悱恻"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "詼諧"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neologism"
      ],
      "word": "悲催"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēishāng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲傷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēishāng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiqiè",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲切"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēi'āi",
      "word": "悲哀"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiqī",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲悽"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiqī",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲凄"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲愴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲怆"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēitòng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲慟"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēitòng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲恸"
    },
    {
      "word": "悲戚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲摧"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悲楚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiliáng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲涼"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēiliáng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "悲凉"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēitòng",
      "word": "悲痛"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bēikǔ",
      "word": "悲苦"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīhuáng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悽惶"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīhuáng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄惶"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīchuàng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悽愴"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīchuàng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄怆"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīqì",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "悽戚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīqì",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄戚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "情傷"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "情伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cèrán",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "惻然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cèrán",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "恻然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qiùchuàng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "愀愴"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qiùchuàng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "愀怆"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chóuchǔ",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "愁楚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "感傷"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "感伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chuàngrán",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "愴然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chuàngrán",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "怆然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "慘"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "惨"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎnqī",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "慘悽"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎnqī",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "惨凄"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎndàn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "慘淡"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎndàn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "惨淡"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōushāng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "憂傷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōushāng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "忧伤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōuchóu",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "憂愁"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōuchóu",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "忧愁"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōuqī",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "憂戚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yōuqī",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "忧戚"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎnlǐn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "憯懍"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎnlǐn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "憯懔"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chóuchóu",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "懤懤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chóuchóu",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "㤽㤽"
    },
    {
      "word": "沉痛"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "淒切"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "凄切"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "淒惻"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄恻"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīcǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "淒慘"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīcǎn",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "凄惨"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "淒楚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "凄楚"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "淒涼"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "凄凉"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "淒然"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凄然"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tòngxīn",
      "word": "痛心"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cāngliáng",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "蒼涼"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cāngliáng",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "苍凉"
    },
    {
      "roman": "suānxīn",
      "word": "酸心"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nánshòu",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "難受"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nánshòu",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "难受"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nánguò",
      "tags": [
        "Traditional-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "難過"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nánguò",
      "tags": [
        "Simplified-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "难过"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Southern Min"
      ],
      "word": "青凊"
    },
    {
      "roman": "ànrán",
      "word": "黯然"
    }
  ],
  "word": "悲慘"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 悲慘 meaning in 漢語 (11.0kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable 漢語 dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-03 from the zhwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-01 using wiktextract (a681f8a and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.