"cứng" meaning in Vietnamese

See cứng in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: [kɨŋ˧˦] [Hà-Nội], [kɨŋ˦˧˥] [Huế], [kɨŋ˦˥] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cứng.wav Forms: 亙 [CJK], 亘 [CJK], 勁 [CJK], 徑 [CJK], 𠡚 [CJK], 𦚸 [CJK]
Etymology: From Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ. Compare Khmer កឹង (kəng) and Pacoh câng. Possibly related to nứng (“horny”), through an infixed form. Similarities to Chinese 勁 (OC *keŋ-s) (SV: kình, kính), 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ) (SV: cường, cưỡng), 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ) (SV: cương), 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]) (SV: kiên) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words. Also a semantic loan from English hard in hardware and hard copy. Etymology templates: {{inh|vi|mkh-vie-pro|*kəŋʔ}} Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ, {{cog|km|កឹង}} Khmer កឹង (kəng), {{cog|pac|câng}} Pacoh câng, {{ncog|zh|-}} Chinese, {{IPAfont|*keŋ-s}} *keŋ-s, {{och-l|勁|tr=*keŋ-s}} 勁 (OC *keŋ-s), {{IPAfont|*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ}} *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ, {{och-l|強|tr=*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ}} 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ), {{IPAfont|*kˤaŋ}} *kˤaŋ, {{och-l|剛|tr=*kˤaŋ}} 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ), {{IPAfont|*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀}} *kˤi[ŋ], {{och-l|堅|tr=*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀}} 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]), {{semantic loan|vi|en|hard|nocap=y}} semantic loan from English hard Head templates: {{head|vi|adjective|||||||head=|tr=亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸}} cứng • (亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸), {{vi-adj|亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸}} cứng • (亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)
  1. hard; firm; rigid Synonyms: rắn
    Sense id: en-cứng-vi-adj-tj3WZFgE Categories (other): Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header: 50 50
  2. (of a copy of a document) hard
    Sense id: en-cứng-vi-adj-7VRluSIN Categories (other): Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header: 50 50
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 0 0 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 0 0 Derived forms: bìa cứng, bọ cánh cứng, chật cứng, chữ cứng, cứng cáp, cứng chắc, cứng cỏi, cứng cổ, cứng cựa, cứng đầu, cứng đơ, cứng đờ, cứng họng, cứng lòng, cứng miệng, cứng ngắc, cứng nhắc, cứng rắn, cương cứng, đĩa cứng, đông cứng, kẹo bơ cứng, màng cứng, ổ cứng, ổ đĩa cứng, phần cứng, tiết cứng, trong cứng ngoài mềm
{
  "categories": [
    {
      "_dis": "0 0",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    },
    {
      "_dis": "0 0",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Pages with entries",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "bìa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "bọ cánh cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "chật cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "chữ cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng cáp"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng chắc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng cỏi"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng cổ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng cựa"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng đầu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng đơ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng đờ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng họng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng lòng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng miệng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng ngắc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng nhắc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng rắn"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cương cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "đông cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "kẹo bơ cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "màng cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "ổ cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "ổ đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "phần cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "tiết cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "trong cứng ngoài mềm"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-vie-pro",
        "3": "*kəŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "កឹង"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer កឹង (kəng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pac",
        "2": "câng"
      },
      "expansion": "Pacoh câng",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "*keŋ-s",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "勁",
        "tr": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "勁 (OC *keŋ-s)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "強",
        "tr": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤaŋ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "剛",
        "tr": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "剛 (OC *kˤaŋ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤi[ŋ]",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "堅",
        "tr": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ])",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "hard",
        "nocap": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "semantic loan from English hard",
      "name": "semantic loan"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ. Compare Khmer កឹង (kəng) and Pacoh câng. Possibly related to nứng (“horny”), through an infixed form.\nSimilarities to Chinese 勁 (OC *keŋ-s) (SV: kình, kính), 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ) (SV: cường, cưỡng), 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ) (SV: cương), 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]) (SV: kiên) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words.\nAlso a semantic loan from English hard in hardware and hard copy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "亙",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "亘",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "勁",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "徑",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𠡚",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𦚸",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "english": "soft",
          "word": "mềm"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard; firm; rigid"
      ],
      "id": "en-cứng-vi-adj-tj3WZFgE",
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ],
        [
          "firm",
          "firm"
        ],
        [
          "rigid",
          "rigid"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rắn"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard"
      ],
      "id": "en-cứng-vi-adj-7VRluSIN",
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of a copy of a document) hard"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a copy of a document"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˧˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˧˥]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˥]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cứng.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cứng"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Vietnamese adjectives",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese semantic loans from English",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from English",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Vietic",
    "Vietnamese terms inherited from Proto-Vietic",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "bìa cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "bọ cánh cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "chật cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "chữ cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng cáp"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng chắc"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng cỏi"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng cựa"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng đầu"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng đơ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng đờ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng họng"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng lòng"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng miệng"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng ngắc"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng nhắc"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng rắn"
    },
    {
      "word": "cương cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "đông cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "kẹo bơ cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "màng cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "ổ cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "ổ đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "phần cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "tiết cứng"
    },
    {
      "word": "trong cứng ngoài mềm"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-vie-pro",
        "3": "*kəŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "កឹង"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer កឹង (kəng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pac",
        "2": "câng"
      },
      "expansion": "Pacoh câng",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "*keŋ-s",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "勁",
        "tr": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "勁 (OC *keŋ-s)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "強",
        "tr": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤaŋ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "剛",
        "tr": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "剛 (OC *kˤaŋ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤi[ŋ]",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "堅",
        "tr": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ])",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "hard",
        "nocap": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "semantic loan from English hard",
      "name": "semantic loan"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ. Compare Khmer កឹង (kəng) and Pacoh câng. Possibly related to nứng (“horny”), through an infixed form.\nSimilarities to Chinese 勁 (OC *keŋ-s) (SV: kình, kính), 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ) (SV: cường, cưỡng), 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ) (SV: cương), 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]) (SV: kiên) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words.\nAlso a semantic loan from English hard in hardware and hard copy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "亙",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "亘",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "勁",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "徑",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𠡚",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𦚸",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亙, 亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "english": "soft",
          "word": "mềm"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard; firm; rigid"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ],
        [
          "firm",
          "firm"
        ],
        [
          "rigid",
          "rigid"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rắn"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "hard"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of a copy of a document) hard"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a copy of a document"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˧˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˧˥]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˥]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cứng.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cứng"
}

Download raw JSONL data for cứng meaning in Vietnamese (4.5kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Vietnamese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-07-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-07-01 using wiktextract (45c4a21 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.