"cứng" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-vie-pro",
        "3": "*kəŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "កឹង"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer កឹង (kəng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pac",
        "2": "câng"
      },
      "expansion": "Pacoh câng",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "nứng",
        "3": "",
        "4": "horny"
      },
      "expansion": "nứng (“horny”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "*keŋ-s",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "勁",
        "tr": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "勁 (OC *keŋ-s)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "kình"
      },
      "expansion": "kình",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "kính"
      },
      "expansion": "kính",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "強",
        "tr": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cường"
      },
      "expansion": "cường",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cưỡng"
      },
      "expansion": "cưỡng",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤaŋ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "剛",
        "tr": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "剛 (OC *kˤaŋ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cương"
      },
      "expansion": "cương",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤi[ŋ]",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "堅",
        "tr": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ])",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "kiên"
      },
      "expansion": "kiên",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "hard",
        "nocap": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "semantic loan from English hard",
      "name": "semantic loan"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hardware"
      },
      "expansion": "hardware",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hard copy"
      },
      "expansion": "hard copy",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ. Compare Khmer កឹង (kəng) and Pacoh câng. Possibly related to nứng (“horny”), through an infixed form.\nSimilarities to Chinese 勁 (OC *keŋ-s) (SV: kình, kính), 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ) (SV: cường, cưỡng), 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ) (SV: cương), 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]) (SV: kiên) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words.\nAlso a semantic loan from English hard in hardware and hard copy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "亘",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "勁",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "徑",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𠡚",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𦚸",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "cardboard",
      "word": "bìa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "beetle",
      "word": "bọ cánh cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "overcrowded",
      "word": "chật cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "robust",
      "roman": "từ láy",
      "word": "cứng cáp"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "strong, firm",
      "word": "cứng chắc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "strong, tough",
      "word": "cứng cỏi"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "stubborn",
      "word": "cứng cổ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "persistent",
      "word": "cứng cựa"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "headstrong",
      "word": "cứng đầu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng đơ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng đờ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "speechless",
      "word": "cứng họng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "speechless",
      "word": "cứng miệng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "inflexible",
      "word": "cứng nhắc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "tough",
      "word": "cứng rắn"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "erect",
      "word": "cương cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "hard drive",
      "word": "đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "toffee",
      "word": "kẹo bơ cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "dura mater",
      "word": "màng cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "hard disk drive",
      "word": "ổ cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "hard disk drive",
      "word": "ổ đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "hardware",
      "word": "phần cứng"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "english": "soft",
          "word": "mềm"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "96 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": ","
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard; firm; rigid"
      ],
      "id": "en-cứng-vi-adj-tj3WZFgE",
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ],
        [
          "firm",
          "firm"
        ],
        [
          "rigid",
          "rigid"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rắn"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "hard"
      ],
      "id": "en-cứng-vi-adj-7VRluSIN",
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of a copy of a document) hard"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a copy of a document"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˧˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˧˥]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˥]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cứng.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cứng"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Vietnamese adjectives",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese semantic loans from English",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from English",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Vietic",
    "Vietnamese terms inherited from Proto-Vietic",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with audio links"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-vie-pro",
        "3": "*kəŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "កឹង"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer កឹង (kəng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pac",
        "2": "câng"
      },
      "expansion": "Pacoh câng",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "nứng",
        "3": "",
        "4": "horny"
      },
      "expansion": "nứng (“horny”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "*keŋ-s",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "勁",
        "tr": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "勁 (OC *keŋ-s)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "kình"
      },
      "expansion": "kình",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "kính"
      },
      "expansion": "kính",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "強",
        "tr": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cường"
      },
      "expansion": "cường",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cưỡng"
      },
      "expansion": "cưỡng",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤaŋ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "剛",
        "tr": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "剛 (OC *kˤaŋ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cương"
      },
      "expansion": "cương",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤi[ŋ]",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "堅",
        "tr": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ])",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "kiên"
      },
      "expansion": "kiên",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "hard",
        "nocap": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "semantic loan from English hard",
      "name": "semantic loan"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hardware"
      },
      "expansion": "hardware",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hard copy"
      },
      "expansion": "hard copy",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ. Compare Khmer កឹង (kəng) and Pacoh câng. Possibly related to nứng (“horny”), through an infixed form.\nSimilarities to Chinese 勁 (OC *keŋ-s) (SV: kình, kính), 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ) (SV: cường, cưỡng), 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ) (SV: cương), 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]) (SV: kiên) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words.\nAlso a semantic loan from English hard in hardware and hard copy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "亘",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "勁",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "徑",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𠡚",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𦚸",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "english": "cardboard",
      "word": "bìa cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "beetle",
      "word": "bọ cánh cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "overcrowded",
      "word": "chật cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "robust",
      "roman": "từ láy",
      "word": "cứng cáp"
    },
    {
      "english": "strong, firm",
      "word": "cứng chắc"
    },
    {
      "english": "strong, tough",
      "word": "cứng cỏi"
    },
    {
      "english": "stubborn",
      "word": "cứng cổ"
    },
    {
      "english": "persistent",
      "word": "cứng cựa"
    },
    {
      "english": "headstrong",
      "word": "cứng đầu"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng đơ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng đờ"
    },
    {
      "english": "speechless",
      "word": "cứng họng"
    },
    {
      "english": "speechless",
      "word": "cứng miệng"
    },
    {
      "english": "inflexible",
      "word": "cứng nhắc"
    },
    {
      "english": "tough",
      "word": "cứng rắn"
    },
    {
      "english": "erect",
      "word": "cương cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "hard drive",
      "word": "đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "toffee",
      "word": "kẹo bơ cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "dura mater",
      "word": "màng cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "hard disk drive",
      "word": "ổ cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "hard disk drive",
      "word": "ổ đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "hardware",
      "word": "phần cứng"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "english": "soft",
          "word": "mềm"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": ","
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard; firm; rigid"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ],
        [
          "firm",
          "firm"
        ],
        [
          "rigid",
          "rigid"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rắn"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "hard"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of a copy of a document) hard"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a copy of a document"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˧˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˧˥]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˥]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cứng.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cứng"
}