See kāŕ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghur:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "хур"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash: хур (hur)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chuvash: хур (hur)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Common Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghuz:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-oat",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Anatolian Turkish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani: qaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Azerbaijani: qaz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "قاز",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "kaz"
},
"expansion": "Turkish: kaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkish: kaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gag",
"2": "kaaz"
},
"expansion": "Gagauz: kaaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gagauz: kaaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zza",
"2": "qaz",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Zazaki: qaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Zazaki: qaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kurdish:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ckb",
"2": "قاز",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "qaz",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Northern Kurdish: qaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Northern Kurdish: qaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "კაზი",
"3": "ღაზი",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "axm",
"2": "ղազ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "ղազ"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "slr",
"2": "gaz"
},
"expansion": "Salar: gaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Salar: gaz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "gāz"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen: gāz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkmen: gāz"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karluk:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "قازْ",
"t": "goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)",
"tr": "qāz"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "chg",
"2": "غاز",
"tr": "ğaz"
},
"expansion": "Chagatai: غاز (ğaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chagatai: غاز (ğaz)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "g'oz"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek: g'oz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uzbek: g'oz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ug",
"2": "غاز"
},
"expansion": "Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qwm-arm",
"2": "խազ"
},
"expansion": "Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qwm",
"2": "chax"
},
"expansion": "Kipchak: chax",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kipchak: chax"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qwm-mam",
"2": "قاز",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "ҡаҙ"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "каз"
},
"expansion": "Tatar: каз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tatar: каз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar: qaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Crimean Tatar: qaz / къаз"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krc",
"2": "къаз",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kdr",
"2": "къаз",
"3": "каз",
"tr": "qaz",
"tr2": "kaz"
},
"expansion": "Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "къаз",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk: къаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kumyk: къаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Caspian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaa",
"2": "g'az"
},
"expansion": "Karakalpak: g'az",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakalpak: g'az"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "қаз"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh: қаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kazakh: қаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nog",
"2": "каз"
},
"expansion": "Nogai: каз (kaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nogai: каз (kaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "каз"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "alt",
"2": "кас"
},
"expansion": "Southern Altai: кас (kas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Altai: кас (kas)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oui",
"2": "q՚z",
"t": "geese",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ybe",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlg",
"2": "каас",
"tr": "kaas"
},
"expansion": "Dolgan: каас (kaas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dolgan: каас (kaas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sah",
"2": "хаас"
},
"expansion": "Yakut: хаас (qaas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yakut: хаас (qaas)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sayan Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tyv",
"2": "кас"
},
"expansion": "Tuvan: кас (kas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tuvan: кас (kas)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kim",
"2": "қас",
"tr": "qas"
},
"expansion": "Tofa: қас (qas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tofa: қас (qas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yenisei Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kjh",
"2": "хас"
},
"expansion": "Khakas: хас (xas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khakas: хас (xas)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cjs",
"2": "қас",
"tr": "qas"
},
"expansion": "Shor: қас (qas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Shor: қас (qas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Altai Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "atv",
"2": "кас"
},
"expansion": "Northern Altai: кас (kas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Altai: кас (kas)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ab",
"2": "аҟыз",
"alt": "а-ҟыз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ady",
"2": "къаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "→ Alanic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ysc",
"2": "caz"
},
"expansion": "Jassic: caz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jassic: caz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "хъаз"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aqc",
"2": "хъаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "av",
"2": "хъаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ce",
"2": "гӏаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dar",
"2": "къаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inh",
"2": "гӏаж",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kbd",
"2": "къаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lez",
"2": "къаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "khw",
"2": "qoz",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Khowar: qoz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Khowar: qoz ‘crane’"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "غاز",
"3": "قاز",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "ğâz",
"tr2": "qâz"
},
"expansion": "→ Persian: غاز (ğâz), قاز (qâz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Persian: غاز (ğâz), قاز (qâz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "ғоз"
},
"expansion": "Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ur",
"2": "قاز",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "qāz"
},
"expansion": "→ Urdu: قاز (qāz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Urdu: قاز (qāz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "قازه",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "qā́za"
},
"expansion": "→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sgr",
"2": "غاز",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "qāz"
},
"expansion": "→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*kara"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kara",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"title": "onomatopoeic"
},
"expansion": "onomatopoeic",
"name": "onomatopoeic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hungarian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰh₂éns",
"t": "goose"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-toc",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "*գաս"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian *գաս (*gas)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ce",
"2": "гӏа̄з"
},
"expansion": "Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inh",
"2": "гӏа̄ж"
},
"expansion": "Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin. Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”). This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár (\"to croak\").\nAlternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian. Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”), but this derivation is implausible. Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort. Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "trk-pro-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕnï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕnïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕtan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕlayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕlïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kāŕ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a"
},
"name": "trk-pro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāŕ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Abkhaz links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Karachay-Balkar terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Khowar terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [
"Terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kumyk terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic onomatopoeias",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Urdu terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"goose"
],
"id": "en-kāŕ-trk-pro-noun-wtN90FdX",
"links": [
[
"goose",
"goose"
]
],
"related": [
{
"sense": "dog",
"word": "ï̄t"
},
{
"sense": "hunting dog",
"word": "eker"
},
{
"sense": "hen",
"word": "tiakïgu"
},
{
"sense": "lark",
"word": "torgay"
},
{
"word": "dove"
},
{
"word": "pigeon: *kȫkerčin"
},
{
"word": "bïldurčïn"
},
{
"word": "hawk"
},
{
"word": "falcon: *kïrguy"
},
{
"word": "teke"
},
{
"topics": [
"fish",
"ichthyology",
"zoology",
"biology",
"natural-sciences"
],
"word": "bālïk"
},
{
"word": "čapak"
},
{
"word": "siāŕgan"
},
{
"word": "yāyïn"
},
{
"word": "kirpi"
},
{
"word": "borsmuk"
},
{
"word": "fly"
},
{
"word": "mosquito: *siŋek"
},
{
"word": "wasp"
},
{
"word": "bee: *ārï"
},
{
"word": "kotuz"
},
{
"sense": "sparrow",
"word": "serče"
},
{
"sense": "goose",
"word": "kāŕ"
},
{
"sense": "wolf",
"word": "bȫrü"
},
{
"sense": "cow",
"word": "ingek"
},
{
"sense": "calf",
"word": "buŕagu"
},
{
"sense": "camel",
"word": "tebe"
},
{
"sense": "young of camel",
"word": "kȫĺek"
},
{
"sense": "young of camel",
"word": "botu"
},
{
"sense": "horse",
"word": "at"
},
{
"sense": "foal",
"word": "kulun"
},
{
"sense": "worm",
"word": "kūrt"
},
{
"sense": "snake",
"word": "yï̄lan"
},
{
"sense": "fox",
"word": "tilkü"
},
{
"sense": "goat",
"word": "keči"
},
{
"sense": "lion",
"word": "arsïlan"
},
{
"sense": "donkey",
"word": "eĺčgek"
},
{
"sense": "beaver",
"word": "kunduŕ"
},
{
"sense": "gadfly",
"word": "bȫgen"
},
{
"sense": "moth",
"word": "küńe"
},
{
"sense": "louse",
"word": "bït"
},
{
"sense": "earthworm",
"word": "sïbuĺgan"
},
{
"sense": "colt",
"word": "sïp"
},
{
"sense": "dragon",
"word": "siāŕgan"
},
{
"sense": "deer",
"word": "keyik"
},
{
"sense": "deer",
"word": "sïgun"
},
{
"sense": "deer",
"word": "bulan"
},
{
"sense": "deer",
"word": "bugu"
},
{
"sense": "lizard",
"word": "keleŕ"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kāŕ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghur:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "хур"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash: хур (hur)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chuvash: хур (hur)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Common Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghuz:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-oat",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Anatolian Turkish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani: qaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Azerbaijani: qaz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "قاز",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "kaz"
},
"expansion": "Turkish: kaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkish: kaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gag",
"2": "kaaz"
},
"expansion": "Gagauz: kaaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gagauz: kaaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zza",
"2": "qaz",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Zazaki: qaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Zazaki: qaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kurdish:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ckb",
"2": "قاز",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "qaz",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Northern Kurdish: qaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Northern Kurdish: qaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "კაზი",
"3": "ღაზი",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "axm",
"2": "ղազ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "ղազ"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "slr",
"2": "gaz"
},
"expansion": "Salar: gaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Salar: gaz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "gāz"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen: gāz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkmen: gāz"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karluk:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "قازْ",
"t": "goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)",
"tr": "qāz"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "chg",
"2": "غاز",
"tr": "ğaz"
},
"expansion": "Chagatai: غاز (ğaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chagatai: غاز (ğaz)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "g'oz"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek: g'oz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uzbek: g'oz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ug",
"2": "غاز"
},
"expansion": "Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qwm-arm",
"2": "խազ"
},
"expansion": "Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qwm",
"2": "chax"
},
"expansion": "Kipchak: chax",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kipchak: chax"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qwm-mam",
"2": "قاز",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "ҡаҙ"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "каз"
},
"expansion": "Tatar: каз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tatar: каз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar: qaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Crimean Tatar: qaz / къаз"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krc",
"2": "къаз",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kdr",
"2": "къаз",
"3": "каз",
"tr": "qaz",
"tr2": "kaz"
},
"expansion": "Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "къаз",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk: къаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kumyk: къаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Caspian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaa",
"2": "g'az"
},
"expansion": "Karakalpak: g'az",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakalpak: g'az"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "қаз"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh: қаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kazakh: қаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nog",
"2": "каз"
},
"expansion": "Nogai: каз (kaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nogai: каз (kaz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "каз"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "alt",
"2": "кас"
},
"expansion": "Southern Altai: кас (kas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Altai: кас (kas)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oui",
"2": "q՚z",
"t": "geese",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ybe",
"tr": "qaz"
},
"expansion": "Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlg",
"2": "каас",
"tr": "kaas"
},
"expansion": "Dolgan: каас (kaas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dolgan: каас (kaas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sah",
"2": "хаас"
},
"expansion": "Yakut: хаас (qaas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yakut: хаас (qaas)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sayan Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tyv",
"2": "кас"
},
"expansion": "Tuvan: кас (kas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tuvan: кас (kas)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kim",
"2": "қас",
"tr": "qas"
},
"expansion": "Tofa: қас (qas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tofa: қас (qas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yenisei Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kjh",
"2": "хас"
},
"expansion": "Khakas: хас (xas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khakas: хас (xas)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cjs",
"2": "қас",
"tr": "qas"
},
"expansion": "Shor: қас (qas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Shor: қас (qas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Altai Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "atv",
"2": "кас"
},
"expansion": "Northern Altai: кас (kas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Altai: кас (kas)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ab",
"2": "аҟыз",
"alt": "а-ҟыз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ady",
"2": "къаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "→ Alanic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ysc",
"2": "caz"
},
"expansion": "Jassic: caz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jassic: caz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "хъаз"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aqc",
"2": "хъаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "av",
"2": "хъаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ce",
"2": "гӏаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dar",
"2": "къаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inh",
"2": "гӏаж",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kbd",
"2": "къаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lez",
"2": "къаз",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "khw",
"2": "qoz",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Khowar: qoz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Khowar: qoz ‘crane’"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "غاز",
"3": "قاز",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "ğâz",
"tr2": "qâz"
},
"expansion": "→ Persian: غاز (ğâz), قاز (qâz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Persian: غاز (ğâz), قاز (qâz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "ғоз"
},
"expansion": "Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ur",
"2": "قاز",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "qāz"
},
"expansion": "→ Urdu: قاز (qāz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Urdu: قاز (qāz)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "قازه",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "qā́za"
},
"expansion": "→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sgr",
"2": "غاز",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "qāz"
},
"expansion": "→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*kara"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kara",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"title": "onomatopoeic"
},
"expansion": "onomatopoeic",
"name": "onomatopoeic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hungarian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰh₂éns",
"t": "goose"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-toc",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "*գաս"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian *գաս (*gas)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ce",
"2": "гӏа̄з"
},
"expansion": "Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inh",
"2": "гӏа̄ж"
},
"expansion": "Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin. Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”). This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár (\"to croak\").\nAlternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian. Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”), but this derivation is implausible. Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort. Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "trk-pro-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕnï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕnïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕtan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕlayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kāŕlïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kāŕ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a"
},
"name": "trk-pro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāŕ",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"sense": "dog",
"word": "ï̄t"
},
{
"sense": "hunting dog",
"word": "eker"
},
{
"sense": "hen",
"word": "tiakïgu"
},
{
"sense": "lark",
"word": "torgay"
},
{
"word": "dove"
},
{
"word": "pigeon: *kȫkerčin"
},
{
"word": "bïldurčïn"
},
{
"sense": "sparrow",
"word": "serče"
},
{
"word": "hawk"
},
{
"word": "falcon: *kïrguy"
},
{
"sense": "goose",
"word": "kāŕ"
},
{
"sense": "wolf",
"word": "bȫrü"
},
{
"sense": "cow",
"word": "ingek"
},
{
"sense": "calf",
"word": "buŕagu"
},
{
"sense": "camel",
"word": "tebe"
},
{
"sense": "young of camel",
"word": "kȫĺek"
},
{
"sense": "young of camel",
"word": "botu"
},
{
"sense": "horse",
"word": "at"
},
{
"sense": "foal",
"word": "kulun"
},
{
"sense": "worm",
"word": "kūrt"
},
{
"sense": "snake",
"word": "yï̄lan"
},
{
"sense": "fox",
"word": "tilkü"
},
{
"sense": "goat",
"word": "keči"
},
{
"word": "teke"
},
{
"sense": "lion",
"word": "arsïlan"
},
{
"topics": [
"fish",
"ichthyology",
"zoology",
"biology",
"natural-sciences"
],
"word": "bālïk"
},
{
"word": "čapak"
},
{
"sense": "donkey",
"word": "eĺčgek"
},
{
"word": "siāŕgan"
},
{
"word": "yāyïn"
},
{
"sense": "beaver",
"word": "kunduŕ"
},
{
"word": "kirpi"
},
{
"word": "borsmuk"
},
{
"word": "fly"
},
{
"word": "mosquito: *siŋek"
},
{
"word": "wasp"
},
{
"word": "bee: *ārï"
},
{
"sense": "gadfly",
"word": "bȫgen"
},
{
"sense": "moth",
"word": "küńe"
},
{
"sense": "louse",
"word": "bït"
},
{
"sense": "earthworm",
"word": "sïbuĺgan"
},
{
"word": "kotuz"
},
{
"sense": "colt",
"word": "sïp"
},
{
"sense": "dragon",
"word": "siāŕgan"
},
{
"sense": "deer",
"word": "keyik"
},
{
"sense": "deer",
"word": "sïgun"
},
{
"sense": "deer",
"word": "bulan"
},
{
"sense": "deer",
"word": "bugu"
},
{
"sense": "lizard",
"word": "keleŕ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Abkhaz links with redundant target parameters",
"Karachay-Balkar terms with redundant transliterations",
"Khowar terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Kumyk terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"Proto-Turkic links with redundant wikilinks",
"Proto-Turkic nouns",
"Proto-Turkic onomatopoeias",
"Proto-Turkic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Turkic terms derived from Tocharian languages",
"Requests for native script for Western Yugur terms",
"Urdu terms with redundant transliterations",
"trk-pro:Anatids"
],
"glosses": [
"goose"
],
"links": [
[
"goose",
"goose"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kāŕ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kāŕ meaning in Proto-Turkic (16.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.