See -ius in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ius meaning in Latin (9.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ium"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-ola",
"3": "-ios"
},
"expansion": "Old Latin -ios",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*-jos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-jos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-yós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-yós",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Latin -ios, from Proto-Italic *-jos, from Proto-Indo-European *-yós.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ia",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ius",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ius"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 34 6 32 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 30 4 30 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forming adjectives from nouns"
],
"id": "en--ius-la-suffix-XJvjHqpl",
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"morpheme",
"suffix"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 32 6 40 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 34 6 32 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 30 4 30 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix for Latinizing surnames"
],
"id": "en--ius-la-suffix-ihYe0-8f",
"raw_glosses": [
"(New Latin) suffix for Latinizing surnames"
],
"tags": [
"New-Latin",
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"morpheme",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[iʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ius]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-āceus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-āneus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ticus"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"cognomina"
],
"word": "-ius"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ior",
"pos": "suffix forming adjectives’ comparative degrees"
},
"expansion": "-ior (suffix forming adjectives’ comparative degrees)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See -ior (suffix forming adjectives’ comparative degrees).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ius",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-ior"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of -ior"
],
"id": "en--ius-la-suffix-qs1-M02p",
"links": [
[
"-ior",
"-ior#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[iʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ius]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ius"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ō",
"pos": "suffix forming adverbs"
},
"expansion": "-ō (suffix forming adverbs)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See -ō (suffix forming adverbs).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ius",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 32 6 40 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 34 6 32 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 30 4 30 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "adverbs ending in -ō"
}
],
"glosses": [
"comparative degree of adverbs ending in -ō"
],
"id": "en--ius-la-suffix-~prJJR8j",
"links": [
[
"adverbs ending in -ō",
"-o#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"comparative",
"form-of",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[iʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ius]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ius"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-ósyo",
"5": "genitive case suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ósyo (“genitive case suffix”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *-osjos, itself from Proto-Indo-European *-ósyo (“genitive case suffix”) secondarily marked with the genitive *-s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ius",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 32 6 40 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 34 6 32 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 30 4 30 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "quī, cuius"
},
{
"text": "hic, huius"
},
{
"text": "ūnus, ūnī̆us"
},
{
"text": "alter, alterī̆us (alongside alterī, alterae)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the regular genitive singular suffix for most pronouns"
],
"id": "en--ius-la-suffix-YkSZJnEk",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[iʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ius]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ius"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjective-forming suffixes",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension suffixes",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin links with manual fragments",
"Latin links with redundant alt parameters",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin suffix forms",
"Latin suffixes",
"Latin terms derived from Old Latin",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-ium"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-ola",
"3": "-ios"
},
"expansion": "Old Latin -ios",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*-jos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-jos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-yós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-yós",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Latin -ios, from Proto-Italic *-jos, from Proto-Indo-European *-yós.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ia",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ius",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ius"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"forming adjectives from nouns"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"morpheme",
"suffix"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"suffix for Latinizing surnames"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(New Latin) suffix for Latinizing surnames"
],
"tags": [
"New-Latin",
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"morpheme",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[iʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ius]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-āceus"
},
{
"word": "-āneus"
},
{
"word": "-ticus"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"cognomina"
],
"word": "-ius"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin links with manual fragments",
"Latin links with redundant alt parameters",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin suffix forms",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ior",
"pos": "suffix forming adjectives’ comparative degrees"
},
"expansion": "-ior (suffix forming adjectives’ comparative degrees)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See -ior (suffix forming adjectives’ comparative degrees).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ius",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-ior"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of -ior"
],
"links": [
[
"-ior",
"-ior#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[iʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ius]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ius"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin links with manual fragments",
"Latin links with redundant alt parameters",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin suffix forms",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ō",
"pos": "suffix forming adverbs"
},
"expansion": "-ō (suffix forming adverbs)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See -ō (suffix forming adverbs).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ius",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "adverbs ending in -ō"
}
],
"glosses": [
"comparative degree of adverbs ending in -ō"
],
"links": [
[
"adverbs ending in -ō",
"-o#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"comparative",
"form-of",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[iʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ius]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ius"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin links with manual fragments",
"Latin links with redundant alt parameters",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin suffix forms",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-ósyo",
"5": "genitive case suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ósyo (“genitive case suffix”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *-osjos, itself from Proto-Indo-European *-ósyo (“genitive case suffix”) secondarily marked with the genitive *-s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ius",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "quī, cuius"
},
{
"text": "hic, huius"
},
{
"text": "ūnus, ūnī̆us"
},
{
"text": "alter, alterī̆us (alongside alterī, alterae)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the regular genitive singular suffix for most pronouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[iʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i.us/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ius]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-ius"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.