See virulent in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for virulent meaning in English (13.8kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "avirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cardiovirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "enterovirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hepatovirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hypervirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hypovirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "neurovirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "nonvirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "supervirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "urovirulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "virulently"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "virulentness"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*wisós"
},
"expansion": "*wisós",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "wisós"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *wisós",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "virulent",
"t": "leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)"
},
"expansion": "Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verelent, virulente",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "vīrulentus",
"t": "poisonous"
},
"expansion": "Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vīrus",
"t": "poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste"
},
"expansion": "vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wisós",
"t": "poison; slime; fluidity"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ulentus",
"pos": "suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives"
},
"expansion": "-ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "virulent"
},
"expansion": "French virulent",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "éditeurs, Libraris de l’Académie de Médecine, 120, Boulevard Saint-Germain"
},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *wisós\nFrom Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).\nSense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more virulent",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most virulent",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "virulent (comparative more virulent, superlative most virulent)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"vi‧ru‧lent"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "virulence"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "virulency"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "virus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pathogenic"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "harmless"
},
{
"word": "nonvirulent"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of animals, plants, or substances: extremely venomous or poisonous."
],
"id": "en-virulent-en-adj-iEISaJ2A",
"links": [
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"plants",
"plant#Noun"
],
[
"substance",
"substance"
],
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
],
[
"venomous",
"venomous"
],
[
"poisonous",
"poisonous"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "52 37 2 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "silno otroven",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"word": "силно отровен"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 37 2 8",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"word": "jehrewî"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 37 2 8",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"word": "giftig"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 37 2 8",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"word": "virulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 37 2 8",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "вирулѐнтно"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 37 2 8",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "virulèntno"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The politicians were virulent in their hatred of the president.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.",
"text": "More venemous and much more virulent / Then any poyſoned tode, or any ſerpent."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious."
],
"id": "en-virulent-en-adj-hars3P0F",
"links": [
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"intensely",
"intensely"
],
[
"acrimonious",
"acrimonious"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) Extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zloben",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "злобен"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vraždeben",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "враждебен"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepřátelský"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "katkera"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "vihamielinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "ondskapsfull"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "giftig"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "вирулѐнтно"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 86 2 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "virulèntno"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "benign"
},
{
"word": "nonvirulent"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "en:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a disease or disease-causing agent: malignant, able to cause damage to the host."
],
"id": "en-virulent-en-adj-2wk~q-Ka",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"disease",
"disease#Noun"
],
[
"causing",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"agent",
"agent"
],
[
"malignant",
"malignant"
],
[
"host",
"host"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Of a disease or disease-causing agent: malignant, able to cause damage to the host."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bolestotvoren",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "болестотворен"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulentní"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nakažlivý"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulenta"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "tappava"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "tarttuva"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "vahingollinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gadamdebi",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "გადამდები"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "sasiḳvdilo",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "სასიკვდილო"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "seniani",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "სენიანი"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "extrem ansteckend"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulens"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "zarazen",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "заразен"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaraznyj",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "заразный"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "вирулѐнтно"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 89 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "virulèntno"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Microbiology",
"orig": "en:Microbiology",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "20 18 13 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 26 11 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 17 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ent",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis."
],
"id": "en-virulent-en-adj-N-4axRHD",
"links": [
[
"microbiology",
"microbiology"
],
[
"pathogen",
"pathogen"
],
[
"replicating",
"replicate#Verb"
],
[
"host cell",
"host cell"
],
[
"immediately",
"immediately"
],
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"lysis",
"lysis"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(microbiology) Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"microbiology",
"natural-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 4 5 87",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis",
"word": "virulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 4 5 87",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "вирулѐнтно"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 4 5 87",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "virulèntno"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈvɪɹ(j)ʊl(ə)nt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɹ(j)ə-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-virulent.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-virulent.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-virulent.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-virulent.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-virulent.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"François Jacob"
],
"word": "virulent"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *wisós",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -ent",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "avirulent"
},
{
"word": "cardiovirulent"
},
{
"word": "enterovirulent"
},
{
"word": "hepatovirulent"
},
{
"word": "hypervirulent"
},
{
"word": "hypovirulent"
},
{
"word": "neurovirulent"
},
{
"word": "nonvirulent"
},
{
"word": "supervirulent"
},
{
"word": "urovirulent"
},
{
"word": "virulently"
},
{
"word": "virulentness"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*wisós"
},
"expansion": "*wisós",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "wisós"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *wisós",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "virulent",
"t": "leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)"
},
"expansion": "Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verelent, virulente",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "vīrulentus",
"t": "poisonous"
},
"expansion": "Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vīrus",
"t": "poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste"
},
"expansion": "vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wisós",
"t": "poison; slime; fluidity"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ulentus",
"pos": "suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives"
},
"expansion": "-ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "virulent"
},
"expansion": "French virulent",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "éditeurs, Libraris de l’Académie de Médecine, 120, Boulevard Saint-Germain"
},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *wisós\nFrom Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).\nSense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more virulent",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most virulent",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "virulent (comparative more virulent, superlative most virulent)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"vi‧ru‧lent"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "virulence"
},
{
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "virulency"
},
{
"word": "virus"
},
{
"word": "pathogenic"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "harmless"
},
{
"word": "nonvirulent"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of animals, plants, or substances: extremely venomous or poisonous."
],
"links": [
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"plants",
"plant#Noun"
],
[
"substance",
"substance"
],
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
],
[
"venomous",
"venomous"
],
[
"poisonous",
"poisonous"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The politicians were virulent in their hatred of the president.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.",
"text": "More venemous and much more virulent / Then any poyſoned tode, or any ſerpent."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious."
],
"links": [
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"intensely",
"intensely"
],
[
"acrimonious",
"acrimonious"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) Extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "benign"
},
{
"word": "nonvirulent"
}
],
"categories": [
"en:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a disease or disease-causing agent: malignant, able to cause damage to the host."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"disease",
"disease#Noun"
],
[
"causing",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"agent",
"agent"
],
[
"malignant",
"malignant"
],
[
"host",
"host"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Of a disease or disease-causing agent: malignant, able to cause damage to the host."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Microbiology"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis."
],
"links": [
[
"microbiology",
"microbiology"
],
[
"pathogen",
"pathogen"
],
[
"replicating",
"replicate#Verb"
],
[
"host cell",
"host cell"
],
[
"immediately",
"immediately"
],
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"lysis",
"lysis"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(microbiology) Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"microbiology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈvɪɹ(j)ʊl(ə)nt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɹ(j)ə-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-virulent.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-virulent.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-virulent.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-virulent.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-virulent.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "silno otroven",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"word": "силно отровен"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"word": "jehrewî"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"word": "giftig"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"word": "virulento"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "вирулѐнтно"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely venomous or poisonous",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "virulèntno"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zloben",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "злобен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vraždeben",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "враждебен"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepřátelský"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "katkera"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "vihamielinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "ondskapsfull"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "giftig"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "вирулѐнтно"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "virulèntno"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bolestotvoren",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "болестотворен"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulentní"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nakažlivý"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulenta"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "tappava"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "tarttuva"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "vahingollinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gadamdebi",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "გადამდები"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "sasiḳvdilo",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "სასიკვდილო"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "seniani",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "სენიანი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "extrem ansteckend"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulens"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "zarazen",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "заразен"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulento"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "virulent"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaraznyj",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"word": "заразный"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "вирулѐнтно"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "malignant, able to cause damage to the host",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "virulèntno"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis",
"word": "virulento"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "вирулѐнтно"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "virulèntno"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"François Jacob"
],
"word": "virulent"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.