"virulence" meaning in English

See virulence in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈvɪɹjələns/, /ˈvɪɹələns/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-virulence.wav Forms: virulences [plural]
Etymology: From Middle French virulence, from Late Latin virulentia. Etymology templates: {{uder|en|frm|virulence}} Middle French virulence, {{uder|en|LL.|virulentia}} Late Latin virulentia Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} virulence (countable and uncountable, plural virulences)
  1. The state of being virulent. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (the state of being virulent): حدة الجرثوم (Arabic), վիրուլենտություն (virulentutʻyun) (Armenian), virulent (Azerbaijani), birulentzia (Basque), вірулентнасць (viruljentnascʹ) (Belarusian), প্রকোপ (prokōp) (Bengali), virulència (Catalan), ڤیرۆلەنس (vîrolenis) (Central Kurdish), 毒力 (Chinese), virulence (Czech), virulentie (Dutch), virulentsus (Estonian), virulenssi (Finnish), virulence (French), Virulenz (German), λοιμοτοξικότητα (loimotoxikótita) [feminine] (Greek), μολυσματικότητα (molysmatikótita) [feminine] (Greek), virulencia (Hungarian), bakteri virulen (Indonesian), virulenza (Italian), вируленттік (virulenttık) (Kazakh), вируленттүүлүк (virulenttüülük) (Kyrgyz), virulence (Latvian), масовност (masovnost) (Macedonian), патогеност (patogenost) (Macedonian), вируленција (virulencija) (Macedonian), virulens (Norwegian), virulens (Norwegian Nynorsk), ویرولانس (Persian), wirulencja (Polish), virulência (Portuguese), вирулентность (virulentnostʹ) (Russian), virulencija (Serbo-Croatian), virulencia (Spanish), virulens (Swedish), ศักยภาพก่อโรค (Thai), virülans (Turkish), вірулентність (virulentnistʹ) (Ukrainian), virulentlik (Uzbek), độc lực (Vietnamese)
    Sense id: en-virulence-en-noun-zMTCtdtS Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English undefined derivations, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Azerbaijani translations, Terms with Basque translations, Terms with Belarusian translations, Terms with Bengali translations, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Central Kurdish translations, Terms with Chinese translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Estonian translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Kazakh translations, Terms with Kyrgyz translations, Terms with Latvian translations, Terms with Macedonian translations, Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations, Terms with Norwegian translations, Terms with Persian translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Thai translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations, Terms with Uzbek translations, Terms with Vietnamese translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 60 40 Disambiguation of English undefined derivations: 68 32 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 80 20 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 66 34 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 63 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 75 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Azerbaijani translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Basque translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Belarusian translations: 79 21 Disambiguation of Terms with Bengali translations: 75 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Central Kurdish translations: 83 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Chinese translations: 77 23 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 75 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 77 23 Disambiguation of Terms with Estonian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 77 23 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 75 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 77 23 Disambiguation of Terms with Kazakh translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Kyrgyz translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Latvian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Macedonian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations: 73 27 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Persian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 79 21 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 75 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 80 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 75 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Thai translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 79 21 Disambiguation of Terms with Uzbek translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Vietnamese translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of 'the state of being virulent': 92 8
  2. A measure of how virulent a thing is. Tags: countable, uncountable
    Sense id: en-virulence-en-noun-DWB~atV8
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: antivirulence, avirulence, cardiovirulence, hypervirulence, hypovirulence, neurovirulence, nonvirulence, urovirulence

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

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      "_dis1": "0 0",
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          "ref": "1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter V, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 61:",
          "text": "Francis was enraged at the interference, and opposition made him more in earnest; but just at this time, the civil war, which had hitherto left their part of the country comparatively quiet, arose with great virulence in their immediate vicinity.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
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        "The state of being virulent."
      ],
      "id": "en-virulence-en-noun-zMTCtdtS",
      "links": [
        [
          "virulent",
          "virulent"
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      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "حدة الجرثوم"
        },
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          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "virulentutʻyun",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "վիրուլենտություն"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "az",
          "lang": "Azerbaijani",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulent"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "eu",
          "lang": "Basque",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "birulentzia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "viruljentnascʹ",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "вірулентнасць"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "bn",
          "lang": "Bengali",
          "roman": "prokōp",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "প্রকোপ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulència"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ckb",
          "lang": "Central Kurdish",
          "roman": "vîrolenis",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "ڤیرۆلەنس"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "zh",
          "lang": "Chinese",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "毒力"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulence"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulentie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulentsus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulenssi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulence"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "Virulenz"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "loimotoxikótita",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "λοιμοτοξικότητα"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "molysmatikótita",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "μολυσματικότητα"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulencia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "bakteri virulen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulenza"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "kk",
          "lang": "Kazakh",
          "roman": "virulenttık",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "вируленттік"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ky",
          "lang": "Kyrgyz",
          "roman": "virulenttüülük",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "вируленттүүлүк"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "lv",
          "lang": "Latvian",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulence"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "masovnost",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "масовност"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "patogenost",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "патогеност"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "virulencija",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "вируленција"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulens"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "nn",
          "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulens"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "ویرولانس"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "wirulencja"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulência"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "virulentnostʹ",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "вирулентность"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulencija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulencia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulens"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "th",
          "lang": "Thai",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "ศักยภาพก่อโรค"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virülans"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "virulentnistʹ",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "вірулентність"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "uz",
          "lang": "Uzbek",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "virulentlik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "the state of being virulent",
          "word": "độc lực"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A measure of how virulent a thing is."
      ],
      "id": "en-virulence-en-noun-DWB~atV8",
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
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  ],
  "sounds": [
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      "ipa": "/ˈvɪɹjələns/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈvɪɹələns/"
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    }
  ],
  "word": "virulence"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English 3-syllable words",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Late Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle French",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English undefined derivations",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Armenian translations",
    "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
    "Terms with Basque translations",
    "Terms with Belarusian translations",
    "Terms with Bengali translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Central Kurdish translations",
    "Terms with Chinese translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Estonian translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Indonesian translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Kazakh translations",
    "Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
    "Terms with Latvian translations",
    "Terms with Macedonian translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian translations",
    "Terms with Persian translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Thai translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Uzbek translations",
    "Terms with Vietnamese translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "antivirulence"
    },
    {
      "word": "avirulence"
    },
    {
      "word": "cardiovirulence"
    },
    {
      "word": "hypervirulence"
    },
    {
      "word": "hypovirulence"
    },
    {
      "word": "neurovirulence"
    },
    {
      "word": "nonvirulence"
    },
    {
      "word": "urovirulence"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "virulence"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French virulence",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "virulentia"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin virulentia",
      "name": "uder"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle French virulence, from Late Latin virulentia.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "virulences",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "virulence (countable and uncountable, plural virulences)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter V, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 61:",
          "text": "Francis was enraged at the interference, and opposition made him more in earnest; but just at this time, the civil war, which had hitherto left their part of the country comparatively quiet, arose with great virulence in their immediate vicinity.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The state of being virulent."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "virulent",
          "virulent"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A measure of how virulent a thing is."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈvɪɹjələns/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈvɪɹələns/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-virulence.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-virulence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-virulence.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-virulence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-virulence.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "حدة الجرثوم"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "virulentutʻyun",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "վիրուլենտություն"
    },
    {
      "code": "az",
      "lang": "Azerbaijani",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulent"
    },
    {
      "code": "eu",
      "lang": "Basque",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "birulentzia"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "viruljentnascʹ",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "вірулентнасць"
    },
    {
      "code": "bn",
      "lang": "Bengali",
      "roman": "prokōp",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "প্রকোপ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulència"
    },
    {
      "code": "ckb",
      "lang": "Central Kurdish",
      "roman": "vîrolenis",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "ڤیرۆلەنس"
    },
    {
      "code": "zh",
      "lang": "Chinese",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "毒力"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulence"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulentie"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulentsus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulenssi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulence"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "Virulenz"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "loimotoxikótita",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "λοιμοτοξικότητα"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "molysmatikótita",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "μολυσματικότητα"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulencia"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "bakteri virulen"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulenza"
    },
    {
      "code": "kk",
      "lang": "Kazakh",
      "roman": "virulenttık",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "вируленттік"
    },
    {
      "code": "ky",
      "lang": "Kyrgyz",
      "roman": "virulenttüülük",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "вируленттүүлүк"
    },
    {
      "code": "lv",
      "lang": "Latvian",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulence"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "masovnost",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "масовност"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "patogenost",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "патогеност"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "virulencija",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "вируленција"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulens"
    },
    {
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulens"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "ویرولانس"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "wirulencja"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulência"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "virulentnostʹ",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "вирулентность"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulencija"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulencia"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulens"
    },
    {
      "code": "th",
      "lang": "Thai",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "ศักยภาพก่อโรค"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virülans"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "virulentnistʹ",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "вірулентність"
    },
    {
      "code": "uz",
      "lang": "Uzbek",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "virulentlik"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "the state of being virulent",
      "word": "độc lực"
    }
  ],
  "word": "virulence"
}

Download raw JSONL data for virulence meaning in English (8.1kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.